谷朊粉对冻干枣粉抑制吸湿作用研究

目的 研究谷朊粉对冻干枣粉吸湿特性的影响。方法 将谷朊粉与枣浆按不同比例均匀混合,真空冷冻干燥后粉粹,过60目筛制备不同配比的冻干枣粉。结果 谷朊粉显著降低了冻干枣粉的平衡含水率(equilibrium moisture content,EMC)。吸湿等温结果表明,红枣与谷朊粉质量比10:0、7:3、1:1、3:7样品的吸湿等温类型属“J”型增长,而0:10样品的属“S”型增长,表明谷朊粉的添加并未改变冻干枣粉吸湿等温类型;接触角随着谷朊粉的添加量的增大而增大,其值从31.22°增大到76.7°,说明谷朊粉可以减弱冻干枣粉的表面润湿性。从宏观和扫描电镜图中可知,冻干枣粉结块现象随着谷朊粉的添加量的增大而逐渐减轻。低场核磁结果显示,谷朊粉降低自由水的含量,减少水分向高自由度方向的迁移程度。结论 一定量的谷朊粉能够有效抑制冻干枣粉的吸湿,从而缓解结块的发生,保持流动性和分散性,进而提高冻干枣粉的品质。     

不同面筋蛋白组分对面包品质的影响

为探究麦谷蛋白、麦醇溶蛋白以及两者的不同配比对面包品质的影响,将谷朊粉、提取的麦谷蛋白、麦醇溶蛋白分别添加到面包中,以面包比容为评价指标,研究其对面包品质的影响。结果表明,三者均能提高面包比容,且在质量分数1.5%（占面粉基）的添加量下,麦谷蛋白与谷朊粉的改善效果相当。再将麦谷蛋白与麦醇溶蛋白重新配比添加到面包中,当麦谷蛋白/麦醇溶蛋白质量比为3∶1时,在质量分数1.1%（占面粉基）的添加量下,与空白组相比,面包比容提高了11.4%,面包硬度降低。贮藏5 d后,面包硬度增量低于空白组13.1%,延缓了面包的老化,且效果优于质量分数1.5%（占面粉基）谷朊粉添加量的效果。     

谷朊粉、麦醇溶蛋白与麦谷蛋白基本性质研究

以溶解度、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性为考察指标,系统研究不同pH 值条件下,谷朊粉、麦醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白的功能特性及其相互间关系。结果表明：pH 值3～11 范围内,谷朊粉的溶解度、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性在pH7 时最小。在同一pH 值条件下,麦醇溶蛋白溶解度、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性大于麦谷蛋白,且在乳化性及乳化稳定性方面,麦醇溶蛋白远大于麦谷蛋白。麦醇溶蛋白是提高谷朊粉功能特性的主要成分。     

麦谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白配比对高水分组织蛋白品质的影响

为了探究麦谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白不同配比对高水分组织蛋白品质的影响，研究将谷朊粉中的麦谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白进行提取后按比例重组，替代挤压配方中的谷朊粉，分析麦谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白不同配比下挤压混料的流变学特性及高水分组织蛋白品质的变化规律。结果表明：随着谷醇比的减小，挤出过程中物料的流动性增强；挤压产品的色泽变亮，持水性、硬度和咀嚼性降低，横向剪切力、拉伸距离和组织化度显著升高(P<0.05)。当提取出的麦谷蛋白和麦醇溶蛋白配比为20∶80时，产品的品质最优。麦谷蛋白对产品结构的支撑具有重要作用，麦醇溶蛋白有利于产品纤维结构的形成。     

谷朊粉应用概述

本文对谷朊粉的研究历史，组成和应用进行了综述。较全面的概述了谷朊粉中麦醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白的结构和性质，介绍了谷朊粉在工业和非工业领域的应用，提出了谷朊粉研究的方向，同时展望了谷朊粉在工业领域的发展前景。     

小麦面筋蛋白组成、结构和功能特性

小麦面筋蛋白(俗称谷朊粉)主要由麦醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白组成,其蛋白组成和结构是影响小麦面团特性和烘焙品质重要因素。该文对小麦面筋蛋白组成、结构进行综述,以更清楚了解其结构对功能性影响。     

谷朊粉气流干燥系统结构和技术特点

小麦谷朊粉又称活性面筋粉。是以小麦为原料。经过深加工提取的一种纯天然谷物蛋白。谷朊粉主要成分由麦醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白组成。其蛋白质含量75％～85％。含有人体必须的15种氨基酸．是营养丰富的植物蛋白资源。谷朊粉吸水后的湿面筋可保持原有的自然活性和天然物理状态,具有黏性、弹性、延伸性、薄膜成形性和吸脂乳化性。     

不同来源谷朊粉谷氨酰胺肽释放特性的比较分析

从国内谷朊粉生产厂家收集了12种商品谷朊粉,在对其进行基本组成分析基础上,研究了不同来源谷朊粉的酶解及谷氨酰胺肽释放特性。结果表明：所收集谷朊粉样品的蛋白质平均含量为77.59%,样品间差异较小（CV:2.68%）;淀粉含量差异较显著（CV:21.65%）;脂肪含量虽然较低（平均1.08%）,但样品间差异较大（CV:69.60%）;氨基酸组成中谷氨酸/谷氨酰胺平均含量较高,为412.58 mg/g蛋白,占总氨基酸组成的39.38%。综合考虑不同样品酶解产物中蛋白回收率、水解度及谷氨酰胺含量三个指标,以获得高谷氨酰胺含量的短肽为目的,最终确定1号（山东滨州）、9号（陕西宝鸡）、12号（河北邢台）样品为制备谷氨酰胺肽的理想原料,这三种样品的酶解产物中有效谷氨酰胺含量可达22%左右,水解度大于15%,蛋白回收率大于90%。     

谷朊粉与其制备蛋白膜性能的相关性研究

选取国内10种市售谷朊粉分别制备蛋白膜,分析谷朊粉的主要品质及蛋白膜的性能,通过相关性分析及逐步回归分析研究谷朊粉与蛋白膜品质之间的相关关系。相关分析表明:谷朊粉的巯基含量、溶解性、麦醇溶蛋白含量、吸水率、粗蛋白含量、水分含量、泡沫稳定性与膜的透光率、水溶性、阻氧性、水蒸气透过率及拉伸强度呈显著(P0.05)或极显著相关(P0.01)。逐步回归分析得出谷朊粉的粗蛋白含量、巯基含量、麦醇溶蛋白含量、溶解性、吸水率及起泡性对膜性能的影响较大。     

麦醇溶蛋白的单宁酸交联及对麦醇溶蛋白/麦谷蛋白共混液流变特性的影响

本研究采用单宁酸对麦醇溶蛋白进行交联,研究蛋白浓度、单宁酸添加量、温度、时间和pH对麦醇溶蛋白交联度的影响,并采用正交实验对单宁酸交联麦醇溶蛋白的工艺进行优化,最终确定交联工艺的最佳条件为:蛋白浓度7%,单宁酸添加量60 mg/g,反应温度为40℃,反应时间为24 h,反应pH为10,此时,麦醇溶蛋白的交联度为(26.59±0.38)%。流变学性质研究表明:单宁酸交联麦醇溶蛋白/麦谷蛋白共混液属于剪切变稀型流体,随着麦醇溶蛋白交联度的增大,共混液的黏度和结构黏度指数减小,非牛顿指数增大,有利于谷朊蛋白纤维和谷朊蛋白膜的制备。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the