我国二十年来安全驾驶适应性因素元分析

本研究从驾驶适应性理论视角,整合中国1990-2011二十年来有关驾驶员驾驶适应性的心理因素的研究结果,将横断历史元分析方法引入研究机动车驾驶适应性的各种影响因素。研究综合了38篇文献,经过统计分析和软件元分析,发现影响驾驶员安全行车的主要因素根据效用度大小分别是风险态度(0.84),攻击性(0.58),情绪(0.57),焦虑(0.49),感觉寻求(0.37)。研究结论为中国的驾驶适应性测量评估内容丰富化提供客观依据。     

数据库安全威胁及数据备份恢复技术研究

现有的计算机信息系统多采用数据库存储和管理大量的关键数据,因此数据库的安全问题也是系统安全的关键环节之一。攻击者最终的目标还是系统中关键的数据信息,如何有效保证数据的完整性、保密性,防止数据不被破坏、不被窃取,这也是系统安全研究的重点内容。对数据库中数据的安全威胁与备份恢复技术进行研究。     

深空安全研究现状与未来发展

世界各国深空探测活动日益增多、探测环境趋于复杂、任务难度越来越大,开展深空安全问题研究具有现实意义。本文从深空安全的基本内涵出发,概述了深空安全的研究意义与关键问题,梳理了空间辐射威胁、行星保护、太空遗产保护、空间立法等深空安全关键问题的研究现状并展望了未来发展。空间辐射具有威胁类型多、辐射强度大的特点,应从物理防护、生物医学防护、化学防护等角度开展研究。行星保护主要面临深空航天器的污染和撞击挑战,应从深空微生物检测与消毒杀菌技术、应对政策制定等角度开展研究。太空遗产保护因各国间的政治、文化、法律差异而在评估及保护措施方面存在争议,应从国际协作、深空航天器以及人类影响降低等角度开展研究。深空立法因各国间存在复杂的国际关系而导致当前的法律法规效力难以成为国际社会共识,应从国际立法组织、国内研究机构、国内法律体系完善等方面开展研究。     

驾驶愤怒对驾驶安全影响的研究方法

驾驶愤怒对驾驶安全的影响已引起广泛关注。本文回顾了国内外驾驶愤怒对驾驶安全的影响的相关研究,重点总结和分析了实验室模拟、问卷测验和生理测量三种驾驶愤怒研究方法及其优缺点,并提出了未来此领域的研究方向。     

驾驶疲劳测量方法研究综述

本文概述了驾驶疲劳的相关概念、测量方式、影响因素;通过文献分析,总结了驾驶疲劳的研究进展及不足,展望了驾驶疲劳未来可能的研究方向,聚焦了驾驶疲劳的危险点,提出有效的测量指标,促进驾驶疲劳报警装置的研制和应用。     

不安全驾驶行为及其影响因素

不安全驾驶行为是道路交通事故的主要原因.在道路交通环境中,驾驶行为会受到多种因素的影响.本文首先概括了不安全驾驶行为的分类,接着介绍了个体及环境因素对不安全驾驶行为影响的研究进展.在总结已有实证研究结果的基础上提出了今后的研究趋势及展望.     

木马的安全威胁与防范

随着互联网在人们生活中的日益紧密,网络安全问题也更加严峻。文章首先阐述了目前网络与信息系统存在的各种安全威胁,并对其进行了一定程度上的分析,然后说明了针对各类威胁的基本防范方式,最后介绍了网络信息安全威胁的新形势。     

民航运行中的威胁与差错管理

随着经济的快速发展，人们的生活水平也日益提高，民航渐渐成为了人们出行的主要交通手段之一，因此飞行安全问题也受到了社会各界的广泛关注，为了保证人们的人身和财产安全，就需要我们对减少民航运行过程中的威胁与差错管理的研究引起足够的重视。本文简单介绍了威胁与差错管理的基本理论基础以及威胁、差错的概念，并在此之上提出了几点优化途径，希望能够对我国民航事业飞行安全性的提高有所帮助。     

从自卫到护卫：新时期网络安全保障体系构建与发展建议

随着网络攻防技术的快速发展，网络安全保障体系面临诸多挑战，研究新型网络安全保障体系成为推进我国信息化发展的迫切需要，对进一步提升网络安全性、可用性具有重要意义。本文梳理了我国以“自卫模式”为主的网络安全保障体系的运行现状；分析了当前体系面临的“捕不全”“拦不住”“看不清”和“抓不住”四大安全问题；提出了以近身蜜点、前置蜜庭、网关蜜阵、外溢蜜洞的“四蜜”威胁感知体系为代表的“护卫模式”网络安全保障体系，包括纵深威胁感知的蜜点技术、攻击观测和判别的蜜庭技术、协同联动的蜜阵技术和网络威慑与攻击绘制的蜜洞技术等重点发展的技术任务，以及“蜜点”加持的网络安全保险产业任务。研究建议，探索“护卫模式”网络安全保障机制，全面提升国家网络安全防护水平；探索“护卫模式”安全防护技术研究和应用，实现新旧安全防护技术的融合统一；探索面向“护卫模式”的网络安全人才培养新模式，培育创新实践型网络人才，为新时期我国网络安全保障体系研究提供参考。     

校园无线局域网安全威胁及解决对策

随着网络科学技术的高速发展,在国家教育部的推动下,很多的学校都选择将无线局域网技术引入到校园网中来,完善现有的校园网。首先对无线局域网的优势、特点等做简单介绍,分析其原理,并根据校园无线局域网的特点,分析目前校园局域网存在的一些安全威胁,并给出相应的解决对策。希望能通过研究给校园无线局域网安全问题提供参考与借鉴。     

Persuasive appeals in road safety communication campaigns: Theoretical frameworks and practical implications from the analysis of a decade of road safety campaign materials

Communication campaigns are employed as an important tool to promote road safety practices. Researchers maintain road safety communication campaigns are more effective when their persuasive appeals, which are central to their communicative strategy, are based on explicit theoretical frameworks. This study's main objectives were to develop a detailed categorization of persuasive appeals used in road safety communication campaigns that differentiate between appeals that appear to be similar but differ conceptually, and to indicate the advantages, limitations and ethical issues associated with each type, drawing on behavior change theories. Materials from over 300 campaigns were obtained from 41 countries, mainly using road safety organizations’ websites. Drawing on the literature, five types of main approaches were identified, and the analysis yielded a more detailed categorizations of appeals within these general categories. The analysis points to advantages, limitations, ethical issues and challenges in using different types of appeals. The discussion summarizes challenges in designing persuasive-appeals for road safety communication campaigns.     

Does a threat appeal moderate reckless driving? A terror management theory perspective

A series of two studies examined the effects of threat appeals on reckless driving from a terror management theory perspective. In both studies, all the participants (N = 109) reported on the relevance of driving to their self-esteem, and, then, half of them were exposed to a road trauma film and the remaining to a neutral film. In Study 1, the dependent variable was the self-report of intentions to drive recklessly in hypothetical scenarios. In Study 2, the dependent variable was actual behavior (driving speed) in a driving simulator. Findings indicated that a road trauma film led to less reported intentions of reckless driving, but to higher driving speed than a neutral film. These effects were only found among participants who perceived driving as relevant to their self-esteem. The discussion emphasized the self-enhancing mechanisms proposed by the terror management theory.     

Response efficacy: The key to minimizing rejection and maximizing acceptance of emotion-based anti-speeding messages

This study sought to improve understanding of the persuasive process of emotion-based appeals not only in relation to negative, fear-based appeals but also for appeals based upon positive emotions. In particular, the study investigated whether response efficacy, as a cognitive construct, mediated outcome measures of message effectiveness in terms of both acceptance and rejection of negative and positive emotion-based messages. Licensed drivers (N = 406) participated via the completion of an on-line survey. Within the survey, participants received either a negative (fear-based) appeal or one of the two possible positive appeals (pride or humor-based). Overall, the study's findings confirmed the importance of emotional and cognitive components of persuasive health messages and identified response efficacy as a key cognitive construct influencing the effectiveness of not only fear-based messages but also positive emotion-based messages. Interestingly, however, the results suggested that response efficacy's influence on message effectiveness may differ for positive and negative emotion-based appeals such that significant indirect (and mediational) effects were found with both acceptance and rejection of the positive appeals yet only with rejection of the fear-based appeal. As such, the study's findings provide an important extension to extant literature and may inform future advertising message design.     

A fully Bayesian before–after analysis of permeable friction course (PFC) pavement wet weather safety

Permeable friction course (PFC), a porous hot-mix asphalt, is typically applied to improve wet weather safety on high-speed roadways in Texas. In order to warrant expensive PFC construction, a statistical evaluation of its safety benefits is essential. Generally, the literature on the effectiveness of porous mixes in reducing wet-weather crashes is limited and often inconclusive. In this study, the safety effectiveness of PFC was evaluated using a fully Bayesian before–after safety analysis. First, two groups of road segments overlaid with PFC and non-PFC material were identified across Texas; the non-PFC or reference road segments selected were similar to their PFC counterparts in terms of site specific features. Second, a negative binomial data generating process was assumed to model the underlying distribution of crash counts of PFC and reference road segments to perform Bayesian inference on the safety effectiveness. A data-augmentation based computationally efficient algorithm was employed for a fully Bayesian estimation. The statistical analysis shows that PFC is not effective in reducing wet weather crashes. It should be noted that the findings of this study are in agreement with the existing literature, although these studies were not based on a fully Bayesian statistical analysis. Our study suggests that the safety effectiveness of PFC road surfaces, or any other safety infrastructure, largely relies on its interrelationship with the road user. The results suggest that the safety infrastructure must be properly used to reap the benefits of the substantial investments.     

Evaluating a novice driver and pre-driver road safety intervention

Intervention or evaluation studies represent a small proportion of traffic psychology research. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a road safety intervention by measuring attitudes toward unsafe driving behaviors and risk perception. A sample of high school students (n = 133) participated in a road safety intervention program focusing on attitudes and risk perceptions of young people as novice drivers, pre-drivers, and passengers. This sample was compared with a matched sample of students who did not take the program (n = 172) on their attitudes and perceived risk toward unsafe driving, both prior to the program (T1), immediately after the program (T2), and at 6-week follow-up (T3). While no changes in attitudes toward unsafe driving were found for the control group, the intervention group reported riskier attitudes toward unsafe driving behaviors from T1 to T2 and T3. No differences were found from T1 to T3 in perceived risk toward unsafe driving for either the intervention or control groups. Implications of the study include encouraging a higher rate of road safety program evaluations, leading to better understanding of the effectiveness of road safety intervention programs and how they may be designed and delivered to ensure lower engagement in unsafe driving behaviors by young drivers.     

何种交通安全广告更有效:认知需要和情感需要的调节作用

目的探讨反酒驾交通安全公益广告的诉求方式对个体酒驾态度的影响,以及认知需要和情感需要在广告说服过程中的调节作用。方法采用实验法操纵广告诉求类型,使用认知需要和情感需要问卷分别测量被试的认知需要和情感需要。结果在控制了社会称许性的影响后,恐惧诉求广告的说服效果显著优于理性诉求广告,且认知需要和情感需要均显著调节广告诉求与酒驾态度之间的关系。结论理性诉求广告对高认知需要的个体更有效;恐惧诉求广告对高情感需要的个体更有效。     

Truck adaptive following distance based on threat assessment under variable conditions

Vehicle-stopping distance and recommended following distance are important factors for heavy-duty truck safety. The practical vehicle stopping-distance is affected by several factors beside vehicle dynamics: current speed, braking system retardation force, road slip and road grade. One of the purposes of truck onboard monitoring is to provide real-time feedback to the driver that could have two forms: a warning to the driver for any threat of frontal collision; or advisory information. Both are based on threat assessment and thus are equivalent in theory. Most previous work in the literature only provides threat assessment and warning under ideal cases that is, flat, straight, dry and concrete road surface conditions. The authors systematically investigate vehicle stopping distance under variable conditions, based on which the corresponding recommended following distance is generated. Although it is difficult for the driver to estimate the following distance visually, sensor detection plus appropriate feedback to the driver can achieve the same goal. Practical implementation issues and field test results are also presented. They show how significantly the environmental factors affect the threat assessment and the recommended following distance. The results are readily applicable to the development of safety systems for other types of vehicles.     

Ineffectiveness of threat appeals about drinking and driving

Four groups of high school students (total N = 441) were each exposed to one of the following films: A High-Threat, Medium-Threat, or Low-Threat appeal about impaired driving; or an irrelevant Control film. The threatening films evoked varying degrees of general upset (anxiety, depression, loss of pleasure, and disgust) rather than just fear. All three experimental groups outscored control subjects on an immediate posttest measure of knowledge about drinking and driving; however, this advantage dissipated by the delayed posttest, six months later. The high- and low-threat films actually evoked more permissive attitudes to impaired driving than the control film did on the immediate posttest; however, no attitudinal differences among treatments appeared on the delayed posttest. The experimental films also failed to affect self-reports of impaired-driving frequency over the six months between the two posttests. Possible reasons were suggested for the evident ineffectiveness of the threat appeals, and possible issues for further investigation were identified.     

Adapting the Propensity for Angry Driving Scale for use in Australian research

Road rage is a topic that receives consistent attention in both the road safety literature and media. Before Australian research can address the underlying factors associated with road rage, there is a need for a valid instrument appropriate for use in this context. The present program of research consisted of two studies. Study 1 used a university sample to adjust the scoring technique and response options of a 19-item American measure of the propensity for angry driving with acceptable reliability and validity. In Study 2, Factor Analysis confirmed a one-factor solution and resulted in a 15-item scale, the Australian Propensity for Angry Driving Scale (Aus-PADS), with a coefficient alpha of .82 (N = 433). The Aus-PADS may be used in future research to broaden the Australian road rage literature and to improve our understanding of the underlying processes associated with road rage in order to prevent the problem. Future research should also confirm the factor structure and generate normative data with a more representative sample.     

Risky driving behavior among university students and staff in the Sultanate of Oman

Background

There is a well developed literature on research investigating the relationship between various driving behaviors and road crash involvement. However, this research has predominantly been conducted in developed economies dominated by western types of cultural environments. To date no research has been published that has empirically investigated this relationship within the context of the emerging economies such as Oman.

Objective

The present study aims to investigate driving behavior as indexed in the driving behavior questionnaire (DBQ) among a group of Omani university students and staff.

Methods

A convenience non-probability self-selection sampling approach was utilized with Omani university students and staff.

Results

A total of 1003 Omani students (n = 632) and staff (n = 371) participated in the survey. Factor analysis of the BDQ revealed four main factors that were errors, speeding violation, lapses and aggressive violation. In the multivariate logistic backward regression analysis, the following factors were identified as significant predictors of being involved in causing at least one crash: driving experience, history of offenses and two DBQ components, i.e., errors and aggressive violation.

Conclusion

This study indicates that errors and aggressive violation of the traffic regulations as well as history of having traffic offenses are major risk factors for road traffic crashes among the sample. While previous international research has demonstrated that speeding is a primary cause of crashing, in the current context, the results indicate that an array of factors is associated with crashes. Further research using more rigorous methodology is warranted to inform the development of road safety countermeasures in Oman that improves overall Traffic Safety Culture.