添加纳米氧化锌和植物精油的生物基膜研究进展

目的综述近几年国内外以生物质材料为基材,利用纳米氧化锌和植物精油制备的复合抗菌包装膜的研究成果。方法通过对国内外研究现状和研究成果的分析和总结,分别阐述纳米氧化锌和植物精油等2类抗菌剂的添加对天然生物质膜力学性能、阻隔性和抗菌性等方面的影响,着重叙述三者之间的协同作用,并对三者之间的相互作用机理进行探讨。结果纳米氧化锌和植物精油都是优良的天然抗菌剂,两者的结合不仅能改变基材的力学性能、阻隔性能,还具有优良的抗菌性。结论以生物质材料为基材,利用纳米氧化锌和植物精油制备的复合抗菌包装膜具有绿色环保、无毒无害、性能优良等优点,发展潜力较大。     

抗菌天然橡胶纳米复合材料的研制

研究了自制ZnO/Ag纳米复合抗菌剂的亲油改性,利用改性后的ZnO/Ag纳米复合抗菌剂制备天然橡胶(NR)纳米复合材料,探讨了抗菌NR纳米复合材料的抗菌、抗藻性能.结果表明:ZnO/Ag纳米复合抗菌剂经磷酸三丁酯(TBP)改性后,沉降率从接近1减小到0.2以下,亲油性和稳定性大大提高,将TBP改性后的抗菌剂加入到油性介质正己烷中,抗菌剂分散均匀,粒径在100nm以内;在NR纳米复合材料的制备中,随着ZnO/Ag纳米复合抗菌剂添加量的增加,正硫化时间减小;经检测,抗菌NR纳米复合材料对大肠埃希氏菌的抗菌率达98%以上,且抗菌率随抗菌剂添加量的增加而增大,抗藻性能达到最优零级标准.     

基于丁香精油/β-CD微胶囊的PLA/PVA抗菌膜的研制及其性能研究

为防止丁香精油在包装膜中挥发速率过快,采用β-环糊精(β-CD)包埋丁香精油制备抗菌微胶囊,将其添加到PLA/PVA的共混膜溶液中制备成活性抗菌包装膜,并研究了PVA溶液与PLA溶液的质量比、抗菌微胶囊的添加量及共混温度等因素对活性抗菌包装膜阻隔性能影响及其抗菌性能。研究结果表明:当PVA溶液与PLA溶液的质量比为5:1,添加抗菌微胶囊质量分数为15%,共混温度为80℃,制得的活性抗菌包装膜阻隔性能较好;添加活性抗菌包装膜液的培养皿中大肠杆菌的菌落数目明显减少,这说明活性抗菌包装膜对大肠杆菌具有较好的抑制作用。因此,以丁香精油/β-CD微胶囊为抗菌添加剂,可制备具有抗菌特性的活性包装膜。     

百里香-丁香罗勒精油抗菌纸对草莓的防腐保鲜效果

目的研究一种精油抗菌纸及其对草莓的防腐保鲜效果。方法从百里香等5种植物精油中筛选出对灰霉等4种微生物具有强抑制作用的精油,并对其成分进行气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析。将筛选出的精油结合聚乙烯醇涂布于纸张表面制得抗菌纸,采用熏蒸法测试其对供试微生物的抑制作用,并研究其对草莓的保鲜效果。结果百里香精油和丁香罗勒精油对4种供试微生物的抑菌效果较强。百里香精油的主要成分为百里香酚和香芹酚,其峰面积百分比分别为77.04%和16.46%;丁香罗勒精油的主要成分为丁香酚和β-石竹烯,其峰面积百分比分别为77.95%和18.80%。涂布液中精油体积分数为4%的抗菌纸(双层涂布,下同)抑菌效果最强。精油体积分数为3%的抗菌纸抑菌效果次之,但其对维持草莓感官品质、抑制草莓的腐烂、延缓其菌落总数上升具有最佳的效果,显著优于精油体积分数为4%,2%和1%的抗菌纸及原纸(P0.05)。抗菌纸对草莓可溶性固形物含量无明显影响。结论体积分数为3%的百里香-丁香罗勒精油抗菌纸对草莓具有较好的保鲜效果。     

PE-BW-SiO2复合包装膜对草鱼保鲜效果的研究

目的 开发一种具有优良理化性能,并能有效应用于草鱼保鲜的新型活性包装膜。方法 采用聚乙烯为基膜材料,以蜂蜡和纳米SiO2为活性成分,采用熔融共混和造粒吹膜工艺制备PE-BW-SiO2复合包装膜。测定包装膜的力学性能、阻隔性能和疏水性能,并研究它在4 ℃贮藏条件下对草鱼的保鲜效果。结果 通过添加BW-SiO2活性成分,包装膜的力学性能、阻隔性能和疏水性能得到提高。其中,BW-SiO2添加量(质量分数)为2%的包装膜的力学性能、阻隔性能等综合性能达到最佳水平。将不同包装膜包装的草鱼置于4 ℃下贮藏11 d,结果表明,与纯PE包装膜相比,添加BW-SiO2功效因子的复合PE包装膜对草鱼的保鲜效果更好,能够减缓鱼肉的水分流失和脂质氧化反应,有效延缓鱼肉的腐败变质进程,从而延长鱼肉的贮藏期。结论 PE-BW-SiO2复合包装膜具有良好的理化性能和保鲜效果,它有效地阻隔了外界水分的渗透和氧气的进入,从而减缓了水分流失和脂质氧化反应,同时还能防止微生物的滋长。此包装膜有效延缓了草鱼的腐败变质进程,在4 ℃下贮藏时将草鱼的货架期延长至11 d。     

壳聚糖浓度对改性无纺布草莓包装保鲜效果的影响

以质量分数为1.0%,1.5%和2.0%的壳聚糖保鲜液对定量为12.7 g/m2的无纺布进行改性,研究不同质量分数壳聚糖改性的无纺布包装对草莓保鲜效果的影响。研究结果表明,在室温条件下,改性无纺布对草莓的保鲜效果均优于未改性无纺布的,其中,以质量分数为1.5%的壳聚糖保鲜液改性无纺布包装的草莓,其保鲜效果最好,在储藏期内,其感官变化较小,失重率较低,储藏3 d后的硬度为0.95 kg/cm2,色差平均值为6.995 NBS,可溶性固形物含量在贮藏后期呈现出上升趋势。     

纳米ZnO/生物基尼龙612纳米复合抗菌薄膜的制备与性能

细菌滋生将缩短食品货架周期，对人体健康产生负面影响，因此开展抗菌包装膜的研究十分重要。本文采用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷偶联剂(KH550)改性了纳米氧化锌(ZnO)，并将改性后的纳米氧化锌(mZnO)与尼龙612 (PA612)进行熔融共混制备复合材料，最终采用挤出流延制备了m-ZnO/PA612纳米复合抗菌薄膜。采用FTIR对改性前后的ZnO进行表征，证明了KH550成功接枝到ZnO上。通过SEM、DSC、TGA、平板计数法等测试手段对ZnO的分散及复合材料的结晶性能、热性能、抗菌性能进行了研究。结果表明：mZnO在PA612基体中分散良好。m-ZnO可以作为成核剂提高PA612的结晶度，m-ZnO的含量为2wt%时，其结晶度提高了4.1%。m-ZnO对PA612有增强作用，m-ZnO的添加量为2wt%时，m-ZnO/PA612纳米复合薄膜的拉伸强度较纯PA612提高了15%。m-ZnO的存在赋予了PA612抗菌性能，m-ZnO/PA612纳米复合薄膜对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有很好的抗菌效果，且随着m-ZnO含量的增大，抗菌率增大，m-ZnO的质量分数为4wt%时，对大肠杆菌的抗菌...     

姜蒜提取物对微波间歇处理麻辣鸡块的辅助保鲜作用

目的 研究微波间歇处理结合生姜、大蒜、姜蒜混合提取液对麻辣鸡块的最佳保鲜方法。方法 以麻辣鸡块贮藏过程中剪切力、弹性、硬度、水分含量、pH值、TBA值、NPN含量、TVB-N含量、菌落总数、感官评价为指标,分析比较生姜提取液（质量分数为5%）、大蒜提取液（质量分数为5%）、姜蒜混合提取液（质量分数为2.5%的生姜提取液+质量分数为2.5%的大蒜提取液）复合微波间歇处理（微波30 s,静置20 min,再微波30 s,微波频率为2450 MHz,微波功率密度为4 W/g）对麻辣鸡块的保鲜作用。结果 生姜、大蒜、姜蒜混合提取液均能抑制鸡肉微生物的生长、质构特性的变差,较好地维持其感官品质,其中大蒜处理组保鲜效果最好。在第36天,大蒜组鸡块的剪切力值和硬度值与对照组同比高出50.13%和81.59%,且能维持菌落总数低于4.455 lg(CFU/g),而对照组、生姜处理组麻辣鸡块均已腐败变质。结论 微波间歇处理复合质量分数为5%的大蒜提取液处理,在4 ℃贮藏条件下,真空包装麻辣鸡块的保质期可达36 d。     

丁香精油等改性PE膜及其对抑菌保鲜性能的影响

目的研究经丁香精油等抗菌、抗氧化剂改性的聚乙烯(PE)薄膜的物理性能和保鲜性能。方法利用丁香精油、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-2Na)和维生素E改性PE树脂,并对成形后的改性PE膜进行相应性能的测试和分析。结果丁香精油具有较好的抑菌效果,最佳质量分数为5%;以维生素E复合EDTA-2Na为抗氧化剂,维生素E质量分数为2%,EDTA-2Na质量分数为1%时,取得了良好的抗氧化结果。精油和抗氧化剂的添加提高了PE膜的刚性与阻隔性。结论经丁香精油、维生素E和EDTA-2Na改性的PE薄膜具备一定的抑菌性、抗氧化性,且其水蒸气和氧气的阻隔性能也得到了改善。经丁香精油、维生素E、EDTA-2Na(质量分数分别为5%,2%,1%)改性的PE薄膜能有效延长草莓的货架期。     

稀土镧掺杂纳米ZnO复合保鲜包装薄膜的 制备及其性能研究

制备稀土镧掺杂纳米ZnO(La~(3+)-ZnO)粒子,将其分散于PVA水溶胶中,利用溶液浇铸法制备La~(3+)-ZnO复合保鲜薄膜,并将其应用于草莓和姬松茸的保鲜研究中。XRD、LPSA和TEM表征显示,稀土镧的掺杂引起了纳米ZnO晶格的畸变,其粒径变小,表面能增大,分散性提高。水蒸气透过率和透氧率检测结果表明,当La~(3+)-ZnO的添加质量分数为1.2%时,复合薄膜阻隔性能最佳,与纯PVA薄膜相比,La~(3+)-ZnO复合保鲜薄膜的水蒸气透过率降低了42.7%,透氧率降低了35.6%。抗菌率测试结果显示,稀土镧的掺杂拓宽了纳米ZnO对光谱的利用范围,复合保鲜薄膜在自然光下对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌率分别达到96.9%和99.3%。保鲜实验结果表明,复合保鲜薄膜可有效抑制草莓贮存过程中的果实腐坏,降低其质量损失,以其包裹的草莓常温下的保质期从5 d延长至10 d左右;同时它可减缓姬松茸贮藏过程中的自溶和褐变等现象,以其包裹的姬松茸常温下的保质期从2d延长至4 d左右。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...