Image steganalysis with entropy hybridized with chaotic grasshopper optimizer

We propose a hybrid grasshopper optimizer to reduce the size of the feature set in the steganalysis process using information theory and other stochastic optimization techniques. This paper results from the stagnancy of local minima and slow convergence rate by the grasshopper algorithm in optimization problems. Therefore, we enhance the grasshopper optimization (GOA) performance with chaotic maps to make it Chaotic GOA (CGOA). Then, we combine the CGOA with adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) to make it Chaotic Particle-Swarm Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (CPGOA). Next, we use the proposed optimizer with entropy to find the best feature subset of the original Subtractive Pixel Adjacency Model (SPAM) and Spatial Rich Model (SRM) feature set. Finally, the proposed technique is experimented with to detect the spatial domain steganography with different embedding rates on the BOSSbase 1.01 grayscale image database. The results show the improved results from the proposed hybrid optimizer compared to the original GOA and other state-of-the-art feature selection methods in steganalysis.

     

分类与分割相结合的JPEG图像隐写分析

目的 隐写分析研究现状表明,与秘密信息的嵌入过程相比,图像内容和统计特性差异对隐写检测特征分布会造成更大的影响,这导致图像隐写分析成为了一个"相同类内特征分布分散、不同类间特征混淆严重"的分类问题。针对此问题,提出了一种更加有效的JPEG图像隐写检测模型。方法 通过对隐写检测常用的分类器进行分析,从降低隐写检测特征类内离散度的角度入手,将基于图像内容复杂度的预分类和图像分割相结合,根据图像内容复杂度对图像进行分类、分割,然后分别对每一类子图像提取高维富模型隐写检测特征,构建分类器进行训练和测试,并通过加权融合得到最终的检测结果。结果 在实验部分,对具有代表性的隐写检测特征集提取了两类可分性判据,对本文算法的各类别、区域所提取特征的可分性均得到明显提高,证明了模型的有效性。同时在训练、测试图像库匹配和不匹配的情况下,对算法进行了二分类测试,并与其他算法进行了性能比较,本文算法的检测性能均有所提高,性能提升最高接近10%。结论 本文算法能够有效提高隐写检测性能,尤其是在训练、测试图像库统计特性不匹配的情况下,本文算法性能提升更加明显,更适合于实际复杂网络下的应用。     

基于权值分配的隐写分析算法

SRM算法是目前隐写分析中广泛使用的方法,但未能有效检测自适应隐写算法。为提高针对自适应隐写算法的检测率,该文通过改进SRM算法,利用不同区域的像素对隐写检测贡献的差异性,提出了一种基于权值分配的隐写分析算法。理论证明了权值分配能够提高隐写检测特征的分类能力,并设计了一种基于权值分配的特征提取框架。首先依据像素失真代价确定优先像素集,之后设计合理的权值函数对不同区域的像素噪声残差分配权值,最后提取四阶共生矩阵作为隐写检测特征。实验结果表明,在检测以HILL为代表的自适应隐写算法时,与SRM和PSRM检测算法相比,所提算法的平均错误率分别降低了2.09%和1.53%,说明能够有效实施针对自适应隐写算法的检测。     

基于W2ID准则的Rich Model隐写检测特征选取方法

数字隐写是信息安全领域一个重要分支,其通过将秘密信息嵌入到数字图像、声音、视频等文件中并通过公开信道(如:Email邮箱、微博推文和即时通信等)进行传递,从而实现信息的隐蔽通信.图像自适应隐写是近年来数字隐写技术的研究热点,而Rich Model特征是检测图像自适应隐写的一大类主流高维特征,这类高维特征在实现对图像自适...     

3D网格隐写与隐写分析回顾与展望

在计算机图形学中,3D形状可有多种表示形式,包括网格、体素、多视角图像、点云、参数曲面和隐式曲面等。3D网格是常见的表示形式之一,其构成3D物体的顶点、边缘和面的集合,通常用于表示数字3D物体的曲面和容积特性。在过去的20年中,基于3D网格载体的虚拟现实、实时仿真和交叉3维设计已经在工业,医疗和娱乐等场景得到广泛应用,以3D网格为载体的水印技术、隐写和隐写分析技术也受到研究者的关注。相比于图像与音视频等载体的隐写,3D网格具备嵌入方式灵活与载体形式多变等其自身的优势。本文回顾了3D网格隐写和隐写分析的发展,并对现有研究工作进行了系统的总结和分类。根据嵌入方式和嵌入位置将隐写算法分成4类：两态调制隐写、最低位隐写、置换隐写和变换域隐写;根据特征提取角度将隐写分析算法分为2类：通用型隐写分析和专用型隐写分析。随后,介绍了每个类别的技术,综合安全性、鲁棒性、容量以及运算效率分析了各类算法的优劣性,总结当前的发展水平,并提供了不同嵌入率下两种数据集上隐写分析算法之间的性能比较。最后讨论了3D隐写和隐写分析现有技术的局限性,并探讨了潜在的研究方向,旨在为后续学者进一步推动3D隐写和隐写分析技术提供指导。     

Double-compressed JPEG images steganalysis with transferring feature

Steganalysis is a technology of detecting the presence of secret messages in digital media. Recently, many algorithms have been proposed and achieved satisfactory detection accuracy. However, the performance of these algorithms will be reduced by double-compression, due to the mismatch between training and testing sets. To address this problem, we proposed Transferring Feature on Double-compressed JPEG images (TFD) to improve the detection accuracy. Specifically, our algorithm consists of two parts. First, we detect the double-compression of testing images by constructing multi-classifier with Markov feature. Then we transfer the steganalysis feature into a new feature space, in order to reduce the difference of feature distributions between training and testing sets. We intend to obtain a transformation matrix by adjusting the expectation and standard deviation of training set, minimizing the feature discrepancy between both sets and keeping classification ability of training set, simultaneously. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has better performance in double-compressed mismatched steganalysis.

     

用于失配隐写分析的对抗子领域自适应网络

当训练集数据和测试集数据来自不同的载体源时,即在载体源失配的条件下,通常会使一个表现优异的隐写分析器检测准确率下降。在实际应用中,隐写分析人员往往需要处理从互联网上采集的图像。然而,与训练集数据相比,这些可疑图像很可能具有完全不同的捕获和处理历史,导致隐写分析模型可能出现不同程度的检测性能下降,这也是隐写分析工具在现实应用中很难成功部署的原因。为了提高基于深度学习的隐写分析方法的实际应用价值,对测试样本信息加以利用,使用领域自适应方法来解决载体源失配问题,将训练集数据作为源领域,将测试集数据作为目标领域,通过最小化源领域与目标领域之间的特征分布差异来提高隐写分析器在目标领域的检测性能,提出了一种对抗子领域自适应网络（ASAN,adversarial subdomain adaptation network）。一方面从生成特征的角度出发,要求隐写分析模型生成的源领域特征和目标领域特征尽可能相似,使判别器分辨不出特征来自哪一个领域;另一方面从减小域间特征分布差异的角度出发,采用子领域自适应方法来减少相关子领域分布的非期望变化,有效地扩大了载体与载密样本之间的距离,有利于分类精度的提高。通过...     

基于多维梯度能量的空域隐写分析

隐写分析是信息安全领域一个新的研究热点,其中多数为针对特定隐藏算法的隐写分析算法,少数泛盲隐写分析算法又具有复杂度高正检率低的缺点.对图像像素值扣除受隐藏改变很小的高位后剩余的低位图像进行小波变换,恢复载体图像,利用梯度能量之差形成12维特征向量,最后通过支持向量机(SVM)进行训练分类.在3000幅训练图像库和3000幅测试图像库上(没有交集),分别对LSB(least significant bits)、自适应空域和BPCS(bit-plane complexity segmentation)等多种空域隐藏算法进行训练和测试.实验结果表明,算法有很好的检测性能,载密图像和载体图像的平均正检率分别为93.7%和96.2%.     

Automated analysis of feature models 20 years later: A literature review

Software product line engineering is about producing a set of related products that share more commonalities than variabilities. Feature models are widely used for variability and commonality management in software product lines. Feature models are information models where a set of products are represented as a set of features in a single model. The automated analysis of feature models deals with the computer-aided extraction of information from feature models. The literature on this topic has contributed with a set of operations, techniques, tools and empirical results which have not been surveyed until now. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on the automated analysis of feature models 20 years after of their invention. This paper contributes by bringing together previously disparate streams of work to help shed light on this thriving area. We also present a conceptual framework to understand the different proposals as well as categorise future contributions. We finally discuss the different studies and propose some challenges to be faced in the future.     

Feature mining and pattern classification for steganalysis of LSB matching steganography in grayscale images

In this paper, we present a scheme based on feature mining and pattern classification to detect LSB matching steganography in grayscale images, which is a very challenging problem in steganalysis. Five types of features are proposed. In comparison with other well-known feature sets, the set of proposed features performs the best. We compare different learning classifiers and deal with the issue of feature selection that is rarely mentioned in steganalysis. In our experiments, the combination of a dynamic evolving neural fuzzy inference system (DENFIS) with a feature selection of support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVMRFE) achieves the best detection performance. Results also show that image complexity is an important reference to evaluation of steganalysis performance.     

A new method for linear feature and junction enhancement in 2D images based on morphological operation,oriented anisotropic Gaussian function and Hessian information

Feature enhancement is an important preprocessing step in many image processing tasks. It is the process of adjusting image intensities so that the enhanced results are more suitable for analysis. Good enhancement results for linear structures such as vessels or neurites can be used as inputs for segmentation and other operations. In this paper, a novel linear feature enhancement filter – an adaptive multi-scale morpho-Gaussian filter – which can enhance and smooth linear features is proposed based on morphological operation, anisotropic Gaussian function and Hessian information. This filter can enhance and smooth along the local orientation of the linear structures and the Hessian measurement is used to further enhance the linear features. We utilize the Hessian matrix to calculate the orientation information for our directional morphological operation and the oriented anisotropic Gaussian smoothing. We also propose a novel method for junction enhancement, which can solve the problem of junction suppression. We decompose the junctions and enhance along each linear structure within a junction region. We present the test results of our algorithm on images of different types and compare our method with three existing methods. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can achieve better results.     

基于分割的空域图像隐写分析

提出一种基于图像内容的空域隐写分析方法, 该方法对图像进行分割, 使分割得到的每一类子图像具有相同的统计特性, 并对每一类子图像提取更加敏感的隐写分析特征, 分别构造分类器进行训练和测试, 由此对分割所得到的每一幅子图像都可以得到一个检测结果. 对整幅图像的判决结果通过加权融合得到. 实验结果表明,该方法具有良好的性能, 尤其是针对自适应隐写方法, 该算法的检测准确率提高更加明显.     

Adaptive Window Based 3-D Feature Selection for Multispectral Image Classification Using Firefly Algorithm

Feature extraction is the most critical step in classification of multispectral image. The classification accuracy is mainly influenced by the feature sets that are selected to classify the image. In the past, handcrafted feature sets are used which are not adaptive for different image domains. To overcome this, an evolutionary learning method is developed to automatically learn the spatial-spectral features for classification. A modified Firefly Algorithm (FA) which achieves maximum classification accuracy with reduced size of feature set is proposed to gain the interest of feature selection for this purpose. For extracting the most efficient features from the data set, we have used 3-D discrete wavelet transform which decompose the multispectral image in all three dimensions. For selecting spatial and spectral features we have studied three different approaches namely overlapping window (OW-3DFS), non-overlapping window (NW-3DFS) adaptive window cube (AW-3DFS) and Pixel based technique. Fivefold Multiclass Support Vector Machine (MSVM) is used for classification purpose. Experiments conducted on Madurai LISS IV multispectral image exploited that the adaptive window approach is used to increase the classification accuracy.     

基于四元数多特征并行融合的JPEG隐写检测

针对串行特征融合方法易出现“维数灾难”以及并行复矢量特征融合方法只能融合两类特征的弱点,提出一种基于四元数多特征并行融合的JPEG隐写检测方法。方法利用四元数有4个分量能融合4种特征的性质,首先提取4种经典特征,然后用主成分分析(PCA)进行数据降维,去除冗余信息,最后将4种特征组合为四元数矢量,实现多特征的并行融合。实验结果表明,和传统特征融合方法相比,所提方法不仅有效提高了JPEG隐写图像检测率,而且具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于图正则自适应联合协同表示的高光谱图像分类

针对由于空间信息利用不充分而导致的高光谱图像分类精度较低的问题,提出一种基于图正则自适应联合协同表示的高光谱图像分类算法.首先,采用双边滤波操作对高光谱图像进行空间信息提取,以充分挖掘每个像素的空间信息;其次,在联合协同表示的目标函数中引入图正则约束项,以保持高光谱数据的流形结构;再次,一方面利用图像分割来自适应调整空间邻域的形状,另一方面通过对中心像素的空间近邻赋予不同的权重,提出一种自适应空间-光谱特征融合策略;最后,基于误差最小原则,给出测试样本的类别标签.在两个高光谱数据集上的实验结果表明,所提出算法的整体分类精度分别达到98.50%和97.30%.     

Image classification using label constrained sparse coding

Sparse coding has been widely used for feature encoding in recent years. However, the encoded parameters’ similarity is ignored with sparse coding. Besides, the label information from which class the local feature is extracted is also ignored. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel feature encoding method called label constrained sparse coding (LCSC) for visual representation. The visual similarities between local features are jointly considered with the corresponding label information of local features. This is achieved by combining the label constraints with the encoding of local features. In this way, we can ensure that similar local features with the same label are encoded with similar parameters. Local features with different labels are encoded with dissimilar parameters to increase the discriminative power of encoded parameters. Besides, instead of optimizing for the coding parameter of each local feature separately, we jointly encode the local features within one sub-region in the spatial pyramid way to combine the spatial and contextual information of local features. We apply this label constrained sparse coding technique for classification tasks on several public image datasets to evaluate its effectiveness. The experimental results shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于少样本学习的通用隐写分析方法

近年来,深度学习在图像隐写分析任务中表现出了优越的性能.目前,大多数基于深度学习的图像隐写分析模型为专用型隐写分析模型,只适用于特定的某种隐写术.使用专用隐写分析模型对其他隐写算法的隐写图像进行检测,则需要该隐写算法的大量载密图像作为数据集对模型进行重新训练.但在实际的通用隐写分析任务中,隐写算法的大量载密图像数据集是难以得到的.如何在极少隐写图像样本的情况下训练通用隐写分析模型是一个极大的挑战.对此,受少样本学习领域研究成果的启发,提出了基于转导传播网络的通用隐写分析方法.首先,在已有的少样本学习分类框架上改进了特征提取部分,设计了多尺度特征融合网络,使少样本分类模型能够提取到更多的隐写分析特征,使其可用于基于秘密噪声残差等弱信息的分类任务;其次,针对少样本隐写分析模型难收敛的问题,提出了预训练初始化的方式得到具有先验知识的初始模型;然后,分别训练了频域和空域的少样本通用隐写分析模型,通过自测和交叉测试,结果表明,检测平均准确率在80%以上;接着,在此基础上,采用数据集增强的方式重新训练了频域、空域少样本通用隐写分析模型,使少样本通用隐写分析模型检测准确率与之前相比提高到87%以上;...     

一种自动化图像隐写分析平台

针对目前图像隐写分析手动程序编码操作耗时复杂易错、特征选择单一盲目、数据结果分析手段单一等问题, 利用MATLAB开发工具, 设计了一种能自动实现图像隐写分析过程的操作平台. 它节省了研究人员收集各类算法的时间和精力, 减少了人为编码引发的操作错误和操作时间. 手动和自动特征选择与图表信息显示的结合使用, 增加了特征选择与数据结果分析的手段, 提升了隐写分析的进度.     

基于马尔可夫模型和特征融合的图像隐写分析

提出一种针对JPEG图像隐写的通用隐写分析方法.根据量化后分块DCT系数绝对值构造水平、垂直和zigzag方向的差分数组,利用三向差分数组马尔可夫模型挖掘量化后分块DCT块内邻近系数相关性,提取转移概率矩阵的特征.对三向特征加权融合后进行隐写分析,以提高分类性能.对安全性较高的JPEG隐写OutGuess和F5,在不同嵌入率下进行隐写分析.实验结果显示,引入特征融合后隐写分析的检出率明显提高.