焙炒咖啡中丙烯酰胺的研究现状

咖啡在高温(200~250℃)焙炒加工过程中会产生一定量潜在的致癌物质丙烯酰胺。实验研究表明,短期接触大量丙烯酰胺会对人和动物的中枢神经造成损伤,人体长期小剂量接触丙烯酰胺会表现为四肢末端麻木、无力。咖啡焙炒加工过程中产生的丙烯酰胺除了通过天门冬酰胺途径生成以外,还可以由丙烯醛途径生成。其中影响咖啡中丙烯酰胺形成的主要因素有咖啡类型、咖啡的焙炒温度和时间。本文对控制丙烯酰胺形成途径的研究进展进行了相关阐述,并对焙炒咖啡中丙烯酰胺的进一步研究提出建议。     

降低焙炒咖啡中丙烯酰胺含量的方法研究

通过分析咖啡豆在焙炒加工过程中产生丙烯酰胺的途径,分析影响咖啡中丙烯酰胺形成的焙炒时间、焙炒温度及咖啡豆类型等因素,进而研究降低焙炒咖啡中丙烯酰胺的方法与措施。     

试论咖啡鲜果的加工方法

在经济全球化背景下,我国人民的生活习惯西化,咖啡这种西式饮品,在我国的需求量逐渐增多。制作咖啡的主要原料是咖啡生豆,而咖啡生豆则是由咖啡鲜果经过加工得到的。如果想要生产出受人欢迎的咖啡,就必须重视其制造源头,也就是咖啡鲜果的加工。本文主要介绍咖啡鲜果的加工方法。     

牛奶脂肪对不同烘焙程度咖啡感官品质的影响

作者主要研究牛奶脂肪质量分数对不同烘焙程度牛奶咖啡风味的影响及全脂牛奶咖啡中脂肪质量分数的消费者差别阈值。首先,针对浅、中、深3个烘焙程度的咖啡,采用定量描述性分析法评价不同脂肪质量分数牛奶咖啡的风味;其次,采用三点选配法测量全脂牛奶咖啡中脂肪质量分数的差别阈值。结果表明,随着脂肪质量分数降低,咖啡的酸味、苦味、涩味、烟味、煳味、焦香味、生豆味和酸味（鼻前香气）逐渐增强,而甜味、醇厚感、焦糖味和奶香味减弱,这些影响在3种不同烘焙程度咖啡中的变化趋势一致,但随着烘焙程度加深,牛奶脂肪的变化对咖啡风味的影响程度也会上升。进一步通过分析阈值测试结果发现,脂肪质量分数在浅、中、深烘焙咖啡中的差别阈值分别为2.59%、2.45%和2.36%（质量分数）。女性消费者对脂肪的变化更敏感,脂肪质量分数在深焙咖啡中的差别阈值显著低于男性。研究结果可为低脂牛奶咖啡的开发提供理论依据。     

焙焦油莎豆粕速溶咖啡的开发及其品质分析

目的 开发焙焦油莎豆粕速溶咖啡并对其品质进行研究。方法 将制备的焙焦油莎豆粕速溶粉与咖啡速溶粉、白砂糖、脱脂奶粉进行复配,通过单因素和正交试验设计,以感官评分为指标,优化产品配方。再利用气相色谱-质谱法对咖啡品质和理化性质进行分析。最后利用微流变分析冲释稳定性,确定食用条件。结果 确定焙焦油莎豆粕速溶咖啡最佳配比为焙焦油莎豆粕速溶粉添加量35%,咖啡速溶粉添加量5%,白砂糖添加量35%,奶粉添加量30%。咖啡成品脂肪含量为0.99%,蛋白质含量为10.01%,溶解度为94.58%,酸度为22.52%,固形物含量为7.75%。咖啡中含有34种香气成分,冲释后2h内具有较好的流变学品质。结论 油莎豆粕中含有丰富的功能活性因子,本产品的成功研发强化了咖啡的功能特性,拓宽了油莎豆副产物的应用范围,提高了油莎豆副产物的应用价值。     

仿咖啡冰淇淋

以大豆为原料，经过焙烧，再配合咖啡香精及焦糖色素的作用，制成具有天然咖啡风味的苦咖啡冰淇淋，同时对大豆焙炒温度和时间，以及在冰淇淋配方加的添加量进行研究。结果表明，大豆在180－200℃时焙炒60min，添加量在2％左右时比较合适。     

袋泡咖啡的研制和加工技术

袋泡咖啡的研制和加工技术李云川云南咖啡厂／６５０２２１ｌ引言咖啡含有脂肪１２％～１７％,蛋白质８％～１４％,咖啡碱１．２％～２．ｌ％,另还有蔗糖、葡萄糖等多种成份,经焙炒的咖啡豆磨碎成粉后能散发出特有的浓郁香气。目前我国咖啡加工产品主要是炒磨咖啡（煮...     

咖啡中丙烯酰胺的形成与控制研究进展

丙烯酰胺是一种广泛存在于热加工食品中的危害物,咖啡是其重要的摄入来源之一。本文阐述了丙烯酰胺肝脏毒性、神经毒性、生殖毒性在动物和细胞水平上的表现,总结了咖啡豆高温烘焙过程中生成丙烯酰胺的主要途径。在咖啡原料选择、烘焙加工至萃取冲泡的过程中,影响丙烯酰胺形成的因素包括咖啡豆种类、烘焙温度、烘焙时间、贮藏条件等,且不同品类咖啡的加工方式也会造成丙烯酰胺含量差异。本文归纳了抑制咖啡中丙烯酰胺形成的有效措施,可为食品工业化生产中丙烯酰胺的控制提供理论参考。     

青年学生对云南咖啡的感官嗜好性分析研究

咖啡作为一种具有独特风味、醒脑提神和保健功能的低热量饮料,在西方国家已经得到巨大的发展,但在中国仍处起步阶段。考察了4款中国云南小粒种咖啡生豆,以冲泡时间、烘焙条件及风味调配为环境影响因素,对在校大学生进行了系统的食品感官评价测试,旨在了解特定消费群体对不同加工条件下咖啡的嗜好性特点。试验表明,苦味偏轻、甜度适中和口感爽滑的奶香咖啡饮品具有更高的喜好度。     

云南小粒咖啡烘焙工艺优化及总糖含量的测定

以云南小粒咖啡生豆为原料,选择初始温度、烘焙时间、烘焙量、风门开合度四个影响咖啡品质的主要因素进行了单因素和正交试验,采用电加热烘焙,以膨化率、失重率、感官评价为考察指标,采用综合加权评分法进行数据分析。结果表明,云南小粒咖啡烘焙工艺优化条件为初始温度240 ℃、烘焙时间13 min、烘焙量160 g、风门开合度为21 mm,此时得到的咖啡豆为浅深焙咖啡豆,其失重率为21.92%,膨化率为91.11%,感官评分36分,综合评分为0.9144分。根据色度值及综合加权评分值的大小,浅焙的较优工艺条件为:初始温度240 ℃、烘焙时间10 min、烘焙量180 g、风门开合度14 mm;中焙的较优工艺条件:初始温度240 ℃、烘焙时间12 min、烘焙量220 g、风门开合度0 mm;深焙的较优工艺条件:初始温度250 ℃、烘焙时间12 min、烘焙量160 g、风门开合度7 mm。不同烘焙程度对总糖含量的影响显著(p<0.05),随着烘焙程度的加深总糖含量逐渐减少。     

印尼罗布斯塔咖啡豆应用于咖啡饮料开发的研究

印度尼西亚产的罗布斯塔咖啡豆多用于咖啡饮料的工业生产。分析了不同烘焙程度对该咖啡豆香气成分的影响。以水为介质,研究了该咖啡豆烘焙度、粉碎粒度、萃取温度以及萃取料液比对咖啡萃取的影响。通过4因素3水平正交试验确定了最佳处理条件为：烘焙度L=19＋1、粉碎粒度N0．18—0n=70％＋1％＆Pan〈5％、萃取温度90℃、萃取料液比1：14。     

咖啡中有关呋喃含量的研究进展

呋喃因其具有细胞毒性和致癌性,且在食品的热加工中极易产生而受到全世界的广泛关注,国际上的权威食品机构均出台了一系列关于呋喃的研究计划。咖啡是很常见的饮料,在咖啡豆烘焙过程中可产生很高含量的呋喃。本文将从呋喃的形成、咖啡制备过程对呋喃含量的影响因素和不同种类咖啡中呋喃含量的检测手段和研究进展进行综合论述,为今后对咖啡中的呋喃的研究提供资料参考。     

Furan in coffee: pilot studies on formation during roasting and losses during production steps and consumer handling

The occurrence of furan in some food products has already been known for a few decades, and it has been reconfirmed in more recent investigations that furan is present in a variety of foodstuffs. This list of products includes roasted coffee, which has been shown to generate furan as a result of the heat treatment at roasting which is applied to achieve the desired aroma and flavour profile of a roasted coffee. The objective of this study is to provide data to allow a better understanding of the available data of furan in coffee, the kinetics of furan generated during roasting, and to estimate the reduction of furan levels afterwards due to subsequent processing steps and consumer handling. Finally, the study is meant as a contribution to establish exposure data on the basis of scientific data at the stage of coffee consumption. This paper shows that the formation of furan during roasting is dependent on roasting conditions and is, therefore, directly linked to achieving targeted flavour profiles. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that modifications in process conditions potentially to reduce furan levels may have the opposite effect on other undesired reaction products of the roasting chemistry such as, for example, acrylamide. Due to the high volatility of furan, any subsequent processing step or consumer handling has an impact on the level of furan. As a guidance from this study and in consideration of the identified losses of each process and handling step on the basis of the trial conditions, it is estimated that only approximately 10% of the initially generated furan during roasting gets into the cup of coffee for consumption.     

High‐resolution 1H NMR investigation of coffee

Recent successful applications of NMR spectroscopy and imaging in food science prompted the authors to use these new techniques for the analysis of espresso coffee. The target of this work was to identify an experimental procedure to obtain maximum information from high‐resolution ¹H spectra. Only the espresso coffee was considered as the true food, since it includes all aromatic substances responsible for the coffee aroma and taste. A big effort was made in order to select an easy, quick and non‐degrading procedure to analyse the espresso cup content, preventing artificial or natural degradation effects with a particular care in the measurement of labile and volatile components. The procedure was tested on two arabica and one robusta samples; each sample was prepared with three roasting degrees to follow the chemical changes due to the roasting process. Moreover, one water extract was prepared also from ground green coffees. As a comparison, each coffee extract was prepared both with a standard ‘espresso coffee machine’ and with a ‘mocha’ as used in the domestic setting. Significant differences among the three samples were observed. Moreover, for all samples, as a function of the roasting degree, a clear trend in the chemical composition was observed. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

咖啡精油超临界CO2萃取工艺优化及理化特性分析

以云南保山小粒咖啡豆为对象,根据国家标准,测定生、熟咖啡豆的营养成分,在单因素实验的基础上,以响应面优化超临界CO₂萃取咖啡精油的工艺参数;测定生、熟咖啡精油理化指标,并通过气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器（GC-FID）分析生、熟咖啡精油的脂肪酸组成。结果表明:经烘焙处理后,熟咖啡豆中水分、水浸出物、咖啡因、总糖、粗纤维和粗脂肪含量与生咖啡豆中的存在显著差异（P<0.05）;超临界CO₂萃取生咖啡精油的最佳工艺条件为萃取压力25 MPa,萃取温度54 ℃,萃取时间150 min,在此条件下咖啡精油萃取得率为13.98%。烘焙处理前后,咖啡精油各常规理化指标无显著差异,且均符合国家标准要求。通过GC-FID分别检测到15和16种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸等为主要脂肪酸,烘焙对咖啡豆脂肪酸组成影响不明显,但各脂肪酸的含量存在一定差异。烘焙对咖啡豆及咖啡精油的各项指标均有一定程度的影响,为云南地区咖啡产业发展提供科学依据。     

The impact of roasting on the ochratoxin A content of coffee

Roasting coffee led to a drop in the ochratoxin A (OTA) concentration, as measured by the reference method, especially for dark type roasts. The way the beverage was prepared also affected the OTA content, which could paradoxically be higher than that of the initial roasted coffee. Assays on the thermal stability of pure OTA showed that it ought to be found in larger quantities in roasted coffee. This suggested that OTA was masked by reactions with the substrate during roasting. The absence of OTA in green coffee is therefore the best guarantee of safety.     

Study of acrylamide in coffee using an improved liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method: Investigation of colour changes and acrylamide formation in coffee during roasting

An improved analytical method for the determination of acrylamide in coffee is described using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS). A variety of instant, ground and laboratory roasted coffee samples were analysed using this method. The sample preparation entails extraction of acrylamide with methanol, purification with Carrez I and II solutions, evaporation and solvent change to water, and clean-up with an Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The chromatographic conditions allowed separation of acrylamide and the remaining matrix co-extractives with accurate and precise quantification of acrylamide during MS detection in SIM mode. Recoveries for the spiking levels of 50, 100, 250 and 500 µg/kg ranged between 99 and 100% with relative standard deviations of less than 2%. The effects of roasting on the formation of acrylamide and colour development were also investigated at 150, 200 and 225°C. Change in the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) a* colour value was found to show a good correlation with the change in acrylamide. CIE a* and acrylamide data was fitted to a non-linear logarithmic function for the estimation of acrylamide level in coffee. Measured acrylamide levels in commercial roasted coffees compared well with the predicted acrylamide levels from the CIE a* values.     

多因素交互作用导致烘焙咖啡中绿原酸快速降解

研究烘焙温度、时间及基质pH值对咖啡绿原酸的影响,采用小粒生咖啡豆进行不同程度的烘焙实验,分析不同烘焙温度和时间下pH值、质量损失率、水分质量分数、新绿原酸含量、绿原酸含量、隐绿原酸含量及3 种异绿原酸异构体的变化情况,并建立绿原酸降解动力学模型,采用化学反应模型验证绿原酸单体的降解情况。结果表明,烘焙咖啡中水分质量分数、质量损失率随烘焙温度的升高总体分别呈降低和升高的趋势,随烘焙时间的延长分别呈降低和升高的趋势。绿原酸含量随烘焙温度升高和时间延长显著降低（P＜0.05）,相比生咖啡豆,新绿原酸、隐绿原酸含量随烘焙温度升高先升高后降低,随烘焙时间延长显著降低（P＜0.05）。新绿原酸、隐绿原酸含量与咖啡pH值和烘焙时间呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,绿原酸含量与烘焙温度、时间呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,与咖啡水分质量分数呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。温度和时间的交互作用均对咖啡绿原酸类化合物降解产生高度显著影响（P＜0.001）。绿原酸3 种异构体热降解符合一级反应动力学模型。在化学反应模型中,绿原酸转化为新绿原酸和隐绿原酸两种异构体,3 种异构体质量浓度均随pH值和温度的升高显著降低（P＜0.05）,温度与pH值交互作用对绿原酸降解影响高度显著（P＜0.001）。综上,温度、时间及pH值的协同作用致使烘焙咖啡中绿原酸的快速降解。