超声波辅助变压滚揉工艺对鸭肉食用品质的影响

研究超声波辅助变压滚揉工艺对鸭肉食用品质的影响。冷冻鸭腿肉剔除筋腱修整之后,随机分成2组,采用真空滚揉、超声波辅助变压滚揉2种工艺分别对其进行处理,后依次测定其色泽、剪切力、腌制吸收率、蒸煮损失率及质构5项指标。结果表明:与真空滚揉腌制处理组相比,鸭肉经超声波辅助变压滚揉处理后,肉块色泽方面,亮度值(L*)显著升高(P0.05)、红度值(a*)显著降低(P0.05)、黄度值(b*)显著升高(P0.05);蒸煮损失率、剪切力值显著降低(P0.05);腌制吸收率显著增加(P0.05),处理100 min后,增至35.91%;硬度显著降低(P0.05)、弹性和凝聚性显著增加(P0.05)。因此,超声波辅助变压滚揉工艺在改善鸭肉食用品质方面显著优于传统的真空滚揉工艺。     

滚揉腌制对牛肉盐水火腿品质的影响

本实验采用牛霖肉为原料,以出品率、质构特性、感官评定、色差、水分质量分数、水分活度、pH值、蒸煮损失率、腌制液吸收率、水分迁移规律、微观结构及蛋白质二级结构相对含量作为考察指标,将静置腌制牛肉作为对照组,探究了不同滚揉腌制(常压滚揉腌制、脉动真空滚揉腌制、真空滚揉腌制)对牛肉盐水火腿品质的影响。结果表明,真空滚揉腌制时,牛肉盐水火腿出品率为122.40%,相比对照组提高了11.85%。真空滚揉腌制牛肉盐水火腿保水性、质构和微观结构得以改善,感官评定总分最高。真空滚揉腌制牛肉盐水火腿蛋白质二级结构由无规卷曲等无序结构向α-螺旋等有序结构转变,使其凝胶网络结构的稳定性更强,产品的质构特性更好。综上,真空滚揉腌制更适合牛肉盐水火腿的加工。本研究为牛肉盐水火腿的品质保证和工业化生产提供理论依据,同时也为适宜性牛肉滚揉腌制技术的探究提供参考。     

滚揉工艺对牛肉品质的影响

为了缩短牛肉腌制时间,提高牛肉出品率和食用品质,在单因素实验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计和响应面分析法,对滚揉时间、复合磷酸盐添加量、真空度结合处理牛肉滚揉腌制工艺参数进行优化分析。结果表明:以滚揉时间、复合磷酸盐添加量、真空度为自变量,以剪切力和出品率为响应值,得到的二次多项式回归模型拟合度高(决定系数分别为R2=0.9761、R2=0.9876),失拟项不显著。滚揉时间、复合磷酸盐添加量、真空度三因素结合处理牛肉最佳滚揉腌制工艺为:滚揉时间6 h、复合磷酸盐添加量0.30%、真空度0.03 MPa,在此条件下牛肉的剪切力为4.13 kg,出品率为96.2%。与静置腌制相比,真空滚揉腌制能显著地(P<0.05)改善牛肉的嫩度,提高出品率,改善质构特性,提升食用品质。     

呼吸式滚揉工作时间对调理牛肉品质的影响

与传统真空滚揉相比,呼吸式滚揉具有处理时间短、腌制效率高等优点。本研究以牛肉为原料,探究呼吸式滚揉工作时间（滚揉10 min/暂停5 min、滚揉15 min/暂停5 min、滚揉20 min/暂停5 min、滚揉25 min/暂停5 min）对调理牛肉品质的影响。结果表明,随着滚揉工作时间的增加,腌制吸收率、水分含量和pH均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而蒸煮损失、离心损失及剪切力则呈现先下降后上升趋势,均在滚揉20 min/暂停5 min时达到最佳。与此同时,滚揉20 min/暂停5 min组样品具有最高的a*值和持水能力。扫描电镜结果表明肌纤维降解程度随着滚揉工作时间增加而加大,与电泳结果相一致。因此,滚揉20 min/暂停5 min为最佳滚揉参数,显著提高了调理牛肉的出品率,并改善了产品的品质特性（P<0.05）,在肉品工业中具有良好的应用前景。     

滚揉里程对牛排品质影响及工艺优化

以牛后臀肉为原料,对牛排生产中滚揉腌制这一关键点进行优化研究。实验结果表明:滚揉里程对牛肉pH值、色度、蒸煮损失率、低场核磁(NMR)的横向弛豫时间T_2、肌原纤维蛋白溶解度、硬度、弹性以及剪切力都影响显著(P0.05),在滚揉里程为3 000~5 000 m时,有较好的品质。再结合滚揉转速和滚揉方式,进行L_9(3~4)正交试验,以蒸煮损失、剪切力为考察指标,得出牛排滚揉腌制的最佳工艺参数为:运行20 min,暂停10 min,间歇滚揉3 000 m,转速10 r/min。此工艺可以使蒸煮损失率降低8.44%,剪切力降低18.53%。     

牛肉真空滚揉条件对白卤牛肉品质和出成率的影响

为探讨真空滚揉技术在卤牛肉加工中的应用,论文分析了牛肉真空滚揉时真空度、转速、滚揉时间、载荷量、原料初始温度和静腌时间对白卤牛肉主要成分、感官品质、色度、质构特性及出成率的影响。将初始温度为0～5℃的牛肉、3.3%食盐和0.1%花椒放入滚揉器中,载荷量60%,真空度6 kPa,4 r/min滚揉15 min,静置10 min;加入1.3%洋葱汁、1.2%香芹汁、2.5%胡萝卜汁和1.8%二锅头,重复滚揉1次;出料后0～5℃静腌12h。采用上述操作条件腌制的牛肉加工的白卤牛肉的品质和出成率均较高。     

滚揉腌制工艺对西冷牛肉品质的影响

探讨滚揉腌制工艺中,时间、温度、真空压力、转速4个参数,对西冷牛肉的保水性、色泽及嫩度3个方面品质的影响。首先,单因素试验探究特定参数对牛肉品质的具体影响情况;再以嫩度为指标,经正交试验优化得到最佳工艺,对比空白试验组,探究最优情况工艺下,牛肉品质的变化情况;最后依据试验数据对各品质的相关性进行分析。结果表明,通过单因素试验可知,随着滚揉工艺参数的改善,牛肉的感官色泽、口感嫩度,对腌制液的吸收率均产生变化。根据单因素试验结果再经正交试验分析后,得到最佳牛肉滚揉腌制工艺,其参数为温度6℃、时间3h、真空度0.08MPa、转速为4r/min。此外,牛肉在滚揉工序中,各品质指标间存在着显著的相关性,其中剪切力与蒸煮损失、亮度值(L~*)、红度值(a~*)、黄度值(b~*)之间呈极显著相关关系。     

滚揉时间和加水量对重组牛肉品质特性的影响

为了改善重组牛肉的品质特征,采用单因素实验的方法,研究了滚揉工艺中滚揉时间(1、1.5、2、2.5h)、加水量(4%、6%、8%、10%、12%)对重组牛肉物理性质的影响,找到最佳的工艺条件。结果显示,滚揉1h,加水量为6%为最佳的工艺条件,经过此滚揉工艺条件的处理,重组肉粘结强度明显增强,剪切力下降,质构改善,产品的颜色较好,融化损失率和蒸煮损失率均较低。该实验表明可以通过对滚揉条件的控制提高重组牛肉的品质。     

不同腌制方式对猪肉腌制速率及肉质的影响

为缩短腌制时间,降低生产成本,指导腊肉的快速腌制,以常压液腌为对照,探讨了常压滚揉,真空滚揉、脉动真空滚揉3种腌制方式对猪肉p H值、腌制液吸收百分比、蒸煮损失、剪切力和食盐含量的影响。结果显示,4种腌制方式下,猪肉的p H值总体呈上升趋势,但相邻检测点间差异不显著(p>0.05);脉动真空滚揉、真空滚揉与常压滚揉的腌制液吸收百分比高于常压液腌,其中脉动真空滚揉腌制的腌制液吸收百分比最大;脉动真空滚揉腌制后的蒸煮损失与剪切力跟其他3种腌制方式相比最小;在达到相同的食盐含量时,脉动真空滚揉腌制所需要的时间最短。结果表明,脉动真空滚揉腌制猪肉效果较好。     

不同处理对新疆羊半腱肌嫩度的影响

目的:寻求一种成本低、安全健康、嫩化效果好的嫩化方法。方法:以剪切力、pH值、蒸煮损失、肌原纤维小片化指数(myofibrillar fraglllentation index,MFI)、胶原蛋白含量及其溶解度、羊半腱肌全骨架蛋白降解情况等为评价指标,研究腌制结合滚揉、真空滚揉及腌制结合真空滚揉对羊肉嫩度的影响。结果表明:3种处理对羊肉的剪切力、pH值、蒸煮损失、肌原纤维小片化指数均影响显著。结论:采用真空滚揉对羊肉嫩化效果最佳。     

低温肉制品关键工艺及装备技术应用研究进展

低温肉制品是我国肉制品发展的趋势,其产品的加工品质如蒸煮得率、系水性、质构特性及感官品质受滚揉、机械嫩化、盐水注射、斩拌等机械处理的影响。本文综述机械处理在低温肉制品生产中的应用现状。低温真空滚揉能缩短腌制时间,改善产品质构,目前国内外广泛采用;充气变压滚揉比低温真空滚揉具有一定的优势,产品的质构、持水性和出品率相对较高,且抑菌效果较优;预滚揉处理往往与其他处理相结合可减少总滚揉时间,改善腌制液渗透,提高产品得率;机械嫩化能破坏肌肉组织结构,降低产品剪切力值,改善感官嫩度;盐水注射能加快腌制液的渗透,增加产品出品率,腌制液中的成分、浓度及注射率影响产品品质;斩拌终温显著影响乳化产品品质。     

滚揉时间和食盐浓度对鸡肉调理制品的保水性及盐溶性蛋白质溶出量的影响

以鸡胸肉为实验材料,以腌制吸收率、蒸煮损失、压榨损失,盐溶性蛋白质的溶出量为评定指标,探讨了不同滚揉腌制条件对鸡肉的保水性及盐溶性蛋白质浸出量的影响。结果表明:在0~4℃环境中,延长滚揉时间(0.5~3h)、增加食盐添加量(0.5%~3%)均可显著提高鸡肉调理制品的保水性和出品率,增加盐溶性蛋白质的浓度。当食盐添加量为2.5%、滚揉时间为2.5h时,鸡肉调理制品的保水性、出品率和盐溶性蛋白质浓度均达到较高水平。     

Comparison of changes occurring in functional properties of nutria meat cured by dry method and beef cured without or with the participation of enzymatic preparation

The influence of the curing time of nutria meat on pH, water holding capacity, emulsion stability (expressed as a quantity of bound oil, ES₀, and water, ES_w), heat contraction and cooking losses was studied. The results were compared to that obtained earlier from beef cured without or with participation of enzymatic preparation. In all experimental periods the values of pH, water holding capacity, ES₀ and ES_w for nutria meat were lower when compared with beef. On the other hand, such values like emulsifying capacity, heat contraction and cooking losses for nutria meat and beef cured with enzymatic preparation were comparable and preferable to corresponding for beef cured without enzymatic preparation. The occurence of extreme majority of functional properties happened between 36 and 106 h of curing the nutria meat and 38 and 96 h or 43 and 108 h of curing beef without or with enzymatic preparation, respectively. Significant correlations were found between water holding capacity and both heat contraction and cooking losses and between heat contraction and cooking losses for nutria meat alike for beef.     

超声波协同真空滚揉处理对牛肉丸质地与风味品质的影响

以传统处理组（CON）为空白对照，分别采用真空滚揉（VT）、超声波（UW）和超声波协同真空滚揉（VT+UW）三种方式处理牛肉糜，统一制作牛肉丸，分别测定各处理组牛肉丸的蒸煮损失率、质构特性、微观结构及挥发性风味，探究不同处理方式对牛肉丸理化特性及其挥发性风味的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比，三种处理方式均可显著降低牛肉丸的蒸煮损失率（P<0.05），其中VT+UW处理可显著提高牛肉丸的硬度、胶粘性、咀嚼性，并降低其粘附性（P<0.05）。微观结果显示:VT+UW处理可促进牛肉丸形成更加致密的内部凝胶网络结构。气相色谱-质谱联用技术（gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry，GC-MS）结果显示:VT+UW处理组样品中烃类物质含量增加，醛类和醇类物质含量减少，其中真空滚揉协同超声处理10 min（VT+UW1）的牛肉丸样品挥发性风味物质总量最高，为16.16 mg/kg。相对气味活度值（ROAV）显示壬醛、(Z)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛、(+)-柠檬烯和邻-异丙基苯为牛肉丸的特征风味物质，且在VT+UW组中含量较高，进一步显示超声波协同真空滚揉处理可通过丰富特征风味化合物来优化牛肉丸风味。研究表明，适宜的超声波协同真空滚揉处理不仅可降低牛肉丸的蒸煮损失率，还可有效改善其质构特性和风味特征。     

Effects of Nonvacuum, Vacuum and Nitrogen Back-Flush Tumbling on Various Characteristics of Restructured Cured Beef

Nonvacuum (NV), vacuum (V) or nitrogen back flush (NB) processing conditions during intermittent tumbling (10 min/hr) were compared for effects on the characteristics of restructured cured beef. Meat in a NV atmosphere exhibited higher (P<0.05) cooked yields than either V or NB; also V-tumbled meat had higher yields than the NB atmosphere (P<0.05). Meat tumbled in a NB atmosphere had higher (P<0.05) protein extraction values than meat treated in either V or NV. In summary, meat tumbled at any of the three atmospheres was satisfactory.     

Ultrastructure of low-fat ground beef patties with added whey protein concentrate

Microstructure of gels formed at 71°C from different mixtures of beef myofibril protein (BMP; 6.1% protein) and whey protein (WP) were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At a ratio of30:10 (w/w) of whey protein concentrate (WPC; 79.5% protein) to BMP, WP formed a network of aggregated clusters in which beef myofibril proteins were embedded. WP apparently acts as a filler and possibly as a cementing agent for the meat pieces. At a lower ratio of 10:30 (wl w), the WP aggregates occupied and increased the interstitial spaces between the myofibril protein and reinforced the network. The location of WP in the interstitial spaces might explain its water binding ability in beef patties formulated with WP and water. WP protected the beef myofibril protein structure during heating as less disintegration in the Z-line was observed in gels with WP compared to the control. Low-fat (10% fat) ground beef patties with added 10% water and 1–4% whey protein concentrate (WPC), cooked to three different internal temperatures (60, 70 and 80°C), were evaluated for their cooking characteristics and examined by TEM. For all levels of addition, WPC improved the cooking yield compared to a non-formulated control of 10% fat. Fat retention was also improved at the highest level of WPC addition. The increased cooking yield was shown to be caused principally by the better water retention. The textural parameters, hardness and chewiness, were not affected by WPC addition but increased with increasing cooking temperature. These temperature-induced changes were matched by marked changes to the ultrastructure of the meat products.     

Water properties during cooking of pork studied by low-field NMR relaxation: effects of curing and the RN(-)-gene

Using low-field NMR transverse relaxation measurements, the physico-chemical state of water in meat was followed continuously during cooking of 20 uncured and 20 cured pork samples from RN-carriers (n=20) and non-carriers (n=20). The obtained relaxation data were analysed using (i) distributed exponential fitting, and (ii) principal component analysis (PCA). Distributed exponential fitting revealed transition from a system with relatively well-separated components to a less well-defined system with a wide distribution of relaxation times and merged components during cooking. In addition, distributed exponential fitting analysis implied changes in relaxation characteristics that are tentatively ascribed to denaturation of myosin and subsequent shrinkage of the myofibrillar structures. The results are further suggested to reflect formation of new compartments in the myofibrillar lattice during the shrinkage of the existing structures with a succeeding redistribution of water. Nitrite curing was found to affect the distribution of water as well as the progress in the different water populations during cooking. PCA revealed two major shifts in relaxation characteristics around 43 and 56?°C in uncured samples and around 43 and 63?°C in cured samples, and the shift around 43?°C was found to be significantly affected by RN-genotype. The strong shift in water properties around 43?°C is suggested to be a result of myosin denaturation, and thus the results imply differences in myosin denaturation in meat from RN-carriers compared with meat from non-carriers. The second shift in water properties is suggested to reflect the onset of collagen shrinkage causing longitudinal shrinkage of meat, and accordingly the shift from 56 to 63?°C in the presence of salt points towards an effect of curing on structural alterations during cooking.     

Effect of blade tenderization and tumbling time on the processing characteristics and tenderness of injected cooked roast beef

The combined effect of blade tenderization (T, NT) and tumbling time (0, 2, 16 h) on quality characteristics of cooked beef roasts processed with 20 or 40% injection level was investigated. Properties of the beef roasts were determined by measuring processing and textural characteristics (shear force, texture profile analysis). Extended tumbling (to 16 h) favorably affected hydration properties and thermal stability, yielding lower cooking loss and purge and higher WHC for beef roasts. It also decreased shear force and hardness of beef samples by 50–60%, but was unable to increase cohesiveness. Blade tenderization prior to injection generally was found to be beneficial for textural characteristics, tended to improve cook yield, but did not influence other hydration properties. An interaction between tenderization and tumbling was observed for shear force. Blade tenderization decreased shear values by 15–20% for roasts tumbled for 0 or 2 h, but did not improve tenderness with extended tumbling.