基于帧间预测误差扩展的可逆视频水印

为了提高可逆视频水印的嵌入容量和嵌水印视频质量,提出一种使用运动估计和预测误差直方图修改的算法.在嵌入端,根据视频中相邻帧间的内容关系,对每一帧使用运动估计获得其像素的预测误差,生成预测误差直方图,并通过扩展位于直方图峰值点的预测误差来嵌入水印;在每帧的嵌入过程中会产生少量用于提取水印和还原视频的头信息,包括运动向量和边界表等,将其与水印一起嵌入到该帧的参考帧中.在提取端,先获取参考帧中的水印和头信息并还原参考帧,保证提取操作具有正确的上下文,然后根据获取的头信息和还原后的参考帧提取当前帧中的水印.实验结果表明,采用文中算法获得的预测误差直方图具有高度的集中性,并且对像素值的修改十分微小,比其他可逆水印算法具有更大的嵌入容量和更好的嵌水印视频质量.     

基于直方图平移的多遍与多比特嵌入性能比较

为了提高基于直方图平移可逆数字水印算法的一遍嵌入容量,有些研究者提出了基于多比特嵌入策略的可逆水印算法,但这些算法未与已存在的单比特多遍嵌入算法进行性能比较。分析了影响基于直方图平移可逆水印算法图像质量的原因,并对多遍单比特和一遍多比特嵌入可逆水印算法的性能进行了理论比较,指出在嵌入容量相同的条件下,多遍单比特嵌入的图像质量明显优于一遍多比特嵌入算法。对大量的标准测试图像进行仿真实验,证明了理论分析的正确性, 为设计基于直方图平移的可逆水印算法提供了参考依据。     

Adaptive reversible watermarking with improved embedding capacity

Embedding capacity is one of the most important issues of the reversible watermarking. However, the theoretical maximum embedding capacity of most reversible watermarking algorithms is only 1.0 bits per pixel (bpp). To achieve a higher capacity, we have to modify the least significant bit (LSB) multiple times which definitely lowers the quality of the embedded image. To this end, this paper proposes a novel reversible watermarking algorithm by employing histogram shifting and adaptive embedding. Specifically, the amount of the embedded watermark is adaptively determined in terms of the context of each pixel. For pixels with small prediction error, we modify the second, third and even the fourth LSBs as well to embed more than one watermark bit. Consequently, the proposed method achieves the embedding capacity larger than 1.0 bpp in single-pass embedding as well as bringing relatively low embedding distortion. The superiority of the proposed method is experimental verified by comparing with other existing schemes.     

High capacity reversible hiding scheme based on interpolation,difference expansion,and histogram shifting

Difference expansion and histogram shifting methods are two popular hiding strategies that have been widely used in many researches. For example, Hong and Chen developed a reversible hiding method based on interpolation and histogram shifting. The image quality of their scheme is exceptional; however, their scheme needs to keep and transmit two peak points for secret data extraction and pixel recovering. Moreover, the reference pixels in their scheme cannot be used to embed secret data that will decrease the hiding capacity. Therefore, this paper shall propose a reversible hiding method to enhance their scheme. The proposed method applies the difference expansion, histogram shifting and interpolation strategies to conceal secret data in the reference pixels for increasing the hiding payload. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method performs better in terms of hiding capacity than recently developed methods.     

Polygonal mesh watermarking using Laplacian coordinates

We propose a watermarking algorithm for polygonal meshes based on the modification of the Laplacian coordinates. More specifically, we first compute the Laplacian coordinates (x,y,z) of the mesh vertices, then construct the histogram of the lengths of the (x,y,z) vectors, and finally, insert the watermark by altering the shape of that histogram. The watermark extraction is carried out blindly, with no reference to the host model. The proposed method is more robust than several existing high capacity watermarking algorithms. In particular, it is able to resist attacks such as translations, rotations, uniform scaling and vertex reordering, due to the invariance of the histogram of the Laplacian vector lengths under such transformations. Compared to the existing robust watermarking methods, our experiments show that the proposed method can better resist common mesh editing attacks, due to the good behaviour of the Laplacian coordinates under such operations.     

Reversible data hiding scheme based on neighboring pixel differences

In this paper, we propose a reversible data hiding algorithm for grayscale images. Specifically, our algorithm is based on the histogram modification technique. The premise of this algorithm is that a histogram is constructed from the differences between each pixel and its neighbors. In the data embedding process, a modified histogram shifting scheme is used to embed a secret message into the pixels whose pixel difference is located at the peak value within the histogram. Experimental results show that our algorithm can achieve higher embedding capacity and imperceptible distortion. Performance comparisons with other existing algorithms are also provided to demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed algorithm in reversible data hiding.     

图像插值空间大容量可逆数字水印算法

可逆数字水印技术在遥感、医学、军事等众多领域有着广泛应用,而现有大数可逆水印算法需要依赖于附加信息,严重影响了嵌入容量,为此提出一种无附加信息的大容量可逆水印算法。首先设计了一种类似双线性插值原理的图像放大方法,并利用该方法将载体图像放大为原来的4倍,放大图中有1/4的插值点保留了原始图像信息,其余插值点均可嵌入水印。为了在插值的同时同步嵌入水印,先利用随机函数选取水印嵌入位置,再由嵌入水印信息决定理论插值的最终取值,实现水印嵌入,保证了水印的均匀分布,而且最大限度地降低了嵌入水印对插值的影响,同时还提高了算法效率和水印安全性。与经典插值算法相比,生成的含水印图像质量较好,且对任何载体图像嵌入率均能达到0.75 bpp,大量实验也表明,算法隐蔽性好、安全性高、嵌入率高、实用性强。     

基于矢量直方图迁移的视频加密域可逆隐写方案

针对压缩域视频隐藏算法嵌入容量低、不可见性差的问题,提出了一种H.264/AVC加密域的可逆隐写方案。首先由嵌入容量和载体大小决定参考帧间隔参数,并根据需要决定是否对载体进行加密;然后,根据待嵌视频帧数生成嵌入密钥;最后通过压缩视频中矢量直方图迁移,实现运动矢量上的可逆信息嵌入。所提方案通过指定解码参考帧,克服了由于运动矢量修改而造成的失真累加效应。所提方案兼容基于运动矢量的视频加密算法,视频的解密和信息提取分别依赖解密密钥和嵌入密钥,两者之间相互分离,在视频密文域或者解密后的明文域中均能提取信息并无损恢复视频载体。信息的安全性依赖于嵌入密钥,密钥长度可以根据需要控制,最大长度等于可嵌入信息的帧数。实验表明该方案计算复杂度低,安全度高,并可以根据嵌入负载调整容量和不可见性,与BCH码可逆嵌入方案相比PSNR值提高3~5 dB,平均嵌入容量增加5~10倍。     

Region based interpolation error expansion algorithm for reversible image watermarking

In this paper, we propose a new reversible image watermarking method based on interpolation-error expansion called region based interpolation error expansion (RBIEE). We improved Thodi's prediction error expansion (PEE) technique by using a novel interpolation algorithm which exploits interpixel correlation better. Furthermore, interpolation error histogram is divided into two regions. The parameters of each region are determined separately and iteratively to reach a given embedding capacity more precisely. However, adaptive embedding strategy is utilized to get better capacity-distortion performance. Advantage of the proposed method over the other state-of-the-art methods in terms of capacity and visual quality is demonstrated experimentally.     

Robust reversible watermarking scheme using Slantlet transform matrix

The need for a robust reversible watermarking method has recently attracted more attention. This paper presents a novel robust reversible watermarking scheme based on using the Slantlet transform matrix to transform small blocks of the original image and hiding the watermark bits by modifying the mean values of the carrier subbands. The problem of overflow/underflow has been avoided by using histogram modification process. Extensive experimental tests based on 100 general images and 100 medical images demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme. The proposed scheme has robustness against different kinds of attacks and the results prove that it is completely reversible with improved capacity, robustness, and invisibility in comparison with the previous methods.     

基于PSNR小波域量化调制水印嵌入方法的参数定量估算

量化步长是量化调制方法中的重要参量,但是目前无法定量计算。针对这个问题,以抖动量化调制方法为研究对象,以小波变换系数为量化系数,提出了基于峰值信噪比(PSNR)的量化步长定量估算方法。首先根据量化误差的分布情况给出了基于量化步长的量化误差定量估算方法,然后根据小波变换的性质推导出了量化步长、水印序列长度与PSNR之间的定量关系式。实验结果显示,量化步长取值相同时实验测得的PSNR值和定量关系式计算出的PSNR值基本一致,验证了推导的定量关系式。     

基于多重元胞自动机的图像水印加密算法

针对目前基于直方图平移类可逆水印算法存在的安全问题, 提出一种基于多重元胞自动机(Cellular automata, CA)的图像水印加密算法. 该算法综合考虑辅助信息、水印及水印图像三方面的安全性, 利用不同的元胞自动机规则进行逐级加密, 建立多重加密模型生成加密水印图像. 仿真结果表明, 该算法在密钥空间、直方图分布、相关性、信息熵及灰度变化等安全评估标准下均具有较高的安全性, 有效克服了基于直方图平移类可逆水印算法在安全性方面存在的不足.     

基于图像插值和直方图平移的可逆水印算法

现有的基于直方图的可逆水印算法嵌入容量较少,针对这一问题,结合图像放大后像素点的特征,提出一种新的可逆水印算法。利用插值方法将图像放大4倍,既增加了图像的像素个数,又增强了像素之间的相关性;使用上下左右4个像素点计算像素点的预测误差值,并构造直方图,在峰值点处嵌入水印信息;利用相反的过程提取水印,并根据插值原理恢复原始图像。实验结果表明,将图像放大后再嵌入,可嵌入水印容量提高了3倍。算法不可见性较好、嵌入容量较大,可用于图像隐藏、信息安全等领域。     

密文图像中的可逆信息隐藏算法

针对传统算法存在的加密和信息隐藏过程分离,嵌入容量小,操作不灵活的缺陷,提出了一种基于混沌和直方图平移的密文图像中的可逆信息隐藏算法。发送端先对图像加密,然后嵌入信息;接收端既可以先解密再提取信息,也可以先提取信息再解密。仿真实验结果表明该算法易于实现,并能有效提高信息嵌入的容量。     

A lossless data hiding scheme for medical images using a hybrid solution based on IBRW error histogram computation and quartered interpolation with greedy weights

In the digital world, watermarking technology is a solution for data hiding and completely essential for management and secure communications of digital data propagated over the internet-based platforms. Reversible watermarking is a quality-aware type of watermarking which has been applied in managing digital contents such as digital images, texts, audios and videos. Reversible watermarking is also known as lossless watermarking due to its preservation of all details of host and hidden data. One of the important uses of this kind of watermarking is to manage medical data regarding DICOM images. In the recent years, a new type of reversible watermarking technology entitled interpolation-based reversible watermarking has been introduced, and we are going to enhance it for DICOM images by using a hybrid approach based on computing error histogram and by applying an image interpolation with greedy weights (adaptive weighting). In practice, simulation results clearly show better performance of the proposed scheme compared to the previous techniques using interpolation-based reversible watermarking on different DICOM images.

     

基于直方图平移可逆水印的性能估计

多层直方图平移可逆水印算法可以获得较高的嵌入容量。由于多层嵌入复杂度较高,在实际实施多层嵌入前,一般不可预知算法是否满足用户要求的嵌入容量和水印图像质量。提出一种快速性能估计方法,该方法无需实际嵌入操作,仅根据直方图信息就可以准确估计多层嵌入后水印容量及相应的水印图像质量。实验结果表明：该方法速度快、估计精度高,为实际使用直方图平移可逆水印算法提供了一种快速、有效的判决依据。     

Digital Video Watermarking in P-Frames With Controlled Video Bit-Rate Increase

Most video watermarking algorithms embed the watermark in I-frames, but refrain from embedding in P- and B-frames, which are highly compressed by motion compensation. However, P-frames appear more frequently in the compressed video and their watermarking capacity should be exploited, despite the fact that embedding the watermark in P-frames can increase the video bit rate significantly. This paper gives a detailed overview of a common approach for embedding the watermark in I-frames. This common approach is adopted to use P-frames for video watermarking. We show that by limiting the watermark to nonzero-quantized ac residuals in P-frames, the video bit-rate increase can be held to reasonable values. Since the nonzero-quantized ac residuals in P-frames correspond to nonflat areas that are in motion, temporal and texture masking are exploited at the same time. We also propose embedding the watermark in nonzero quantized ac residuals with spatial masking capacity in I-frames. Since the locations of the nonzero-quantized ac residuals is lost after decoding, we develop a watermark detection algorithm that does not depend on this knowledge. Our video watermark detection algorithm has controllable performance. We demonstrate the robustness of our proposed algorithm to several different attacks.      

基于运动矢量多直方图修正的视频可逆隐写算法

针对基于直方图平移的视频隐写算法与视频内容相关性不强进行了研究,提出了一种基于运动矢量多直方图修正的H.264视频可逆隐写算法。该算法通过统计特定帧中宏块移动的速度特性和散乱度对人眼视觉的敏感程度设计修正参数,再根据修正参数设计多个二维直方图,最后在非特定帧中通过二维直方图修正算法嵌入信息。实验结果表明：与同类型视频隐写算法相比,嵌入容量平均提高8.2%,在满嵌时该算法的PSNR和SSIM的变化值分别平均降低19.9%和17.5%,该算法在保持较低的比特率变化下,具有更好的嵌入容量和不可感知性。     

以运动矢量残差为载体的视频隐写算法

目的 以运动矢量（MV）为载体的视频隐写算法会破坏同一帧内相邻宏块或者相邻帧相同位置宏块的运动矢量之间的相关性,从而容易被基于运动矢量时空相关性（temporal-spatial correlation）特征的隐写分析算法检测到。为了解决这个问题,在H.264/AVC的视频编解码标准下构建了一种能抵抗基于运动矢量时空相关性隐写分析的视频隐算法。方法 通过分析运动矢量残差（MVD）与运动矢量时空相关性的联系,证明了保持运动矢量残差的统计特征的隐写算法能够很好地保持视频运动矢量的时空相关性;通过分析运动矢量残差的统计特征设置了一种能保持其直方图特征的嵌入规则,使用4个标记符和一个队列来记录修改载体造成的特征改变,并进行相应的补偿操作,将秘密信息嵌入到视频压缩过程中的熵编码之前的运动矢量残差中;结合可变长度的矩阵编码,有效降低了嵌入秘密信息对载体的修改量。结果 实验结果表明,该算法能较好地保持运动矢量残差在隐写前后的直方图特征,具有较好的视觉不可见性,对视频峰值信噪比（PSNR）和码率影响都不超过0.5%,满载嵌入的情况下基于运动矢量时空相关性的隐写分析算法对其的检测正确率只有70%左右。结论 本文算法以运动矢量残差为隐写嵌入的载体,使用保持其直方图特征的嵌入规则,结合了矩阵编码以减低对载体的修改量,能较好抵抗基于运动矢量时空相关性的隐写分析。     

Hardware implementation of adaptive feedback based reversible image watermarking for image processing application

This paper presents a reversible image watermarking (RIW) method including an adaptive feedback part based on difference expansion (DE). With respect to some parameters of the image, peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), the highest payload capacity and the corresponding embedding threshold are spontaneously calculated by using the proposed adaptive feedback-based reversible Image watermarking (AFRIW). The payload capacity for data embedding is briefly explained. The machinery part of the adaptive feedback for controlling the payload capacity is presented. Software verification of three cover images is presented. Based on some image parameters, the comparative result between the proposed AFRIW algorithm and DE-based RIW method is presented. This paper also presents the VLSI architecture of this proposed algorithm for RIW. The proposed architecture has been implemented using VIVADO 2016.2 based on Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA and Zynq device platforms. The software implementation results clearly demonstrated that the AFRIW method provides higher PSNR than the DE-based RIW method. The hardware implementation results indicate that the proposed algorithm has low timing complexity over other existing feedback based RIW algorithms which in turn provide higher speed.