TA32钛合金超塑性变形行为及本构模型研究

通过单向拉伸实验研究了TA32钛合金在温度880~940 ℃、初始应变速率5×10-4~1×10-2 s-1条件下的超塑性变形行为和微观组织演变,构建了修正Johnson-Cook本构模型和BP神经网络本构模型。结果表明,TA32钛合金的流动应力与断后伸长率对温度和应变速率敏感,应变速率敏感性指数随应变量增加而减小,随温度升高而增大。温度升高和变形程度增大促进了α→β相转变和两相晶粒长大,应变速率降低使得两相晶粒有所长大。β相晶粒形貌随变形条件改变有显著变化,α相晶粒则保持等轴状。TA32钛合金的超塑性断裂模式为孔洞生长扩展导致的微孔聚集性断裂。相较于修正Johnson-Cook本构模型,BP神经网络本构模型在大范围变形条件下的预测精度更高。     

TB8钛合金超塑性拉伸变形流变行为与本构方程

在电子万能拉伸试验机上对TB8钛合金进行了恒应变速率超塑性拉伸试验(变形温度为720~880℃,应变速率为0.000 1~0.01s~(-1)),研究了拉伸流变行为,计算了超塑性拉伸变形激活能和相应的应力指数,建立了TB8钛合金应力-应变本构模型。结果表明,在同一应变速率下,流变应力随变形温度的增加而减少,同一变形温度下,流变应力随应变速率的增加而增加。在变形温度为840℃,应变速率为10~(-4) s~(-1),合金的伸长率最大,为356%;超塑性拉伸变形激活能和应力指数分别为251.25kJ/mol、2.389 5。     

LA91超塑性变形力学性能研究

以LA91双相镁锂合金板材为研究对象,在不同温度(423、473、523、573和623 K)、不同应变速率(5×10-4、1.5×10~(-3)、4.5×10~(-3)和1.35×10-2s~(-1))条件下进行超塑性拉伸试验。结合真应力-应变曲线分析LA91超塑性变形行为。结果表明,提高变形温度或降低应变速率,LA91的伸长率增大,流变峰值应力减小,从250 MPa降至30 MPa。其中,在初始应变速率为1.5×10~(-3)s~(-1)、变形温度为623 K条件下伸长率最大为187.04%,具有明显的超塑性特征。基于超塑性本构方程得LA91的应变速率敏感指数为0.41,变形激活能为92.93 k J·mol~(-1),其超塑性变形机制为晶界扩散控制的晶界滑动。研究结果为LA91双相镁锂合金板材的塑性加工与应用提供了科学依据。     

TA10钛合金的高温拉伸断裂极限

为了研究TA10钛合金的高温拉伸断裂极限值,采用GFL(Gleeble Fracture Limit)方法在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上进行高温拉伸试验,以测得TA10钛合金不同温度下的真应力-应变曲线,基于Normalized CockcroftLatham损伤模型,通过公式运算得到不同变形条件下的断裂极限值,并对温度以及应变速率对该值的影响进行了分析。结果表明:TA10钛合金的断裂极限值的变化受到温度以及应变速率的影响较大,变形温度的不断升高能够引起断裂极限值的逐渐增大,在1 s~(-1)下,随着温度从800℃升高到1050℃,断裂极限值从0.638升高到1.132;应变速率升高使断裂极限值逐渐减小,在900℃下,随着应变速率从0.01 s~(-1)增加到5 s~(-1),断裂极限值从1.089降低到0.770。     

多道次温轧TC4钛合金超塑性变形行为与断裂机制

在温度为700~870℃和应变速率为0.001~0.01s~(-1)条件下对多道次温轧TC4钛合金板材进行超塑性拉伸试验,研究该合金的低温超塑性变形行为与断裂机制。发现最佳超塑性变形条件为800℃,0.001s~(-1),试验获得的最大伸长率为1 550%。在温度为700℃、应变速率为0.001s~(-1)和0.01s~(-1)时,伸长率分别为576%和356%。多道次温轧形成的细小晶粒、破碎弥散分布的β相以及变形过程的动态再结晶均有利于提高合金的超塑性。合金的应变速率敏感系数m值随温度升高而增加;在800℃和870℃超塑性变形时的激活能分别为226.8和220.2kJ/mol,在700℃时激活能增大到377.5kJ/mol。合金超塑性断裂是由内部孔洞长大连接和外部缩颈共同作用导致的。     

Ti6Al4V钛合金冷轧板材的超塑性变形行为研究

在温度830～890℃和应变速率0.0005～0.005 s~(-1)下对Ti6Al4V钛合金冷轧板材进行超塑性拉伸实验。利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察变形后的微观组织和断口形貌。研究了该合金的超塑性变形行为和变形机理。结果表明:在应变速率为0.0005、0.005 s~(-1)时,随着变形温度的升高,伸长率先升高后降低;在应变速率为0.001 s~(-1)时,随着变形温度的升高,伸长率逐渐降低;在830℃和0.001 s~(-1)条件下伸长率达到最大值1259.0%;超塑性最优变形参数区间为温度830～850℃、应变速率0.0005～0.001 s~(-1)。合金的应变速率敏感性指数m值随温度升高先增加,850℃时达到最大值0.472,随后逐渐减小;超塑性变形下的平均激活能为259 k J/mol。超塑性变形过程发生了明显的动态再结晶,微观组织完全转变为等轴组织。超塑性变形的主要机制为晶界滑移。Ti6Al4V合金板材超塑性拉伸断裂属为于沿晶断裂。     

TC4钛合金板的超塑性

通过拉伸法和金相分析研究了国产TC4合金板的超塑性。结果表明:TC4合金超细晶粒板是一种优良的超塑性板材,不需其它处理即可用于超塑性成形;最佳超塑性成形条件是:变形温度为880～920℃,应变速率为5.5×10~(-4)S~(-1)～1.3×10~(-3)S~(-1),在此条件下,单向拉伸的m值为0.58～0.62,试件伸长量可达1000%以上;在最佳变形条件下,材料的变形抗力小于4kg/mm~2。     

SPZ钛合金超塑性变形后的微观组织研究

研究了SPZ钛合金的超塑性变形及其变形前后的显微组织。研究结果表明,大塑性变形后,SPZ合金轧棒组织为利于超塑性的细小均匀的等轴组织。SPZ合金在740℃～800℃之间具有超塑性,在760℃,初始应变速率为1.11×10~(-3)s~(-1)时,合金的最大超塑延伸率可达2149％；应变速率为1.11×10.~(-2)s~(-1)时,超塑延伸率仍可达1380％。超塑性变形后的晶粒尺寸比变形前粗大,变形温度越高,晶粒长大程度越大。变形前合金的晶粒尺寸为0.89μm；应变速率为2.22×10~(-3)s~(-1)时,在740℃,760℃,780℃变形后晶粒尺寸分别为1.51μm,2.33μm,3.21μm。SPZ合金超塑性变形的微观机制足以晶界滑动为主,晶内变形以及位错蠕变起协调作用。合金超塑性变形与类流态的关系还有待深入研究。     

T8钢的恒温相变超塑性

T8钢经两次调质处理,在2.5×10~(-4)s~(-1)的初始应变速率条件下拉伸,在其Ac_1处显现恒温相变超塑性特性,获最大延伸率为451%,流动应力为38.5MPa。     

TA15钛合金高温热压缩变形行为及热加工图

获得准确的钛合金塑性变形特征和热加工条件,是钛合金挤压、轧制等塑性加工工艺参数选择的重要依据。本实验研究了TA15钛合金在应变速率0.01~20 s~(-1)、变形温度850~1050℃条件下的压缩变形行为、组织特征,采用Arrhenius双曲正弦函数模型推导出了TA15本构方程,基于动态材料模型建立了合金在真应变0.1~0.7时的热加工图。结果表明,在本实验的应变速率和变形温度的条件下进行压缩变形,随着变形温度的升高,合金中的α相逐渐向β相转变;随着应变速率的提高,α相向β相转变的程度逐渐减小。根据热加工图确定了合金的两个热加工安全区域:(1)变形温度950~1050℃、应变速率0.01~0.37 s~(-1);(2)变形温度875~950℃、应变速率1.65~13.5 s~(-1)。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.