R717在小管径水平光管内流动沸腾换热及压降特性

氨制冷剂存在可燃性和毒性,因此减少其在制冷系统中的充注量极为重要。小管径换热管通常可以提供更高的表面传热系数,这可以作为提升换热器紧凑性同时减少系统中充注量的有效方法。本文搭建了氨制冷剂管内流动沸腾换热及压降测试实验装置,测试了氨制冷剂在4 mm水平光管内的流动沸腾换热及压降,并分析了干度、质量流速及热流密度对换热及压降特性的影响。结果表明:流动沸腾换热表面传热系数随着干度的增加而增大,同时质量流速和热流密度越高,流动沸腾换热表面传热系数越大。此外,氨制冷剂在管内的两相摩擦压降也随着干度的增加而增大,在固定干度下,质量流速的升高导致压降增大。     

New experimental data of CO2 flow boiling in mini tube with micro fins of zero helix angle

Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of CO₂ flow boiling in mini tube with micro fins of zero helix angle were experimentally investigated. The working conditions cover mass flux from 100 to 600 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, heat flux from 1.67 to 8.33 kW m⁻², vapor quality from 0 to 0.9 and saturation temperature from 1 to 15 °C. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing vapor quality, but sharply decreases at vapor quality around 0.2~0.4 under most conditions, and the dryout vapor quality decreases with the increasing heat flux and saturation temperature. Pressure drop increases with increasing mass flux and heat flux, or decreasing saturation temperature, and mass flux is the major influence factors. The enhancement ratio of heat transfer coefficient is higher than that of pressure drop, which shows potentials of using such kind tubes to enhance the overall heat transfer performance. A heat transfer coefficient correlation and a pressure drop correlation for 0° helix angle micro-fin tube were developed, and they agree well with the experimental data.     

R290在水平微细圆管内沸腾换热特性研究

本文研究了R290在内径为1 mm、2 mm和4 mm水平微细圆管内的沸腾流动换热特性,在饱和温度为15℃条件下,质量流速为50～600 kg/(m²·s)、干度为0～1、热流密度为5～20 k W/m²时,对沸腾传热系数的影响进行了分析。通过实验发现,增大质量流速对传热系数具有增强作用,质量流速对传热系数的影响在低干度区域比高干度区域小。在热流密度方面,传热系数随着热流密度的增大而增大,且在1 mm和2 mm管内观察到了临界干度对传热系数的影响,这时传热系数有断崖式下降的趋势。在管径对于传热系数的影响方面,通过对不同管径换热特性的横向对比,发现在一定工况下传热系数随着管径的减小有所上升。此外本文还对R290已有的部分关联式进行了适配性验证。     

Condensing two-phase pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient of propane in a horizontal multiport mini-channel tube: Experimental measurements

This article reports the condensing flow heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop results of propane (R290) flowing through a square section horizontal multiport mini-channel tube made of aluminium having an internal diameter of 1.16 mm and a condensing length of 259 mm. Pressure drop and two phase flow experiments were performed at saturation temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C. Heat flux was varied from 15.76 to 32.25 kWm⁻² and mass velocity varied from 175 to 350 kg m⁻² s⁻¹. The results show that the two-phase friction pressure gradient increases with the increase of mass velocity and vapour quality and with the decrease of saturation temperature. The heat transfer coefficients showed to increase with increases of vapour quality and mass velocity while increases of saturation temperature were observed to reduce heat transfer coefficient. The two phase frictional pressure drop correlations of Sun and Mishima and Agarwal and Garimella, and the two-phase flow heat transfer correlations of Koyama et al. and Wang et al. predicted well the experimental results.     

Pressure drop and heat transfer during two-phase flow vaporization of propane in horizontal smooth minichannels

This study examined the two-phase flow boiling pressure drop and heat transfer for propane, as a long term alternative refrigerant, in horizontal minichannels. The pressure drop and local heat transfer coefficients were obtained for heat fluxes ranging from 5–20 kW m^?2, mass fluxes ranging from 50–400 kg m^?2 s^?1, saturation temperatures of 10, 5 and 0 °C, and quality up to 1.0. The test section was made of stainless steel tubes with inner diameters of 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm, and lengths of 1000 mm and 2000 mm, respectively. The present study showed the effect of mass flux, heat flux, inner tube diameter and saturation temperature on pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient. The experimental results were compared against several existing pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient prediction methods. Because the study on evaporation with propane in minichannels was limited, new correlations of pressure drop and boiling heat transfer coefficient were developed in this present study.     

Investigation of entropy generation in a helically coiled tube in flow boiling condition under a constant heat flux

There are many methods to augment the heat transfer rate in flow boiling in industrial applications. The helically coiled tubes are one of the best geometries to enhance the heat transfer rate. The entropy generation analysis is an appropriate tool to evaluate the contribution of heat transfer and pressure drop mechanisms. In the present paper, the entropy generation in the helically coiled tube under flow boiling is studied. The optimum tube and coil diameters under specified conditions are found. The effect of different flow conditions such as mass velocity, inlet vapor quality, saturation temperature, and heat flux on contributions of pressure drop and heat transfer in entropy generation is discussed. The Bejan number (Be) and irreversibility distribution ratio (IDR) at different saturation temperatures versus mass velocity are plotted. The comparison between entropy generation and contributions of pressure drop and heat transfer for the helically coiled tube and the straight one is presented. The entropy generation number (N_s) for different flow conditions is plotted. The entropy generation analysis shows that there is a favorable region to use the helically coiled tube with respect to the straight one.     

R134a臣卧式螺旋管内流动沸腾换热特性实验研究

对R134a在水平直管和螺旋管内的沸腾换热特性进行了实验研究.在三个不同的蒸发温度(5℃、10℃和20℃),工质R134a的质量流量范围为100～400kg/(m~2·s)和干度范围为0.1～0.8的条件下,实验得到了R134a在水平直管和螺旋管内的沸腾换热系数随其质量流量和干度的变化关系,将水平直管和螺旋管内的沸腾换热特性数据进行了比较,结果显示,在实验条件下,卧式螺旋管的传热系数比直管的平均增加13.7%.     

管内扭带插入件强化沸腾换热技术的研究现状及展望

制冷设备对换热器紧凑化和小型化的需求促使人们开发新型的强化传热技术,而管内扭带插入件是一种廉价且易于制造的被动强化传热技术,在制冷系统蒸发器中具备良好的应用潜力。扭带插入两相沸腾换热的管中能够增大表面传热系数,但同时也增大了管内压降。分析发现,通常情况下,质量流量、干度的变化与表面传热系数和压降的变化呈正相关,而管径、扭率、饱和温度的变化与表面传热系数和压降的变化呈负相关。沸腾换热过程复杂、评价指标选取不一、实验工况数量有限等因素是导致各学者总结的扭带插入的最佳条件不一致的主要原因。本文收集了各作者预测的内插扭带管内沸腾换热的表面传热系数和压降的关联式,认为管内扭带插入件还需要进一步明确最佳使用条件,并需要结合蒸发器整机或变频压缩机加以研究。     

Experimental investigation on flow condensation of methane in a horizontal smooth tube

An experimental investigation on flow visualization of adiabatic and condensation conditions as well as condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of methane in a horizontal smooth tube was carried out. The tests were conducted at saturation pressure of 2–3.5 MPa with mass flux of 99–255 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and fluid-to-wall temperature difference of 4.8–20.2 K throughout the vapor quality range. The effects of mass flux, saturation pressure, vapor quality and temperature difference were studied and discussed. In order to expand the range of temperature difference, some condensation heat transfer coefficients of ethane with larger temperature differences (19.7–39.2 K) were also reported in this paper. The experimental data were compared with many well-known correlations of condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. An improved heat transfer correlation for different flow patterns was proposed and predicted the experimental results well with a mean absolute relative deviation of 6.86%.     

水平管外沸腾强化换热的数值模拟与场协同分析

应用FLUENT软件对制冷剂R134a在光管和横纹槽管水平管外沸腾传热进行三维数值模拟,得到其饱和泡状沸腾过程中体积含气率的分布规律,并比较它们的换热系数。结果表明横纹槽管外侧能够很好地强化沸腾传热。此外,还通过改变边界条件分析质量流量、热流密度的变化对横纹槽管管外沸腾换热系数的影响。最后应用场协同理论,从局部换热角度分析其强化机制。研究表明,横纹槽管水平管外沸腾换热得到强化的原因是其凹槽前后的速度场与温度梯度场之间夹角较小,协同程度更好。     

Numerical Modelling of Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Horizontal Metal‐Foam Tubes

The flow boiling heat transfer performance in horizontal metal‐foam tubes is numerically investigated based on the flow pattern map retrieved from experimental investigations. The flow pattern and velocity profile are generally governed by vapour quality and mass flow rate of the fluid. The porous media non‐equilibrium heat transfer model is employed for modelling both vapour and liquid phase zones. The modelling predictions have been compared with experimental results. The effects of metal‐foam morphological parameters, heat flux and mass flux on heat transfer have been examined. The numerical predictions show that the overall heat transfer coefficient of the metal‐foam filled tube increases with the relative density (1‐porosity), pore density (ppi), mass and heat flux.     

含油制冷剂在泡沫金属圆管内流动沸腾的换热特性

实验研究了填充泡沫金属的圆管内制冷剂与润滑油混合物流动沸腾换热特性。实验对象为两根分别填充5PPI、90%孔隙率与10PPI、90%孔隙率泡沫铜的圆管,以及相同管径的光管。实验工况为蒸发压力995kPa,质流密度为10~30 kg/(m2.s),热流密度为3.1~9.3kW/m2,入口干度0.175~0.775,油浓度为0~5%。实验结果表明:纯制冷剂工况下,泡沫金属的存在强化流动沸腾换热,换热系数最多提高185%;含油工况下,泡沫金属强化换热的效果弱化;相同工况下,更小的孔径可以提高流动沸腾换热系数,相比5PPI泡沫金属的实验数据,10PPI的泡沫金属可以使换热系数最多提高0.6倍。基于流型建立了填充泡沫金属的圆管内制冷剂与润滑油流动沸腾换热系数的预测模型,预测模型与98%的实验数据误差在±30%以内。     

Two-phase pressure drop and flow boiling heat transfer in an enhanced dimpled tube with a solid round rod insert

An experimental study was conducted on a 19.05 mm (outer diameter) dimpled enhanced tube to evaluate the in-tube two phase heat transfer and pressure drop performance in an annular section created between the enhanced tube and a solid round PVC rod. The purpose of the study was to understand the effect of forced early transition to annular flow on the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient in a horizontal tube. The refrigerant studied was R-134a at a saturation temperature of 5 °C, heat flux range 2.5 to 15 kW m⁻², mass flux from 80 to 200 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and inlet vapor quality of 0.12 to 0.72. Flow pattern and pressure drop results were obtained under adiabatic conditions. Under similar operating conditions the enhanced tube with a rod exhibited three times higher heat transfer performance versus same size smooth empty tube with lower pressure drop penalty at lower mas flux.     

Experimental investigations on boiling of n-pentane across a horizontal tube bundle: two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristicsEtude expérimentale de l'ébullition de n-pentane à travers un faisceau de tubes horizontal: écoulement diphasique et caractéristiques de transfert de chaleur

This paper presents the heat transfer characteristics obtained from an experimental investigation on flow boiling of n-pentane across a horizontal tube bundle. The tubes are plain with an outside diameter of 19.05 mm and the bundle arrangement is inverse staggered with a pitch to diameter ratio of 1.33. The test conditions consist of reduced pressure between 0.006 and 0.015, mass velocity from 14 to 44 kg/m²s, heat flux up to 60 kW/m² and vapor quality up to 60%. The convective evaporation is found to have a significant effect on the heat transfer coefficient, coexisting with nucleate boiling. An asymptotic model allows the prediction of the heat transfer data with a fitted value of n=1.5. A strong mass velocity effect is observed for the enhancement factor, implying that the correlations available from the literature for the convective evaporation will fail in predicting the present data. This effect decreases as the mass velocity increases.     

Refrigerant charge, pressure drop, and condensation heat transfer in flattened tubes

Horizontal smooth and microfinned copper tubes with an approximate diameter of 9 mm were successively flattened in order to determine changes in flow field characteristics as a round tube is altered into a flattened tube profile. Refrigerants R134a and R410A were investigated over a mass flux range from 75 to 400 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and a quality range from approximately 10–80%. For a given refrigerant mass flow rate, the results show that a significant reduction in refrigerant charge is possible. Pressure drop results show increases of pressure drop at a given mass flux and quality as a tube profile is flattened. Heat transfer results indicate enhancement of the condensation heat transfer coefficient as a tube is flattened. Flattened tubes with an 18° helix angle displayed the highest heat transfer coefficients. Smooth tubes and axial microfin tubes displayed similar levels of heat transfer enhancement. Heat transfer enhancement is dependent on the mass flux, quality and tube profile.     

Two-phase flow heat transfer of CO2 vaporization in smooth horizontal minichannels

Experiments were performed on the convective boiling heat transfer in horizontal minichannels with CO₂. The test section is made of stainless steel tubes with inner diameters of 1.5 and 3.0 mm and with lengths of 2000 and 3000 mm, respectively, and it is uniformly heated by applying an electric current directly to the tubes. Local heat transfer coefficients were obtained for a heat flux range of 20–40 kW m⁻², a mass flux range of 200–600 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, saturation temperatures of 10, 0, −5, and −10 °C and quality ranges of up to 1.0. Nucleate boiling heat transfer contribution was predominant, especially at low quality region. The reduction of heat transfer coefficient occurred at a lower vapor quality with a rise of heat flux, mass flux and saturation temperature, and with a smaller inner tube diameter. The experimental heat transfer coefficient of CO₂ is about three times higher than that of R-134a. Laminar flow appears in the minichannel flows. A new boiling heat transfer coefficient correlation that is based on the superposition model for CO₂ was developed with 8.41% mean deviation.     

Convective boiling performance of refrigerant R-134a in herringbone and microfin copper tubes

This paper reports an experimental investigation of convective boiling heat transfer and pressure drop of refrigerant R-134a in smooth, standard microfin and herringbone copper tubes of 9.52 mm external diameter. Tests have been conducted under the following conditions: inlet saturation temperature of 5 °C, qualities from 5 to 90%, mass velocity from 100 to 500 kg s⁻¹ m⁻², and a heat flux of 5 kW m⁻². Experimental results indicate that the herringbone tube has a distinct heat transfer performance over the mass velocity range considered in the present study. Thermal performance of the herringbone tube has been found better than that of the standard microfin in the high range of mass velocities, and worst for the smallest mass velocity (G=100 kg s⁻¹ m⁻²) at qualities higher than 50%. The herringbone tube pressure drop is higher than that of the standard microfin tube over the whole range of mass velocities and qualities. The enhancement parameter is higher than one for both tubes for mass velocities lower than 200 kg s⁻¹ m⁻². Values lower than one have been obtained for both tubes in the mass velocity upper range as a result of a significant pressure drop increment not followed by a correspondent increment in the heat transfer coefficient.     

Condensation of refrigerants in a multiport tube with rectangular minichannels

This study investigated the condensation heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of refrigerants R134a, R32, R1234ze(E), and R410A in a horizontal multiport tube with rectangular minichannels, in the mass velocity range of 100–400 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and saturation temperature set at 40 and 60 °C. The effect of mass velocity, vapor quality, saturation temperature, refrigerant properties, and hydraulic diameter of rectangular channels on condensation characteristics is clarified. A new correlation is proposed for predicting the frictional pressure drop for condensation flow in minichannels. A heat transfer model for condensation heat transfer in rectangular minichannels is developed considering the flow patterns and effects of vapor shear stress and surface tension. Then, based on this model, a new heat transfer correlation is proposed. The proposed correlations successfully predict the experimental frictional pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients of the test refrigerants in horizontal rectangular minichannels.     

Experimental investigation on flow condensation heat transfer and pressure drop of R170 in a horizontal tube

Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop of R170 were studied experimentally in a horizontal tube with inner diameter of 4 mm. The tests were conducted at saturation pressures from 1 MPa to 2.5 MPa, mass fluxes from 100 kg (m²∙s)⁻¹ to 250 kg (m²∙s)⁻¹ and average heat fluxes from 55.3 kW m⁻² to 96.3 kW m⁻² over the entire vapor quality range. The effects of vapor quality, mass flux and saturation pressure on condensation heat transfer and pressure drop were examined and analyzed. The experimental data were compared with various well-known correlations of condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. The comparison results showed that Koyama et al. correlation agreed with the experimental heat transfer coefficient with a mean absolute relative deviation less than 25%, and the Yan and Lin correlation can accurately predict the experimental pressure drop with a mean absolute relative deviation less than 18%.     

Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop in flattened microfin tubes having different aspect ratios

In this study, condensation heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops of R-410A are obtained in flattened microfin tubes made from 7.0 mm O.D. round microfin tubes. The test range covers saturation temperature 45 °C, mass flux 100–400 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and quality 0.2–0.8. Results show that the effect of aspect ratio on condensation heat transfer coefficient is dependent on the flow pattern. For annular flow, the heat transfer coefficient increases as aspect ratio increases. For stratified flow, however, the heat transfer coefficient decreases as aspect ratio increases. The pressure drop always increases as aspect ratio increases. Possible reasoning is provided based on the estimated flow pattern in flat microfin tubes. Comparison with existing round microfin tube correlations is made.