基于H.264/AVC的视频通信抗分组丢失方法研究

H．264／AVC是新的视频编码标准,其高效的编码效率和良好的网络适配性,使它在多媒体通信中得到广泛应用,然而由于Internet网络是一种不保证QOS的“尽力”网络,基于Internet网络的视频业务将不呵避免地受到数据分组丢失的影响,因此文中基于H．264编码算法的特点提出多种新颖的视频抗分组丢失方法,包括Tornado码的不等保护,利用SEI域自适应改变纠错能力和交互式防误码扩散等．综合使用该文提出的多种抗分组丢失方法,在高丢包率环境下,与使用简单误码掩盖算法相比,恢复图像的平均PSNR可以提高8～15dB,且算法与H．264标准兼容,没有过多增加信道负担和运算复杂度,具有实用价值．     

Concealment of Whole-Picture Loss in Hierarchical B-Picture Scalable Video Coding

H.264/AVC scalable video coding (H.264/AVC SVC), as the scalable extension of H.264/AVC, offers the flexible adaptivity in terms of spatial, temporal and SNR scalabilities for the generated bitstream. However, such compressed video still suffers from the bad playback quality when packet loss occurs over unreliable networks. In this paper, we present an error concealment algorithm to tackle the whole-picture loss problem in H.264/AVC SVC when hierarchical B-picture coding is used to support temporal scalability. In the proposed algorithm, by taking advantage of the temporal relationship among the adjacent video pictures, the motion information of the lost picture is derived simply and efficiently based on the principle of temporal direct mode. Utilizing the derived motion information, the lost picture is concealed by performing motion compensation on the correctly received temporally previous and future video pictures. The experimental results demonstrate that as a post-processing tool, the proposed error concealment algorithm is able to significantly improve both the objective and subjective qualities of the decoded video pictures in the presence of packet losses when compared to the error concealment algorithm used in H.264/AVC SVC reference software. The proposed method can also be applied to H.264/AVC with hierarchical B-picture coding for error concealment.     

基于H．264／AVC视频流的双水印算法

针对H．264／AVC编码标准的新特性,提出一种基于H．264／AVC低比特率视频流的双水印算法,将鲁棒水印嵌入DCT域中,把脆弱水印嵌入运动矢量残差中,达到对视频版权保护和视频内容完整性认证的双重目的。实验结果表明,该算法对视频质量和码率的影响较小,鲁棒水印能有效抵抗高斯噪声、低通滤波、重编码以及轻微的抖动失真等常见的视频攻击,脆弱水印对视频内容的轻微修改具有较强的敏感性。     

结合运动搜索的混合域I帧错误隐藏

在数字广播电视,移动视频终端和视频电话中错误恢复是一个必须的部分。最新的视频压缩标准H.264/AVC为一系列视频消费电子应用提供更高的编码效率。但是H.264的视频流仍然容易发生传输错误。根据H.264的编码特性和网络特性众多的错误隐藏方法已经被提出。在H.264中I帧的错误隐藏尤为重要,因为I帧的错误会通过运动估计传播到后续的P帧或B帧中。结合时域和空域错误隐藏算法,本文提出一种用于I帧的低复杂度自适应空域/时域运动估计算法。实验结果显示,本文提出的算法的视觉效果和PSNR都优于原算法。     

基于运动矢量差（MVD）的CABAC新算法*

在H.264/AVC视频编码标准中,基于上下文的自适应二进制算术编码（CABAC）主要应用于主要档次中,并且具有较高的压缩效率。首先分析了CABAC编码原理和运动矢量差（MVD）各分量的上下文模型选择原理,而后提出了在帧间编码分割块尺寸下,充分地利用当前块MVD与当前块MV的相关性、当前块MVD与已编码相邻块MVD的相关性以及当前块MVD中各分量之间相关性的CABAC优化算法（CABAC₁算法）。通过实验表明:较基准CABAC算法,CABAC₁算法一方面能有效地降低2%左右的编码时间及确保了编码序列的视觉质量;另一方面能够有效地节约在编码中帧间编码帧的码流（比特流）,其中P帧平均节约了10%左右的比特流,B帧节约了5%左右的比特流。因此,CABAC₁算法是一种有效的优化算法。     

Architectures for Fast Transcoding of H.264/AVC to Quality-Scalable SVC Streams

The scalable extension of H.264/AVC (SVC) was recently standardized, and offers scalability at a minor penalty in rate-distortion efficiency when compared to single-layer H.264/AVC coding. In SVC, a scaled version of the original video sequence can easily be extracted by dropping layers from the stream. However, most of the video content nowadays is still produced in a single-layer format. While decoding and reencoding is a possible solution to introduce scalability in the existing bitstreams, this is an approach which requires a tremendous amount of time and effort. In this paper, we show that transcoding can be used to intelligently derive scalable bitstreams from existing single-layer streams. We focus on SNR scalability, and introduce techniques that are able to create multiple quality layers in the bitstreams. We also discuss bitstream rewriting from SVC to H.264/AVC, and examine how our newly proposed architectures can benefit from the changes that were introduced for bitstream rewriting. Architectures with different rate distribution flexibility and computational complexity are discussed. Rate-distortion performance of transcoding is shown to be comparable to that of reencoding at a fraction of the time needed for the latter.     

SVC在无线信道传输中的非均衡差错保护

针对H.264的可伸缩视频编码扩展标准(SVC)在噪声信道中的传输,采用低密度奇偶校验码(LDPC)提出一种非均衡差错保护的方案。在所提的方案中,根据时间、分辨率和质量把原视频序列按重要性分成不同的层。由于不同层的数据对错误的敏感性不同,对其进行不同码率的LDPC信道编码,实现非均衡差错保护。根据视频流中每一帧不同层的PSNR增量不同,和不同信道码率下正确解码的概率不同,反复计算每一帧所有码率组合的PSNR增量值并找出最大组,从而进行信道编码并传输。实验表明,在相同的平均码率条件下,提出的方案相比其他方案的PSNR值增加了2.8 dB,更适合无线信道的传输。     

基于H.264 的混沌视频加密系统

为了解决视频信息的安全问题,提出了一种基于视频编码标准H．264／AVC的混沌视频加密算法。利用流密码加密简单、运算速度快等优点,采用Logistic离散混沌序列对H．264／AVC标准的CAVLC（基于上下文的自适应变长编码）熵编码阶段的码流进行加密,并从算法的安全性、加密效率等方面进行分析。试验结果表明：该加密算法在保证视频内容信息安全性的前提下,不改变码流的结构,具有良好的实时性和快速性。     

H.264/AVC编码模式选择

H．264／AVC是最新的视频编码标准。与以前的视频标准相比编码模式更多,压缩效率更高,同时在编码模式的选择上也更复杂,计算量更大。编码时如何选择合适的编码模式对H.264／AVC的压缩性能和计算复杂度是非常关键的。本文讲述了JVT的参考软件是如何实现H．264／AVC编码模式选择。     

Wireless transmission of HD video using H.264 compression over UWB channel

With the technological advancement, entertainment has become revolutionized and the high-definition (HD) video has become an integral feature of our modern amusement system. The demand for wireless transmission of HD video is rapidly rising for its ubiquitous nature, easy installation and relocation. Such wireless transmissions of HD video streams require very high bandwidth. The ultra-wideband (UWB) offers a large bandwidth, and short-range high-speed data transmission at low cost and low power consumption. In this paper, we present the feasibility study to transmit HD video wirelessly using H.264/AVC compression over the UWB communication channel. Simulations are carried out by controlling key H.264/AVC encoder parameters such as, in-loop deblocking filter, group of pictures, and quantization parameter. Based on the analysis, an optimum setting of these parameters is proposed for different bandwidth requirements, as well as acceptable video quality. The bandwidth achieved is restricted between 1.5 and 20?Mbps with a minimum reconstruction quality of 34?dB. The HD bit stream is then transmitted over the UWB communication channel and the demonstration shows that the overall encoder performance is satisfactory with the transmission bit-error-rate (BER) in the range of 10^?5?C10^?8.     

面向视频会议的运动估计快速算法

针对H.264/AVC视频压缩算法中运动估计模块计算复杂度高的问题,提出了一种基于积分图像的运动估计快速算法.算法通过对单元块进行预计算求和,在块匹配运算时使用单元块级绝对差值.该算法能够在保证视频编码质量的前提下,大幅度提高运动估计模块的计算效率.算法适用于视频会议等要求视频实时压缩的应用.     

H.264多参考帧技术的探索与应用

为了得到更好的压缩性能和网络友好性,最新的视频编码标准H.264提出了很多新的视频编码技术。在对其中的多参考帧技术进行研究的基础上提出了一种参考帧的选取方案。对相邻的两个P帧或I帧进行分析,然后根据分析的结果选取B帧作为参考帧,从而获得较好的压缩性能。该方案采用H.264/AVC的编码器JM12.2实现,并取得了预期的测试结果。     

H.264/AVC先进视频编码研究

为了取得更高的图像压缩性能和更多的实用功能，ISO／IEC MPEG(运动图像专家组)和ITU-TVCEG(视频编码专家组)共同制订了一套新的视频编码标准H．264／AVC。介绍了H．264／AVC图像编解码系统的实现过程，对其采用的新技术进行了描述，最后将其与H．263和MPEG-4标准进行了性能对比。     

AVS-M: From Standards to Applications

AVS stands for the Audio Video coding Standard Workgroup of China, who develops audio/video coding standards as well as system and digital right management standards. AVS-M is the AVS video coding standard targeting for mobile multimedia applications. Besides the coding specification, AVS also developed the file format and Real-time Transport Protocol （RTP） payload format specifications to enable the application of AVS-M video in various services. This paper reviews the high-level coding tools and features of the AVS-M coding standard as well as the file format and payload format standards. In particular, sixteen AVS-M high-level coding tools and features, which cover most of the high-level topics during AVS-M standardization, are discussed in some detail. After that, the error resilience tools are briefly reviewed before the file format and RTP payload format discussions. The coding efficiency and error resiliency performances of AVS-M are provided finally. H.264/AVC has been extensively used as a comparison in many of the discussions and the simulation results.     

基于片类型和帧间预测的H.264去块滤波新算法*

在H.264/AVC视频编码标准中,去方块效应滤波器对改善图像质量和提高压缩效率起着重要作用,并能够有效地去除视频图中出现的方块效应,但却增加了计算的复杂度。在滤波过程中,边界强度（Bs）的计算量是最大的,几乎达到整个滤波过程的90%,为了简化Bs的计算复杂度,在分析了H.264的去块滤波原理之后,提出了一种基于片类型和帧间预测的H.264去块滤波优化算法。通过实验表明,该算法能够确保编/解码视频图像的质量,与JM8.6测试代码中标准算法相比,降低了近20%的滤波时间以及近10%的编码时间,这不仅有效地缓解了H.264的编/解码运算复杂度,而且更有助于视频序列实时传输的实现。     

Performance Comparison of AVS and H.264/AVC Video Coding Standards

A new audio and video compression standard of China,known as advanced Audio Video coding Standard （AVS）.is emerging.This standard provides a technical solution for many applications within the information industry such as digital broadcast,high-density laser—digital storage media,and so on.The basic part of AVS,AVS1-P2,targets standard definition （SD）and high definition（HD）format video compression,and aims to achieve similar coding efficiency as H.264/AVC but with lower computational complexity.In this paper,we first briefly describe the major coding tools in AVS1-P2,and then perform the coding efficiency comparison between AVS1-P2 Jizhun profile and H.264/AVC main profile.The experimental results show that the AVS1-P2 Jizhun profile has an average of 2.96% efficiency loss relative to H.264/AVC main profile in terms of bit-rate saving on HD progressive-scan sequences,and an average of 28.52% coding loss on interlace-scan sequences.Nevertheless,AVS1-P2 possesses a valuable feature of lower computational complexity.     

基于H.264视频编码的自适应去块滤波系统

介绍了H.264视频编码标准中的自适应去块滤波系统,分析了该系统原理及其相对于以往去块效应滤波系统的改进。并通过仿真试验验证了在提高图像质量和降低视频流码率上有较好的效果。     

一种新的H.264/AVC双螺旋FMO模式

灵活宏块排序FMO（Flexible Macroblock Ordering）是H.264/AVC标准提出的一项非常有效的容错机制,其中包括六种标准的FMO方式,其针对不同的视频序列以及信道特点各有优劣。通过仿真分析了标准中六种FMO方式的特点,提出了一种新的双螺旋FMO方式。仿真结果表明该方式在一定的编码码率条件下能取得更好的信道传输适应性,且容错效果优于大多数标准的FMO方式。     

基于H．264视频编码的自适应去块滤波系统

介绍了H.264视频编码标准中的自适应去块滤波系统，分析了该系统原理及其相时于以往去块效应滤波系统的改进。并通过仿真试验验证了在提高图像质量和降低视频流码率上有较好的效果。     

H．264帧内编码和JPEG2000对静止图像进行编码的性能比较

国际最新静止图像压缩标准——JPEG2000代表了离散小波变换（DWT）编码的最高水平，最新的视频压缩编码标准——H．264代表了离散余弦变换（DCT）编码的最高水平。由于H．264的帧内编码采用了一些新方法，如帧内空间预测、不同大小块的DCT变换等，使得H．264帧内编码效率高于其他的DCT变换编码方法，因此可以认为，H．264的帧内编码代表了DCT变换的最高静止图像编码水平。大量的仿真实验比较发现。H．264的帧内编码方法比JPEG2000的编码效率高。据此可以预测，基于帧内空间预测和不同大小块DCT变换的H．264帧内编码方法具有成为下一代静止图像压缩标准的潜能。