Finger-vein authentication based on deformation-tolerant feature-point matching

A novel method for finger-vein authentication based on feature-point matching is proposed and evaluated. A finger-vein image captured by infrared light contains artifacts such as irregular shading and vein posture deformation that can degrade accuracy of finger-vein authentication. Therefore, a method is proposed for extracting features from vein patterns and for matching feature points that is robust against irregular shading and vein deformation. In the proposed method, curvature of image-intensity profiles is used for feature point extraction because such image profiles are a robust feature against irregular shading. To increase the number of feature points, these points are extracted from any positions where vein shape is non-linear. Moreover, a finger-shape model and non-rigid registration method are proposed. Both the model and the registration method correct a deformation caused by the finger-posture change. It is experimentally shown that the proposed method achieves more robust matching than conventional methods. Furthermore, experiments on finger-vein identification show that the proposed method provides higher identification accuracy than conventional methods.     

Single-sensor hand-vein multimodal biometric recognition using multiscale deep pyramidal approach

Biometrics has emerged as a powerful technology for person authentication in various scenarios including forensic and civilian applications. Deployment of biometric solutions that use cues from multiple modalities enhances the reliability and robustness of authentication necessary to meet the increasingly stringent security requirements. However, there are two drawbacks typically associated with multimodal biometrics. Firstly, the image acquisition process in such systems is not very user-friendly, primarily due to the time and effort required to capture biometric samples belonging to multiple modalities. Secondly, the overall cost is higher as they employ multiple biometric sensors. To overcome these drawbacks, we employ a single NIR sensor-based image acquisition in the proposed approach for hand-vein recognition. From the input hand image, a palm-vein and four finger-vein subimages are extracted. These images are then enhanced by CLAHE and transformed into illumination invariant representation using center-symmetric local binary pattern (CS-LBP). Further, a hierarchical non-rigid matching technique inspired by the architecture of deep convolutional networks is employed for matching the CS-LBP features. Finally, weighted sum rule-based matching score-level fusion is performed to combine the palm-vein and the four finger-vein modalities. A set of rigorous experiments has been performed on an in-house database collected from the left and right hands of 185 subjects and the publicly available CASIA dataset. The proposed approach achieves equal error rates of 0.13% and 1.21%, and rank-1 identification rates of 100% and 100% on the in-house and CASIA datasets, respectively. Additionally, we compare the proposed approach with the state-of-the-art techniques proposed for vascular biometric recognition in the literature. The important findings are (1) the proposed approach outperforms all the existing techniques considered in this study, (2) the fusion of palm-vein and finger-vein modalities consistently leads to better performance for all the feature extraction techniques considered in this work. (3) Furthermore, our experimental results also suggest that considering the constituent palm-vein and finger-vein images instead of the entire hand-vein images achieves better performance.     

改进KNN算法对人体身份的识别

为了理解特征学习过程、减少数据存储和提高识别率,提出使用Kinect v2的面部数据和骨骼数据作为数据集和一种改进KNN算法对人体身份的识别。使用Kinect v2提取出人体脸部特征点和骨骼关节点的三维位置信息,通过提取出的特征点的坐标计算出理解性强的特征信息如眼宽、臂长等。利用一种改进的截断均值聚类方法,通过排序把奇异值分布到数据集两端,截取数据集中间特征以抑制奇异值,利用基于匹配识别准确度的改进KNN算法对人体身份进行预测。实验结果表明提出的聚类方法匹配识别准确度更高,改进的分类方法也提高了识别的准确率。     

Fake finger-vein image detection based on Fourier and wavelet transforms

Recently, finger-vein recognition has received considerable attention. It is widely used in many applications because of its numerous advantages, such as the small capture device, high accuracy, and user convenience. Nevertheless, finger-vein recognition faces a number of challenges. One critical issue is the use of fake finger-vein images to carry out system attacks. To overcome this problem, we propose a new fake finger-vein image-detection method based on the analysis of finger-vein images in both the frequency and spatial domains.This research is novel in five key ways. First, very little research has been conducted to date on fake finger-vein image detection. We construct a variety of fake finger-vein images, printed on A4 paper, matte paper, and overhead projector film, with which we evaluate the performance of our system. Second, because our proposed method is based on a single captured image, rather than a series of successive images, the processing time is short, no additional image alignment is required, and it is very convenient for users. Third, our proposed method is software-based, and can thus be easily implemented in various finger-vein recognition systems without special hardware. Fourth, Fourier transform features in the frequency domain are used for the detection of fake finger-vein images; further, both spatial and frequency characteristics from Haar and Daubechies wavelet transforms are used for fake finger-vein image detection. Fifth, the detection accuracy of fake finger-vein images is enhanced by combining the features of the Fourier transform and Haar and Daubechies wavelet transforms based on support vector machines.Experimental results indicate that the equal error rate of fake finger-vein image detection with our proposed method is lower than that with a Fourier transform, wavelet transform, or other fusion methods.     

近红外指静脉图像采集系统设计

针对指静脉身份认证需求,以手指静脉图像采集系统作为研究对象,设计了基于单侧光源与反射镜面相结合红外光源可调控的指静脉图像采集系统。研究了LED光源位置与角度对静脉图像质量的影响,提出了基于图像质量评价的指静脉认证方法,并运用实测方法进行了验证。实验结果表明:可以得到与传统正面光源采集同等质量的静脉图像,具有更高的认证通过率,达到98.8%,并更易于用户使用。     

Personal identification based on finger-vein features

Finger-vein recognition refers to a recent biometric technique which exploits the vein patterns in the human finger to identify individuals. The advantages of finger vein over traditional biometrics (e.g. face, fingerprint, and iris) lie in low-risk forgery, noninvasiveness, and noncontact. This paper here presents a new method of personal identification based on finger-vein recognition. First, a stable region representing finger-vein network is cropped from the image plane of an imaging sensor. A bank of Gabor filters is then used to exploit the finger-vein characteristics at different orientations and scales. Based on the filtered image, both local and global finger-vein features are extracted to construct a finger-vein code (FVCode). Finally, finger-vein recognition is implemented using the cosine similarity measure classifier, and a fusion scheme in decision level is adopted to improve the reliability of identification. Experimental results show that the proposed method exhibit an exciting performance in personal identification.     

Palm vein recognition using adaptive Gabor filter

Vein pattern recognition is one of the newest biometric techniques researched today. One of the reliable and robust personal identification authentication approaches using palm vein patterns is presented in this paper. In our work, we consider the palm vein as a piece of texture and apply texture-based feature extraction techniques to palm vein authentication. A Gabor filter provides the optimized resolution in both the spatial and frequency domains, thus it is a basis for extracting local features in the palm vein recognition. However, Gabor filter has many potential parameter combinations to use, and it is a common practice now to use multiple Gabor filters or to determine desired single combination by experience. The overall aim of this work is to discuss the optimization algorithm that determines the best parameter values of a single Gabor filter for palm vein recognition. In order to obtain effective pattern of palm vascular, we proposed an innovative and robust adaptive Gabor filter method to encode the palm vein features in bit string representation. The bit string representation, called VeinCode, offers speedy template matching and enables more effective template storage and retrieval. The similarity of two VeinCodes is measured by normalized Hamming distance. A total of 4140 palm vein images were collected form 207 persons to verify the validity of the proposed palm vein recognition approach. High accuracy has been obtained by the proposed method and the speed of this method is rapid enough for real-time palm vein recognition. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approach is feasible and effective in palm vein recognition.     

Finger-vein recognition based on parametric-oriented corrections

The two key factors in a biometric identification system are its high identification rate and convenience of device usage. In a finger-vein identification task, these two problems often occur since the captured device of finger-vein image should accommodate the high identification rate as well as the easy-to-use device design. The finger-vein is visually invisible inside the human skin. This work develops a new finger-vein capturing device using Near-Infrared (NIR) LED light and proposes an efficient technique for finger-vein identification. The vein image may contain noise and shadows due to device lighting conditions. Parametric-Oriented Histogram Equalization (POHE) is utilized to enhance image contrast and reduce the noise effect. This work also discusses normalized issues related to the angle correction of the finger edge and Region of Interest (ROI) for width normalization. In the experimental result, the proposed method yields a clear finger-vein pattern with a superior identification rate in the recognition task compared to the state-of-the-art methods.

     

对抗图像旋转的手指静脉身份识别新算法的设计

为了克服图像旋转对手指静脉身份识别系统正确率的影响,在图像预处理部分提出一种基于手指指尖点的旋转定位方法,改进了基于方向模板和局部动态阈值分割提取静脉特征的方法并用改进Hausdorff距离（MHD）距离进行匹配验证。实验结果表明,同一根手指的图片在平面偏移角度小于20°时,可以达到0.75%的等误率,正确识别率达97.25%,而且整个处理过程在VC++6.0上面执行耗时仅为161.6949ms,系统具有很好的实时性能,对实际手指静脉身份识别产品的开发具有一定的现实意义。     

Finger-vein pattern identification using principal component analysis and the neural network technique

This paper presents a personal identification system using finger-vein patterns with component analysis and neural network technology. In the proposed system, the finger-vein patterns are captured by a device that can transmit near infrared through the finger and record the patterns for signal analysis. The proposed biometric system for verification consists of a combination of feature extraction using principal component analysis (PCA) and pattern classification using back-propagation (BP) network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Finger-vein features are first extracted by PCA method to reduce the computational burden and removes noise residing in the discarded dimensions. The features are then used in pattern classification and identification. To verify the effect of the proposed ANFIS in the pattern classification, the BP network is compared with the proposed system. The experimental results indicated the proposed system using ANFIS has better performance than the BP network for personal identification using the finger-vein patterns.     

Driver identification using finger-vein patterns with Radon transform and neural network

A driver identification system using finger-vein technology and an artificial neural network is presented in this paper. The principle of the proposed system is based on the function of near infra-red finger-vein patterns for biometric authentication. Finger-vein patterns are required by transmitting near infra-red through a finger and capturing the image with an infra-red CCD camera. The algorithm of the proposed system consists of a combination of feature extraction using Radon transform and classification using the neural network technique. The Radon transform can concentrate the information of an image in a few high-valued coefficients in the transformed domain. The neural networks are used to develop the training and testing modules. The artificial neural network techniques using radial basis function network and probabilistic neural network are proposed to develop a driver identification system. The experimental results indicated the proposed system performs well for personal identification. The average identification rate of PNN network is over 99.2%. The details of the image processing technique and the characteristic of system are also described in this paper.     

基于指部关联特征的多模态图像采集系统

针对基于单个生物特征的身份认证安全性和稳定性不足的问题,设计了基于指部关联特征的多模态图像采集系统,采用单个双波段摄像头分时采集同一根手指的指纹、指节纹和指静脉图像。指纹和指节纹采用非接触反射采集方式,指静脉采用单侧近红外光源与反射镜面相结合的透射采集方式,并根据静脉图像质量评价动态调控光源,根据特征点信息量动态调整各个特征的权重。实验结果表明,该多模态采集系统在认证通过率、误识率和拒登率等指标都优于指纹或指静脉的单模态采集系统,认证通过率达到99.1%,误识率为0.000 1%,不存在拒登现象。     

Finger-vein network enhancement and segmentation

Recently, an emerging biometric recognition based on human finger-vein patterns has received considerable attention. Due to light attenuation in imaging finger tissues, the finger-vein imagery is often seriously degraded. This makes network-based finger-vein feature representation greatly difficult in practice. In order to obtain perfect finger-vein networks, in this paper, we propose a novel scheme for venous region enhancement and finger-vein network segmentation. First, a method aimed at scattering removal, directional filtering and false vein information suppression is put forward to effectively enhance finger-vein images. Then, to achieve the high-fidelity extraction of finger-vein networks in an automated manner, a matting-based segmentation approach is presented considering the variations of veins in intensity and diameter. Extensive experiments are finally conducted to validate the proposed method.     

基于手指双模态特征的自动身份验证方法及系统

针对目前单模态生物特征识别在稳定性与安全性等方面的不足以及多模态融合识别的多设备多输入困难等问题, 本文提出一种充分考虑类内与类间度量的学习模型, 实现基于手指双模态特征的自动身份验证方法及系统。由于指静脉与指折痕具有不易改变, 难以伪造的特点, 本文选取这两种重要的手部特征进行身份验证。通过结合两种不同模态特征, 利用自编码网络对类内特征进行表示, 来构建基于度量学习的孪生网络模型, 从而提取类内与类间特征; 接着将提取的指静脉和指折痕特征进行距离计算, 将距离融合后使用逻辑回归模型进行概率判断, 最终实现有效的双模态融合身份验证。为验证我们提出方法的有效性,我们对指静脉识别结果性能进行了对比。实验结果表明, 我们的方法在更具有挑战性的数据库上识别等错误率为 1.69%, 较之现有代表性论文提出的模型的等错误率降低了 2.96%。我们也将构建的双模态融合模型与仅使用单一模态模型进行对比, 结果表明融合指静脉和指折痕特征的融合模型的等错误率为 1.55%,比单一模态的指静脉与指折痕模型分别降低了 0.14%和 3.0%, 表明了双模态身份验证模型性能更优。进一步地, 本文采集了一个更具有挑战性的数据库, 开发了显示图像及识别结果的图形界面,最终实现了一个从数据采集到识别匹配的端对端的一体化自动身份验证系统。基于以上研究, 本文首次提出了一个基于指静脉和指折痕特征的多目自动身份验证方案, 实现集准确性, 鲁棒性和实效性为一体的系统。     

Finger-vein pattern identification using SVM and neural network technique

This paper presents a support vector machine (SVM) technique for finger-vein pattern identification in a personal identification system. Finger-vein pattern identification is one of the most secure and convenient techniques for personal identification. In the proposed system, the finger-vein pattern is captured by infrared LED and a CCD camera because the vein pattern is not easily observed in visible light. The proposed verification system consists of image pre-processing and pattern classification. In the work, principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are applied to the image pre-processing as dimension reduction and feature extraction. For pattern classification, this system used an SVM and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The PCA method is used to remove noise residing in the discarded dimensions and retain the main feature by LDA. The features are then used in pattern classification and identification. The accuracy of classification using SVM is 98% and only takes 0.015 s. The result shows a superior performance to the artificial neural network of ANFIS in the proposed system.     

基于内容分析的网络协议指纹识别

针对当前网络协议识别面临的网络带宽持续增加、许多新应用的出现和端口识别局限性的挑战,分析各种识别方法所使用的协议指纹存在的基础、局限性和匹配的难易程度,提出一种基于协议指纹匹配和协议规则验证的协议自识别技术实现协议自识别方法,通过提取不同网络协议类型之间的细微差别,建立网络应用协议指纹特征库,并通过协议验证规则验证协议识别结果的正确性。最后通过实验表明该方法的有效性。     

基于自适应LBP人脸识别的身份验证

提出了一种自适应LBP人脸识别算法用于进行身份认证。在身份特征录入阶段,首先采用Harr人脸级联分类器对人脸样本库进行人脸区域检测,并使用PCA方法对人脸区域进行降维处理;然后通过LBP二值模式的人脸识别算法提取人脸样本的特征值;最后通过LBP人脸训练生成人脸数据特征库。通过多场景人脸图像库和阈值队列,通过多阈值全组人脸匹配,建立人脸阈值特征库。在身份验证阶段,将登录用户人脸与人脸阈值特征库做粗粒度人脸LBP直方图匹配,确定当前最优的LBP阈值;然后将登录用户人脸与人脸数据特征库做LBP直方图匹配,通过匹配结果确定登录用户的系统权限。实验结果表明,在图像和视频模式下,基于自适应LBP人脸识别算法的身份验证具有很高的鲁棒性。     

基于小波变换和CPN网络的手写签名鉴别

手写签名鉴别技术作为生物特征安全认证领域的重要技术之一,具有广泛的应用前景。为了提高手写签名鉴别的正确性,提出一种基于三层小波变换和CPN神经网络结合的方法。首先对手写签名样本图像采取滤波去噪、二值化、细化、归一化等预处理措施,然后使用离散DB3小波分解提取高通系数矩阵处理后作为样本特征进行提取,而后采用CPN神经网络分类器对4680个训练样本进行每样本7500次训练,最后使用训练完毕的分类器对待鉴别样本进行分类鉴别。在由36个鉴别实验组组成的实验数据集上,样本识别正确率达到了93.48%。通过多种方法的对比实验,结果表明该方法签名特征提取全面、分类识别效果明显优于线性分类器。     

基于模板匹配的人民币纸币序列号识别系统研究

人民币纸币序列号是由纸币的冠号和数字编号组成,犹如居民身份证号,具有唯一性。纸币序列号的自动识别对实现纸币的有效管理以及缩小纸币真伪鉴别范围具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。系统提出了一种基于模板匹配的人民币纸币序列号识别方法。在对图像进行预处理的基础上,先根据物理尺寸将纸币分成不同的类别,然后根据各种面值纸币序列号字符的位置和大小,定位序列号字符;采用投影法分割序列号字符;提取字符网格特征,用特征矩阵表示字符;最后采用模板匹配法识别字符。实验结果表明,系统具有较高的识别率和速率,且具有一定的稳定性。     

基于Bloom过滤和分块的组合指纹模板保护算法

针对现有的组合指纹模板保护方法存在的认证性较差,导致检索错误率较高的问题,提出了一种基于组合指纹的Bloom过滤和分块的模板保护算法。该算法通过对原有的组合指纹模板进行MCC编码,再分块应用Bloom过滤器进行过滤,形成新的指纹模板。有效地提高了指纹模板的认证性,降低了指纹检索恢复时的错误率,提高了匹配的准确率。通过实验仿真与结果对比表明,该算法在保证了指纹模板私密性的同时,可以有效地提高指纹进行组合构成模板时所下降的认证性,使其在指纹匹配过程中的匹配时错误率降低,提高了指纹匹配的准确性。