基于超像素形状特征的图像复制粘贴篡改检测算法

针对传统图像复制粘贴篡改检测方法中划分子块的数目过大导致算法时间复杂度过高且抵抗几何变换能力较弱的问题,提出一种基于超像素形状特征的图像复制粘贴篡改检测算法.首先提出基于小波对比度自适应划分超像素的方法分割图像并提取稳定的特征点;然后提出新颖的形状编码方式提取超像素形状特征,并与特征点融合,估计可疑伪造区域;最后对可疑...     

Accurate and robust localization of duplicated region in copy–move image forgery

Copy–move image forgery detection has recently become a very active research topic in blind image forensics. In copy–move image forgery, a region from some image location is copied and pasted to a different location of the same image. Typically, post-processing is applied to better hide the forgery. Using keypoint-based features, such as SIFT features, for detecting copy–move image forgeries has produced promising results. The main idea is detecting duplicated regions in an image by exploiting the similarity between keypoint-based features in these regions. In this paper, we have adopted keypoint-based features for copy–move image forgery detection; however, our emphasis is on accurate and robust localization of duplicated regions. In this context, we are interested in estimating the transformation (e.g., affine) between the copied and pasted regions more accurately as well as extracting these regions as robustly by reducing the number of false positives and negatives. To address these issues, we propose using a more powerful set of keypoint-based features, called MIFT, which shares the properties of SIFT features but also are invariant to mirror reflection transformations. Moreover, we propose refining the affine transformation using an iterative scheme which improves the estimation of the affine transformation parameters by incrementally finding additional keypoint matches. To reduce false positives and negatives when extracting the copied and pasted regions, we propose using “dense” MIFT features, instead of standard pixel correlation, along with hysteresis thresholding and morphological operations. The proposed approach has been evaluated and compared with competitive approaches through a comprehensive set of experiments using a large dataset of real images (i.e., CASIA v2.0). Our results indicate that our method can detect duplicated regions in copy–move image forgery with higher accuracy, especially when the size of the duplicated region is small.     

A new block-based method for copy move forgery detection under image geometric transforms

Copy move forgery detection (CMFD) is one of the most active subtopic in forgery scheme. The methods of CMFD are divided into to block-based method and keypoint-based method in general. Compared with keypoint-based method, block-based method can detect undetectable detail without morphology segmentation. But many block-based methods detect the plain copy-move forgeries only. They have been incompetent to detect the post-processing operations such as various geometrical distortions, and then fail to detect the forgery regions accurately. Therefore, this paper presents an improved block-based efficient method for CMFD. Firstly, after pre-processing, an auxiliary overlapped circular block is presented to divide the forged image into overlapped circular blocks. The local and inner image feature is extracted by the Discrete Radial Harmonic Fourier Moments (DRHFMs) with the overlapped circular block from the suspicious image. Then, the similar feature vectors of blocks are searched by 2 Nearest Neighbors (2NN) test. Euclidean distance and correlation coefficient is employed to filter these features and then remove the false matches. Morphologic operation is employed to delete the isolated pixels. A series of experiments are done to analyze the performance for CMFD. Experimental results show that the new DRHFMs can obtain outstanding performance even under image geometrical distortions.     

一种基于自适应闭值的图像伪造检测算法

图像伪造检测是数字取证领域一个发展迅速的研究方向。复制一移动是最常见的图像伪造方式之一,其目的是通过隐藏或克隆对象来创建新的图像内容场景。复制一移动伪造检测的主要依据是图像中存在较大面积的相同或非常相似的区域对。针对以往检测方法对图像中存在同质纹理或均匀区域检测困难以及相关参数阂值选择不确定等现状,提出一种基于自适应阂值的图像复制一移动伪造检测算法,该算法不但使相关阂值的选择和估计更合理,而且能够自动识别和定位伪造区域。通过在包含同质或均匀区域的彩色伪造图像中的实验,进一步验证了本算法的有效性。     

Geometric transformations parameters estimation from copy-move forgery using image blobs and keypoints

A copy-move forgery is a passive tampering wherein one or more regions have been copied and pasted within the same image. Often, geometric transformations, including scale, rotation, and rotation+scale are applied to the forged areas to conceal the counterfeits to the copy-move forgery detection methods. Recently, copy-move forgery detection using image blobs have been used to tackle the limitation of the existing detection methods. However, the main limitation of blobs-based copy-move forgery detection methods is the inability to perform the geometric transformation estimation. To tackle the above-mentioned limitation, this article presents a technique that detects copy-move forgery and estimates the geometric transformation parameters between the authentic region and its duplicate using image blobs and scale-rotation invariant keypoints. The proposed algorithm involves the following steps: image blobs are found in the image being analyzed; scale-rotation invariant features are extracted; the keypoints that are located within the same blob are identified; feature matching is performed between keypoints that are located within different blobs to find similar features; finally, the blobs with matched keypoints are post-processed and a 2D affine transformations is computed to estimate the geometric transformation parameters. Our technique is flexible and can easily take in various scale-rotation invariant keypoints including AKAZE, ORB, BRISK, SURF, and SIFT to enhance the effectiveness. The proposed algorithm is implemented and evaluated on images forged with copy-move regions combined with geometric transformation from standard datasets. The experimental results indicate that the new algorithm is effective for geometric transformation parameters estimation.

     

Keypoint-based copy-move detection scheme by adopting MSCRs and improved feature matching

Copy-move detection is to find the existence of duplicated regions in an image. In this paper, an effective method based on region features is proposed to detect copy-move forgeries, especially when the image is multiple copied or with multiple copy-move groups. Firstly, maximally stable color region detector is applied to extract features, and these features are represented by Zernike moments. Then an improved matching strategy considering n best-matching features is applied to deal with the multiple-copied problem. Moreover, a hierarchical cluster algorithm is developed to estimate transformation matrices and confirm the existence of forgery. Based on these matrices, the duplicated regions can be located at pixel level. Experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme outperforms other similar state-of-the-art techniques.     

基于区域划分和四元数的彩色图像复制粘贴篡改检测

现有的篡改检测方法中特征点提取不充分会导致篡改检测精度不高,特征点描述符识别率差,针对该问题提出一种基于颜色矩的区域划分和四元数Hu矩的彩色图像复制粘贴篡改检测算法。首先,使用自适应形态重建算法对图像进行超像素分割,通过密度聚类算法对图像自适应划分区域;其次,提出一种关键点提取方法得到均匀的SIFT特征点;然后,在一种新颖的彩色图像四元数表示方法中构建局部高斯金字塔提取Hu矩特征;最后,利用2NN进行特征匹配后,结合Delaunay三角形算法定位出复制粘贴篡改区域。在公共数据集上的实验结果表明,该算法可以更有效地定位篡改区域。     

基于半色调技术的印前图像篡改检测方法

本文印前图像特指图像数字排版经编辑确认后的数字印刷样张,其以栅格处理器分色后的加网二进制形式存储.数字样张一经确认,其来源的合法性便不受怀疑.但是,从印刷的整体流程来看,数字样张的存储、传输过程中仍有较大的篡改风险.现有的复制移动篡改检测算法存在特征维度高、计算开销大或检测率较低等问题,而且不适用于分色后的二进制样张.本文提出了一种基于半色调图像网点密度特征的Copy-Move篡改检测方法,该方法针对分色处理后的CMYK目标图像的二值量化处理,采用滑动分块的方法对目标图像进行分块,通过提取图像块CMYK四个通道的局部网点密度特征对图像块进行篡改检测.实验结果表明,该方法在图像篡改检测上较以往方法相比具有较低的时间复杂度和较高的检测率,并且对图像篡改区域的旋转攻击、小尺度缩放攻击等具有较好的鲁棒性.     

A passive authentication scheme for copy-move forgery based on package clustering algorithm

Copy-move forgery as one of popular methods is widely used to tamper digital images. Passive authentication is extensively used to detect the copy-move forgery images. This paper proposes a passive authentication scheme for copy-move forgery based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the package clustering algorithm. The copy regions and paste regions can be automatically detected in doctored digital images. This scheme works by first applying the DCT to small fixed image blocks to obtain their features and the size of feature vectors are reduced. Moreover, the package clustering algorithm is applied to replace the general lexicographic order technologies to improve the detection precision. The similar blocks can be found by comparing the feature vectors in each package. The experimental results represent that the proposed scheme can locate irregular and meaningful tampered regions and multiply duplicated regions in a suspicious image. The duplicated regions can also be located in digital images that are distorted by adding white Gaussian noise, Gaussian blurring and their mixed operations.     

基于深度特征提取和DCT变换的图像复制粘贴篡改检测

针对图像复制粘贴篡改检测中算法时间复杂度过高和定位区域不完整的问题,提出一种基于深度特征提取和离散余弦变换的图像复制粘贴篡改检测算法。首先,融合图像颜色和纹理信息获得四通道图像,计算自适应特征提取阈值,并通过基于全卷积神经网络的特征检测器提取图像深度特征;其次,通过离散余弦变换提取块特征进行初步匹配,再利用点特征向量消除误匹配;最后,通过卷积运算精确定位篡改区域。通过在公共数据集上进行验证,充分展示了该算法在检测效率和定位区域完整性方面的优势。     

基于分形和统计的复制-粘贴篡改图像的检测

现在大多数图像“复制-粘贴”篡改检测算法对于区域复制后的进一步混合处理不能进行有效检测。为此提出了一种新的基于分形和统计的检测方法。首先将图像分块并提取每块的特征向量,该特征向量由分形维数和三个统计量组成;接着对所有特征向量进行字典排序;最后,利用图像块的位置信息和欧氏距离定位篡改区域。此方法不仅能够检测传统的复制-粘贴型篡改,而且还能够检测经过旋转、翻转以及旋转和翻转混合的多区域复制-粘贴型篡改;此方法也能够抵抗高斯模糊、对比度调整和亮度调整等攻击。实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

Copy-Move Geometric Tampering Estimation Through Enhanced SIFT Detector Method

Digital picture forgery detection has recently become a popular and significant topic in image processing. Due to advancements in image processing and the availability of sophisticated software, picture fabrication may hide evidence and hinder the detection of such criminal cases. The practice of modifying original photographic images to generate a forged image is known as digital image forging. A section of an image is copied and pasted into another part of the same image to hide an item or duplicate particular image elements in copy-move forgery. In order to make the forgeries real and inconspicuous, geometric or post-processing techniques are frequently performed on tampered regions during the tampering process. In Copy-Move forgery detection, the high similarity between the tampered regions and the source regions has become crucial evidence. The most frequent way for detecting copy-move forgeries is to partition the images into overlapping square blocks and utilize Discrete cosine transform (DCT) components as block representations. Due to the high dimensionality of the feature space, Gaussian Radial basis function (RBF) kernel based Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to minimize the dimensionality of the feature vector representation, which improves feature matching efficiency. In this paper, we propose to use a novel enhanced Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) detector method called as RootSIFT, combined with the similarity measures to mark the tampered areas in the image. The proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods in terms of matching time complexity, detection reliability, and forgery location accuracy, according to the experimental results. The F1 score of the proposed method is 92.3% while the literature methods are around 90% on an average.     

大尺寸图片的复制粘贴检测*

针对目前图像复制粘贴检测算法有时间复杂度高、当图像中有光滑区域时错检率大的缺点,将图像角点区域及其八方向邻接圆形区域作为伪造检测区域,提取每个检测区域的矩特征后用k-d树进行排序,并通过比较每个区域矩特征的相似性来定位伪造复制区域.该算法效率高,且对经过旋转、添加噪声、模糊、JPEG压缩等后处理的复制粘贴伪造图像检测效果很好.     

采用圆谐-傅里叶矩的图像区域复制粘贴篡改检测

现有检测方法大多对图像区域复制粘贴篡改的后处理操作鲁棒性不高.针对这种篡改技术,提出一种新的基于圆谐-傅里叶矩的区域篡改检测算法.首先将图像分为重叠的小块;然后提取每个图像块的圆谐-傅里叶矩作为特征向量并对其进行排序;最后根据阈值确定相似块,利用位移矢量阈值去除错误相似块以定位篡改区域.实验结果表明,该算法能有效抵抗噪声、高斯模糊、旋转等图像后处理操作,且与基于HU矩的方法相比有更好的检测结果.     

基于改进显著图和局部特征匹配的copy-move窜改检测

检测整幅窜改图像的方法增加了许多非必要的计算量,为了降低计算复杂度和进一步提高检测精确率,提出了一种基于改进显著图和局部特征匹配的copy-move窜改检测方法。首先,结合图像梯度改进显著图,分离出包含图像高纹理信息的局部显著区域;其次,只对该局部区域采用SIFT(scale invariant feature transform)算法提取特征点;然后,对显著性小的图像采用密度聚类和二阶段匹配策略,对显著性大的图像采用超像素分割和显著块特征匹配的策略;最后,结合PSNR和形态学操作来定位窜改区域。在两个公开数据集上进行实验,该方法的平均检测时间小于10 s,平均检测精确率大于97%,均优于所对比的方法。实验结果表明,该方法能够大幅缩减检测时间、有效提高检测精确率,并且对几何变换和后处理操作也都具有较好的鲁棒性。     

State of the art in passive digital image forgery detection: copy-move image forgery

Authenticating digital images is increasingly becoming important because digital images carry important information and due to their use in different areas such as courts of law as essential pieces of evidence. Nowadays, authenticating digital images is difficult because manipulating them has become easy as a result of powerful image processing software and human knowledge. The importance and relevance of digital image forensics has attracted various researchers to establish different techniques for detection in image forensics. The core category of image forensics is passive image forgery detection. One of the most important passive forgeries that affect the originality of the image is copy-move digital image forgery, which involves copying one part of the image onto another area of the same image. Various methods have been proposed to detect copy-move forgery that uses different types of transformations. The goal of this paper is to determine which copy-move forgery detection methods are best for different image attributes such as JPEG compression, scaling, rotation. The advantages and drawbacks of each method are also highlighted. Thus, the current state-of-the-art image forgery detection techniques are discussed along with their advantages and drawbacks.     

Robust copy-move forgery detection based on multi-granularity Superpixels matching

Multimedia Tools and Applications - In this paper, we propose a new multi-granularity superpixels matching based algorithm for the accurate detection and localization of copy-move forgeries, which...     

利用Harris特征点和环形均值描述的图像区域复制篡改的被动取证

提出一种利用Harris特征点和环形均值描述的图像区域复制篡改检测算法。首先对图像进行自适应维纳滤波,并利用Harris算子提取图像的特征点,然后通过对每个特征点的环形邻域进行均值描述生成特征向量矩阵,并采用字典排序和阈值化处理进行相似性匹配,从而确定候选匹配点,最后利用RANSAC算法剔除错误的匹配点,实现复制和篡改区域的标识定位。实验结果表明,算法对于复制区域的旋转和翻转变换具有较强的鲁棒性,并且可以有效抵抗常见的后处理攻击,包括高斯模糊、加性高斯白噪声、JPEG压缩以及它们的混合操作,尤其能够抵抗非显著视觉结构的平坦区域和小区域的复制、粘贴、篡改操作。     

Image copy-move forgery passive detection based on improved PCNN and self-selected sub-images

Image forgery detection remains a challenging problem. For the most common copy-move forgery detection, the robustness and accuracy of existing methods can still be further improved. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose an image copy-move forgery passive detection method by combining the improved pulse coupled neural network (PCNN) and the self-selected sub-images. Our method has the following steps: First, contour detection is performed on the input color image, and bounding boxes are drawn to frame the contours to form suspected forgery sub-images. Second, by improving PCNN to perform feature extraction of sub-images, the feature invariance of rotation, scaling, noise adding, and so on can be achieved. Finally, the dual feature matching is used to match the features and locate the forgery regions. What's more, the self-selected sub-images can quickly obtain suspected forgery sub-images and lessen the workload of feature extraction, and the improved PCNN can extract image features with high robustness. Through experiments on the standard image forgery datasets CoMoFoD and CASIA, it is effectively verified that the robustness score and accuracy of proposed method are much higher than the current best method, which is a more efficient image copy-move forgery passive detection method.     

基于多支持区域局部亮度序的图像伪造检测

图像伪造检测是目前数字图像处理领域中的一个研究热点,其中复制-粘贴是最常用的伪造手段。由于伪造区域在粘贴前会被进行一定的尺度、旋转、JPEG压缩、添加噪声等操作,这使得检测伪造区域具有一定的挑战性。针对图像复制-粘贴伪造技术,提出一种基于多支持区域局部亮度序模式（LIOP）的图像伪造检测算法。首先,利用最大稳定极值区域（MSER）算法提取具有仿射不变性的区域作为支持区域;其次,利用非抽样Contourlet变换得到不同尺度、不同分辨率和不同方向的多个支持区域;然后,在每个支持区域上提取同时具有旋转不变性和单调亮度不变性的LIOP描述子,并利用双向距离比值法实现特征初匹配;接着,采用空间聚类将匹配的特征进行归类,进而用随机抽样一致性（RANSAC）算法对每个归类进行几何变换参数估计;最后,使用必要的后处理等操作来检测出伪造区域。实验表明,提出的算法具有较高的伪造检测精度与可信度。