响应面优化褶皱假丝酵母脂肪酶催化合成木质甾醇油酸酯

以木质甾醇转化率为指标,考察了10种常见商业化脂肪酶催化合成木质甾醇油酸酯的效果,确定褶皱假丝酵母脂肪酶(CRL)为优选生物催化剂,进一步筛选出正己烷为优选反应介质.在脂肪酶用量、油酸和木质甾醇的物质的量比、反应温度和反应时间这4个单因素考察基础上,通过响应面分析法对酶催化木质甾醇油酸酯合成工艺条件进行优化,并对优化条件进行验证和放大实验.CRL催化合成木质甾醇油酸酯的优化工艺参数为:CRL添加量为木质甾醇质量的10％,油酸与木质甾醇的物质的量比为3.8:1,反应温度为46℃,反应时间为28 h,木质甾醇的转化率为91.56％±0.25％.     

玉米粉炭基固体酸催化制备生物柴油研究

以炭化-磺化方法制备的玉米粉炭基固体酸为催化剂,催化油酸与甲醇反应制备生物柴油,并考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间对油酸转化率的影响。结果表明,最优的反应条件为反应温度bt,催化剂用量7%(与油酸质量比),醇酸摩尔比10∶1,反应时间10 h,并以此条件进行反应,油酸转化率达到91.07%。通过GC-MS对产品进行分析,该工艺所得产品中甲酯含量为92.20%。     

玉米粉炭基固体酸催化制备生物柴油研究

以炭化-磺化方法制备的玉米粉炭基固体酸为催化剂,催化油酸与甲醇反应制备生物柴油,并考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间对油酸转化率的影响。结果表明,最优的反应条件为反应温度bt,催化剂用量7%(与油酸质量比),醇酸摩尔比10∶1,反应时间10 h,并以此条件进行反应,油酸转化率达到91.07%。通过GC-MS对产品进行分析,该工艺所得产品中甲酯含量为92.20%。     

复合催化剂在油酸豆甾醇酯合成中的应用

以油酸和豆甾醇为原料,研究了以硫酸氢钾-金属氧化物为组合的复合催化剂在酯化合成中的应用。首先,通过与其他硫酸盐的酯化效果进行比较,筛选出KHSO4是适用于酯化合成中高效且安全的催化剂,并将其和不同的金属氧化物进行组合作为复合催化剂进一步探究酯化效果。通过实验结果比较,得到KHSO4-Zn O作催化剂的酯化率最高。然后,将KHSO4-Zn O作为复合催化剂,针对催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、酸醇摩尔比等因素进行考察,探究油酸和豆甾醇的最佳酯化条件。得到最佳工艺条件为:在通高纯氮气条件下,选用3.0%KHSO4+1.0%Zn O(以豆甾醇的质量分数计)为催化剂,油酸和豆甾醇的摩尔比为1.8:1,反应的温度为150℃,反应的时间为7 h,酯化率达到92.17%。本工艺利用KHSO4-Zn O作为复合催化剂,得到较高的酯化率,实现了一条合成油酸豆甾醇酯的新工艺路线。     

固体酸催化废油酯制备脂肪酸丁酯

研究以废油酯为原料在固体酸催化作用下与丁醇酯交换反应制备脂肪酸丁酯的过程,采用气相色谱对脂肪酸丁酯的含量进行分析。考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对酯化反应转化率的影响。结果表明,该反应的最适宜工艺条件为：醇油摩尔比16∶1,催化剂用量1.2%,反应温度115℃,反应时间4 h。废油酯在最优工艺条件下,经过酯交换反应得到的转化率超过83%。     

炭质磺酸化固体酸催化剂的制备及催化合成生物柴油研究

以秸秆为原料,采用炭化和磺化方法制备炭质磺酸化固体酸催化剂,并通过XRD、SEM和FTIR对制备的催化剂结构进行表征。通过催化油酸和甲醇酯化反应制备生物柴油,考察相关因素对油酸转化率的影响。结果表明,在反应温度为68℃,催化剂质量为油酸质量的7%,反应时间为5 h,醇酸的物质的量比为12∶1,生物柴油转化率可达94.83%。     

炭质磺酸化固体酸催化剂的制备及催化合成生物柴油研究

以秸秆为原料,采用炭化和磺化方法制备炭质磺酸化固体酸催化剂,并通过XRD、SEM和FTIR对制备的催化剂结构进行表征。通过催化油酸和甲醇酯化反应制备生物柴油,考察相关因素对油酸转化率的影响。结果表明,在反应温度为68℃,催化剂质量为油酸质量的7%,反应时间为5 h,醇酸的物质的量比为12∶1,生物柴油转化率可达94.83%。     

纳米SO4^2-/SnO2固体超强酸催化合成油酸丁酯

以SnCl4.5H2O为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,采用模板法合成纳米SO42-/SnO2固体超强酸催化剂,用XRD、TG-DTA对其进行了表征,以油酸与丁醇的酯化反应为探针反应,探讨了SO42-/SnO2固体超强酸的催化活性,较系统地研究了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂的焙烧温度、催化剂的用量、反应时间等对油酸转化率和油酸丁酯收率的影响。结果表明,SO42-/SnO2固体超强酸催化剂具有纳米大小,对油酸丁酯的合成具有良好的催化活性和稳定性。在优选条件下,油酸转化率可达97.5%,油酸丁酯收率达90.6%。     

餐饮废油一步制备炭基固体酸及用于催化油酸合成生物柴油的研究

以餐饮废油为碳源,浓硫酸为磺化剂,在管式电阻炉中一步炭化和磺化制备得到一种新的炭基固体酸催化剂,并对制备的固体酸催化剂进行理化性能表征。将制备的固体酸催化剂用于催化油酸与甲醇酯化反应合成生物柴油。考查了废油炭化温度对固体催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,在餐饮废油/浓硫酸质量比为0.25、温度为220℃、N_2流量为80 cm~3/min、时间30 min时,制备的固体酸催化剂活性最高。此外,考查了酯化反应条件对油酸转化率的影响,结果表明,当反应时间为10 h、反应温度为80℃、甲醇油酸摩尔比为10∶1、催化剂质量为油酸质量的10.0%时,油酸最大转化率为95.8%。当催化剂循环利用第3次时,油酸转化率仍达到69.1%。     

纳米SO2-4/SnO2固体超强酸催化合成油酸丁酯

以SnCl4·5H2O为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,采用模板法合成纳米SO2-4/SnO2固体超强酸催化剂,用XRD、TG-DTA对其进行了表征,以油酸与丁醇的酯化反应为探针反应,探讨了SO2-4/SnO2固体超强酸的催化活性,较系统地研究了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂的焙烧温度、催化剂的用量、反应时间等对油酸转化率和油酸丁酯收率的影响.结果表明,SO2-4/SnO2固体超强酸催化剂具有纳米大小,对油酸丁酯的合成具有良好的催化活性和稳定性.在优选条件下,油酸转化率可达97.5%,油酸丁酯收率达90.6%.     

Optimization of the chemoenzymatic epoxidation of soybean oil

The lipase Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435) immobilized on acrylic resin was used as an unconventional catalyst for in situ epoxidation of soybean oil. The reactions were carried out in toluene. The peracid used for converting TG double bonds to oxirane groups was formed by reaction of FFA and hydrogen peroxide. The reaction conditions were optimized by varying the lipase concentration, solvent concentration, molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to double bond, oleic acid concentration, and reaction temperature. The kinetic study showed that 100% conversion of double bonds to epoxides can be obtained after 4 h. The addition of free acids was not required for the reaction to proceed to conversions exceeding 80%, presumably owing to generation of FFA by hydrolysis of soybean oil. The enzyme catalyst was found to deteriorate after repeated runs.     

固定化Candida sp. 99-125脂肪酶催化合成蜡酯(英文)

Wax esters were synthesized in a solvent free system catalyzed by immobilized lipase from Candida sp. 99-125, with oleic acid and cetyl alcohol. The effects of substrate molar ratio, lipase dosage and water removal were investigated in a 50 ml flask incubated in a thermostatic cultivation cabinet. The optimized conditions were: temperature 40 ℃, shaking at 170 r·min-1, acid/alcohol molar ratio 1:0.9, lipase dosage in 10% (by mass) of oleic acid, and open reaction for water removal. As a result, the conversion rate reached 98% for reaction of 8 h. The volume of reactor was scaled up to 1 L three-neck flask. The optimized parameters were: 200 r·min-1 agitation speed, 2.5% (by mass) lipase dosage, others were the same as the parameters described above. The conversion rate reached 95% for reaction of 24 h. The lipase retained 46% conversion rate after reuse for 6, 7 batches. The products were purified by removing remained cetyl alcohol and fatty acids with ethanol and saturated sodium carbonate so-lution, respectively. The purity of the wax ester, cetyl oleate, was 96%. The physical and chemical properties of cetyl oleate were tested and compared with those of jojoba oil. The results show that the product cetyl oleate has great potential to use as the substitute of natural jojoba oil.     

Porcine pancreatic lipase immobilized on polysiloxane–polyvinyl alcohol hybrid matrix: catalytic properties and feasibility to mediate synthesis of surfactants and biodiesel

Polysiloxane–polyvinyl alcohol hybrid matrix was prepared by a sol–gel technique and its capacity to bind porcine pancreatic lipase investigated. The loading of 250 units g^?1 support was shown to be effective, resulting in an immobilized lipase with high catalytic activity. Both free and immobilized lipases were characterized by determining the activity profile as a function of pH, temperature, substrate concentration and thermal stability. Application of the immobilized lipase in non‐conventional biocatalysis for the synthesis of surfactants and biodiesel was also analyzed. Production of sugar fatty acid esters was found to be dependent on the carbohydrate and the highest molar conversion (50% in 3–4 h of reaction) was achieved for substrates containing fructose and lauric or oleic acids. Biodiesel synthesis from babassu oil and ethanol, propanol or butanol was feasible and regardless of the kind of alcohols, results revealed that the immobilized PPL could efficiently convert triglycerides to fatty acid alkyl esters attaining yields varying from 75 to 95%. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis of Phytosteryl Esters by Using Alumina-Supported Zinc Oxide (ZnO/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>) from Esterification Production of Phytosterol with Fatty Acid

The feasibility of zinc oxide-catalyzed esterification of natural phytosterols with oleic acid was investigated well by a chemical process. The influences of various reaction parameters were evaluated. Basic solid zinc oxide is the most desirable catalyst due to its high selectivity (more than 90%), reusability, activity and less corrosivity, whereas sterol selectivity with other catalysts, such as H₂SO₄, NaHSO₄ and NaOMe, did not exceed 80%. Further results showed that during zinc oxide-catalyzed synthesis, the nature of the acyl donor was of paramount importance with direct esterification with fatty acids, which gives better results with higher conversion rate selectivity and more mild reaction conditions than transesterification with methyl esters. The substrate molar ratio of 2:1 (oleic acid/phytosterol) was optimal. Other parameters such as optimal catalyst load (0.5%) and temperature (170 °C) showed a maximum production of steryl esters close to 98% after 8 h. It was also found that the amount of trans fatty acid formed in esterification was low, and the trans fatty acid content (%) in the phytosterol oleate ester fraction (3.26%) was much lower than that in free oleic oil (7.35%), which suggested that fatty acids in esters were more stable than free fatty acids regarding the combination with sterol. Immobilized ZnO could be a promising catalyst for replacing homogeneous and corrosive catalysts for esterification reactions of sterol.     

油溶性表面活性剂甘油硼酸油酸酯的合成研究

以硼酸和油酸为原料采用直接酯化法合成水溶性的甘油硼酸酯,再在催化剂的作用下与油酸反应制得甘油硼酸油酸酷,设计出较佳的酸化条件：甘油硼酸酯与油酸摩尔比1：0．9,温度220℃,时间4h,催化剂甩量（脂肪酸质量分数）0．5％,酸转佬率98．5％。     

基于间苯三酚的磺化碳基固体酸催化剂的制备及其催化油酸甲酯的合成

采用间苯三酚与对苯二甲醛缩聚得到的树脂为碳前驱体,分别以1,4-二氧六环与去离子水为溶剂,以溶剂热和水热法、氯磺酸为磺化试剂制备两种磺化碳基固体酸催化剂。SEM、XPS和TGA等分析表明,以1,4-二氧六环为溶剂合成的TP-A-S催化剂为形貌规整、高酸密度、良好稳定性的球形,并表现出良好的催化性能。将其用于油酸与甲醇的酯化反应,最适宜的条件为:醇油物质的量比10∶1,催化剂用量占原料总质量的2.0%,反应温度70℃,反应时间4h,油酸最高转化率达98.3%。且催化剂循环使用5次后,油酸转化率仍达84.4%。将制备的TP-A-S催化剂用于长链游离脂肪酸与甲醇的酯化反应,转化率高于90%,表现出良好的催化效果。     

Synthesis of mono- and diglycerides in water-in-oil microemulsions

Enzyme-catalyzed esterification was carried out in single-phase, oil-continuous microemulsions. The lipozyme was solubilized, along with glycerol and water, in the aqueous core of water/diethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate/hydrocarbon microemulsion system. Upon addition of fatty acid, mono- and diglycerides were formed, due to the esterification reaction taking place at the interface of the droplets in the microemulsion. The initial rate of conversion of oleic acid increases with oil chainlength of the continuous phase whereas final conversion is maximum for hexane. The conversion of stearic acid is 30% whereas conversion of oleic acid is 70%. The percent conversion of various fatty acids in the same continuous medium increases with fatty acid chainlength. The oleic acid/glycerol ratio is an important parameter for optimum conversion of oleic acid into glycerides. The yield can be increased by subsequent addition of glycerol after equilibrium is reached. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of samples from microemulsions shows the presence of mono- and diglycerides. Possible mechanisms for the abovementioned effects are discussed.     

Enzymatic pretreatment of deodorizer distillate for concentration of sterols and tocopherols

Separation of sterols and tocopherols from fatty acids in deodorizer distillate was facilitated through lipase-catalyzed modification of fatty acids in canola, mixed and soya deodorizer distillates. The fatty acid esterification with methanol catalyzed by SP-382 (an immobilized nonspecific lipase) proceeded rapidly, with conversion of fatty acid to methyl ester in 5 h being 96.5, 83.5 and 89.4%, respectively. A model mixture of pure oleic acid and dl-α-tocopherol was used to study any potential side reactions that may lower the tocopherol content during the esterification reaction. Under the conditions employed, the loss of tocopherol was less than 5%. Simple vacuum distillation (1–2 mm Hg) was employed to remove the volatile fraction (methyl esters of fatty acids, some fatty acids and other volatiles) of the esterified deodorizer distillate, leaving behind sterols, sterol esters and tocopherols. Sterols and tocopherols were almost completely retained in the residue fraction with recoveries in the range of 95%. Overall recoveries of sterols and tocopherols after esterification and distillation were over 90% for all the deodorizer distillate samples.     

固定化离子液体高效催化废弃食用油合成生物柴油

采用溶胶?凝胶技术和浸渍法制备了固定化1-(4-丁基磺酸)-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([(n-Bu-SO3H)MIm][HSO4])离子液体(IL),得到了一种适用于游离脂肪酸和甲醇酯化反应的不溶性IL催化体系,对合成的催化剂进行了表征,并对其活性进行了系统评价. 结果表明,离子液体成功负载于载体上,该固定化Br?nsted性离子液体在油酸和甲醇酯化反应中具有非常好的催化活性,在最佳反应条件下,油酸的转化率高达98.4%. 该催化剂用于催化高游离脂肪酸含量的废弃食用油酯化时,经后续碱催化酯交换反应,可获得收率高达94.7%的生物柴油.     

Synthesis of plant sterol esters catalyzed by heteropolyacid in a solvent‐free system

The synthesis of phytosteryl esters is of importance due to their recent recognition and application as cholesterol‐lowering agents in the food and nutraceutical industries. In this study, a synthetic route potentially useful for the large‐scale production of food‐grade phytosteryl esters with high yield and purity in a solvent‐free system was investigated. To examine the feasibility of replacing sodium methylate by heteropolyacid, four heteropolyacids, tungstosilicic acid, tungstophosphoric acid, molybdosilicic acid and molybdophosphoric acid, were evaluated to determine the best catalyst and the optimum conditions for the esterification reaction between various fatty acids and phytosterols. The results suggested that tungstosilicic acid was more selective towards butyric acid and caprylic acid than towards lauric acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. However, there was no significant discrimination in terms of the tungstosilicic acid catalyst's selectivity to stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and alpha‐linolenic acid, all with C18 chains, in the esterification reaction. The yield of phytosteryl ester was higher than 90% when the esterification reaction was carried out at 150 °C, with phytosterols and fatty acids in a molar ratio of 1 : 1.5, and catalyzed by 0.2% tungstosilicic acid in silica gel. The catalysts recovery experiments suggested that the immobilized tungstosilicic acid did not significantly lose its activity in six operation runs. As a result, the immobilized tungstosilicic acid would be a promising catalyst for replacing sodium methylate, to synthesize phytosteryl esters with fatty acids and phytosterols as the starting materials in a commercial production.