高韧性过渡层对大气等离子喷涂热障涂层性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

高温服役环境下,大气等离子喷涂(APS)制备的纳米结构热障涂层受热应力作用,黏结层/陶瓷层界面附近的陶瓷层内部易形成横向裂纹而导致热障涂层失效。利用常规大气等离子喷涂和超音速等离子喷涂(SAPS)制备8YSZ高韧性过渡层。结果表明,采用APS和SAPS制备的高韧性过渡层提高了扁平化粒子间结合状态和涂层致密度,相比常规结构8YSZ涂层的断裂韧性分别提高约46%和84%,高韧性过渡层均提高了复合结构热障涂层结合强度、抗热震性能和燃气热冲击寿命,SAPS制备的高韧性过渡层厚度为30~50μm时复合结构热障涂层抗热震性能最优,当高韧性过渡层厚度为10~30μm时,相比常规结构热障涂层燃气热冲击寿命提高120%。在温度梯度作用下,热障涂层最终失效由陶瓷层逐层剥落转变为靠近陶瓷层/黏结层界面处剥落。通过高韧性过渡层设计,兼顾热障涂层的隔热性能的同时,提高了热障涂层的结合强度和寿命。     

超音速火焰喷涂MCrAlY粘结层对热障涂层热震性能的影响

分别采用超音速火焰喷涂技术(HVOF)和等离子喷涂技术(APS)在高温合金GH99上制备MCrAIY粘结层(BC),对比研究了HVOF和APS喷涂BC对热障涂层(TBC)热震性能的影响.结果表明:APS喷涂BC界面不平整,起伏较大,而HVOF喷涂BC界面较为平整.经200次热循环后,APS喷涂TBC部分陶瓷层(TC)出现剥落,而HVOF喷涂TBC仅出现细小的微裂纹,生成的热生长氧化物(TGO)比较厚.APS喷涂TBC经过350次热循环后,涂层出现大面积剥离现象.而HVOF热障涂层直到热震430次后,才出现涂层剥落现象.拉曼光谱(RFS)残余应力分析表明,HVOF热障涂层残余应力随热循环次数的增加而增大,热震350次后APS热障涂层残余应力为650MPa,而HVOF热障涂层热震400次后其应力值仅为571 MPa.可知,HVOF显著地提高了TBC的热震性能.     

真空热处理双粘结层热障涂层抗氧化性能

传统单层结构粘结层热障涂层抗氧化性能不足寿命短,采用超音速火焰喷涂(high velocity oXy-fuel,HVOF)和大气等离子喷涂(atmosphere plasma spray,APS)制备双层结构粘结层,对粘结层进行真空热处理,研究热障涂层的抗氧化性能.结果 显示,经过1050℃×3 h真空热处理,粘结层...     

不同厚度8YSZ热障涂层的结构及性能表征

目的探究厚度变化对8YSZ热障涂层结构、力学性能以及抗热震性能的影响。方法通过超音速火焰喷涂技术(HVOF)和大气等离子喷涂技术(APS)分别制备了Ni CoCrAlTaY粘结层和厚度为500μm、1.0mm、1.5mm的8YSZ陶瓷涂层,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、光学显微镜和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对喷涂粉末和涂层的形貌、物相进行了表征,借助显微硬度计和万能材料试验机分别考察了涂层的硬度和结合强度,最后采用水淬法对涂层的抗热震性能进行了测试。结果不同厚度的8YSZ涂层均由非平衡的四方相(t′-YSZ)组成,且断面呈现出明显的层状结构。随着厚度的增加,涂层中逐渐产生了明显的网状纵向裂纹和边缘界面裂纹。涂层的表面和截面显微硬度都不随厚度的增加而发生显著变化,并且所制备的涂层在整个截面上的显微硬度都比较均匀。涂层的结合强度随着涂层厚度的增加而显著降低。热震试验过程中,三种厚度涂层皆以界面开裂的形式失效,且厚度越大的涂层热震寿命越短。结论 8YSZ热障涂层的厚度变化对其微观形貌、结合强度以及抗热震性能皆有显著影响,而对涂层的物相组成以及显微硬度无明显影响。     

高性能纳米氧化锆热障涂层性能研究

采用HVOF 技术喷涂金属粘结层NiCrAlY 作为底层,采用APS 技术喷涂纳米氧化锆陶瓷层作为面层,制备高性能热障涂层。设计正交试验优化HVOF 和APS 工艺,分析了优化工艺制得的热障涂层的微观形貌及性能。分析表明,NiCrAlY 涂层孔隙率小于2%,纳米氧化锆涂层孔隙率为15%。通过胶膜法测得纳米氧化锆热障涂层喷涂态的结合强度为30.4 MPa,且涂层经1100 益水淬50 次后表面无宏观裂纹,热生长氧化层为致密的Al2O3。     

8YSZ热障涂层结构设计及其结合强度变化规律

目的 探究不同厚度的黏结层和陶瓷层对8YSZ热障涂层结合强度的变化规律。方法 采用大气等离子喷涂技术(APS)在Ti-6Al-4V合金基体表面分别制备了不同厚度的黏结层和陶瓷层等6种双层结构涂层。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线荧光分析仪(XRF)等检测手段对喷涂粉末和涂层的相组成、微观结构及化学成分变化进行表征。借助万能材料试验机分别对6种不同厚度涂层的结合强度进行测量和评估。结果 不同厚度的8YSZ陶瓷粉末在喷涂过程中主要从单斜相(M)向四方相(T)转变。此外,不同厚度的热障涂层都呈现出典型的层状结构,涂层表面存在着完全熔融态、半熔融态和未熔态等3种复杂状态,且都存在不同程度的裂纹和孔隙。涂层结合强度随黏结层厚度的增加会有些许增大,而随陶瓷层厚度的增加逐渐下降,且陶瓷层厚度越大结合强度下降得越缓慢。在所有涂层试样中,当黏结层最厚且陶瓷层最薄时涂层结合强度最大,超过29.7 MPa;而当黏结层最薄陶瓷层最厚时涂层结合强度最低。 结论 8YSZ热障涂层的黏结层和陶瓷层厚度变化对涂层的物相组成以及化学成分无明显影响,而对涂层结合强度以及断裂方式产生显著影响。     

汽轮机动叶片水蚀防护技术研究及应用

采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)、超音速电弧喷涂(SWAS)制备两种抗水蚀涂层,对比分析了两种NiCr金属陶瓷涂层的组织结构、力学性能、热震性能、磨粒磨损及冲蚀磨损性能.结果表明,超音速火焰喷涂制备的NiCr金属陶瓷涂层结合强度为70 MPa,孔隙率为0.5％,涂层致密,抗热疲劳性能良好,耐磨粒磨损性能以及抗冲蚀性能优异,与2Cr13基体材料相比其抗磨损和冲蚀性能均得到显著提高.     

超音速火焰喷涂碳钢表面制备Ni9Al/WC-Co复合涂层组织与性能研究

采用高速电弧喷涂工艺在20钢样品表面制备了Ni9Al涂层,以其作为超音速火焰喷涂WC-Co涂层的中间层.采用光学显微镜分析、场发射扫描电镜分析以及性能测试方法,研究Ni9Al中间层对涂WC-Co涂层组织结构及性能的影响.结果表明:Ni9Al中间层能提高WC-Co涂层与基体的结合强度;Ni9Al/WC-Co复合涂层试样的热震试验结果表明,Ni9Al中间层显著改善了涂层抗热震性能.     

粘结层和陶瓷层厚度对纳米结构热障涂层性能的影响

采用超音速火焰喷涂+大气等离子喷涂工艺,在K403高温合金表面制备不同层厚比的NiCrA-lY/纳米7YSZ热障涂层,研究了涂层厚度变化对热障涂层表面粗糙度、结合强度、热震性能和热循环寿命的影响规律。结果表明:当粘结层厚度一定时,随着陶瓷层厚度的增加,其表面粗糙度增加,涂层结合强度下降;当粘结层厚度为50μm时,热障涂层的抗热震性能随陶瓷层厚度增加而降低,粘结层厚度提高至100μm时,热障涂层的抗热震性能随陶瓷层厚度增加先提高,后降低,热障涂层在1100℃的热循环寿命测试结果也基本对应这一规律;当粘结层厚50μm且陶瓷层/粘结层的层厚比在(1～2)∶1的范围内,或者粘结层厚100μm且陶瓷层/粘结层的层厚比在(2～2.5)∶1范围内时,热障涂层具有较优异的性能。     

超音速火焰喷涂技术在模具修复中的应用

采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术,在Cr12MoV模具钢表面制备了纳米结构的WC_12Co金属陶瓷涂层,对涂层的组织、结合强度、剪切强度以及抗冲击性能进行了测试研究。测得涂层平均剪切强度达150.8 MPa,涂层的结合强度大于80 MPa,涂层硬度高于1000 HV。试样涂层在冲击1 000次时,表面形貌以表面蚀坑为主,涂层表面出现龟壳状裂纹。运用HVOF技术对某冷挤压模修复后,使用效果良好。     

NiCoCrAlY粘结层喷涂工艺对8YSZ热障涂层抗氧化性能的影响

目的 提高热障涂层粘结层的抗高温氧化性能。方法 分别采用爆炸喷涂和等离子喷涂工艺制备了不同结构的NiCoCrAlY粘结层,之后通过等离子喷涂制备8YSZ陶瓷层,分析了两种粘结层结构的热障涂层的抗高温氧化性能。利用XRD、SEM和EDS对涂层物相、微观结构和成分进行分析,并对其与基体结合状态、抗高温氧化性能进行研究。结果 爆炸喷涂粘结层内部组织致密,缺陷较少,与基体结合处孔隙少;而等离子喷涂粘结层内部的层状特征明显,孔隙较多,表面粗糙度较低。爆炸喷涂粘结层氧化5 h后,表面生成了一层富Al2O3的致密氧化物膜;而等离子喷涂粘结层表面形成了富NiO、CoO、Cr2O3和Ni(Cr,Al)2O4的氧化物层,并出现了许多微裂纹和片层状氧化物。爆炸喷涂制备的热障涂层试样在前5 h氧化增重速率高于等离子喷涂试样,随后变平缓,而等离子喷涂试样氧化速率依然较高。爆炸喷涂热障涂层的热生长氧化物层（Thermally grown oxide, TGO）经50 h氧化后,仍呈连续状,厚度均匀,粘结层内氧化物缺陷较少。结论 爆炸喷涂粘结层组织均匀、致密,喷涂时涂层的氧化以及热处理的内氧化较少,使得足够的Al较快速地在粘结层表面形成致密的氧化铝,表面一定厚度的氧化铝层抑制了氧和其他金属原子的相向扩散反应,提高了涂层的抗高温氧化性能。     

Structure and durability evaluation of YSZ + Al2O3 composite TBCs with APS and HVOF bond coats under thermal cycling conditions

Plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are applied to gas turbine components for providing thermal insulation and oxidation resistance. The TBC systems currently in use on superalloy substates typically consists of a metallic MCrAlY based bond coat and an insulating Y₂O₃ partially stabilized ZrO₂ as a ceramic top coat (ZrO₂ 7–8 wt.% Y₂O₃). The oxidation of bond coat underlying yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a significant factor in controlling the failure of TBCs. The oxidation of bond coat induces to the formation of a thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer at the bond coat/YSZ interface. The thickening of the TGO layer increases the stresses and leads to the spallation of TBCs. If the TGO were composed of a continuous scale of Al₂O₃, it would act as a diffusion barrier to suppress the formation of other detrimental mixed oxides during the extended thermal exposure in service, thus helping to protect the substrate from further oxidation and improving the durability. The TBC layers are usually coated onto the superalloy substrate using the APS (Atmospheric plasma spray) process because of economic and practical considerations. As well as, HVOF (High velocity oxygen fuel) bond coat provides a good microstructure and better adhesion compared with the APS process. Therefore, there is a need to understand the cycling oxidation characteristic and failure mode in TBC systems having bond coat prepared using different processes. In the present investigation, the growth of TGO layers was studied to evaluate the cyclic oxidation behavior of YSZ/Al₂O₃ composite TBC systems with APS-NiCrAlY and HVOF-NiCrAlY bond coats. Interface morphology is significantly effective factor in occurrence of the oxide layer. Oxide layer thickening rate is slower in APS bond coated TBCs than HVOF bond coated systems under thermal cycle conditions at 1200 °C. The YSZ/Al₂O₃ particle composite systems with APS bond coat have a higher thermal cycle life time than with the HVOF bond coating.     

粘结层预处理对PS-PVD沉积7YSZ热障涂层氧化行为的影响

目的提高PS-PVD沉积7YSZ热障涂层的抗高温氧化性能。方法采用等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积(PS-PVD)分别在未预处理和预处理(抛光+预氧化)的粘结层表面制备了柱状结构7YSZ热障涂层,并在大气环境下测试了柱状结构7YSZ热障涂层的950℃静态高温氧化性能。利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、能谱仪对高温氧化过程中的陶瓷层/粘结层界面形貌、TGO层结构演变进行表征。结果粘结层的抛光处理能够降低表面几何受力不均匀部位,抑制陶瓷层/TGO/粘结层界面处微裂纹的产生,同时粘结层的预氧化处理形成的薄而连续的TGO层能有效降低TGO的生长速度,抑制陶瓷层-粘结层之间的元素互扩散。柱状结构7YSZ涂层的高温氧化动力学曲线符合Wagner抛物线规律,粘结层未预处理和预处理的7YSZ热障涂层的氧化速率常数分别为0.101×10~(-12) cm~2/s和0.115×10~(-13) cm~2/s。结论粘结层预处理能有效改善等离子物理气相沉积7YSZ热障涂层的抗氧化性能。     

Adhesion improvements of Thermal Barrier Coatings with HVOF thermally sprayed bond coats

Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are an effective engineering solution for the improvement of in service performance of gas turbines and diesel engine components. The quality and further performance of TBC, likewise all thermally sprayed coatings or any other kind of coating, is strongly dependent on the adhesion between the coating and the substrate as well as the adhesion (or cohesion) between the metallic bond coat and the ceramic top coat layer. The debonding of the ceramic layer or of the bond coat layer will lead to the collapse of the overall thermal barrier system. Though several possible problems can occur in coating application as residual stresses, local or net defects (like pores and cracks), one could say that a satisfactory adhesion is the first and intrinsic need for a good coating. The coating adhesion is also dependent on the pair substrate-coating materials, substrate cleaning and blasting, coating application process, coating application parameters and environmental conditions. In this work, the general characteristics and adhesion properties of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) having bond coats applied using High Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying and plasma sprayed ceramic top coats are studied. By using HVOF technique to apply the bond coats, high adherence and high corrosion resistance are expected. Furthermore, due to the characteristics of the spraying process, compressive stresses should be induced to the substrate. The compressive stresses are opposed to the tensile stresses that are typical of coatings applied by plasma spraying and eventually cause delamination of the coating in operational conditions. The evaluation of properties includes the studies of morphology, microstructure, microhardness and adhesive/cohesive resistance. From the obtained results it can be said that the main failure location is in the bond coat/ceramic interface corresponding to the lowest adhesion values.     

TGO Growth and Crack Propagation in a Thermal Barrier Coating

In thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems, a continuous alumina layer developed at the ceramic topcoat/bond coat interface helps to protect the metallic bond coat from further oxidation and improve the durability of the TBC system under service conditions. However, other oxides such as spinel and nickel oxide, formed in the oxidizing environment, are believed to be detrimental to TBC durability during service at high temperatures. It was shown that in an air-plasma-sprayed (APS) TBC system, postspraying heat treatments in low-pressure oxygen environments could suppress the formation of the detrimental oxides by promoting the formation of an alumina layer at the ceramic topcoat/bond coat interface, leading to an improved TBC durability. This work presents the influence of postspraying heat treatments in low-pressure oxygen environments on the oxidation behavior and durability of a thermally sprayed TBC system with high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF)-produced Co-32Ni-21Cr-8Al-0.5Y (wt.%) bond coat. Oxidation behavior of the TBCs is evaluated by examining their microstructural evolution, growth kinetics of the thermally grown oxide (TGO) layers, and crack propagation during low-frequency thermal cycling at 1050 °C. The relationship between the TGO growth and crack propagation will also be discussed.     

Thermal cycling behavior of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings with various MCrAlX bond coats

The influence of bond coat composition on the spallation resistance of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on single-crystal René N5 substrates was assessed by furnace thermal cycle testing of TBCs with various vacuum plasma spray (VPS) or air plasma-spray (APS) MCrAlX (M=Ni and/or Co; and X=Y, Hf, and/or Si) bond coats. The TBC specimens with VPS bond coats were fabricated using identical parameters, with the exception of bond coat composition. The TBC lifetimes were compared with respect to MCrAlX composition (before and after oxidation testing) and MCrAlX properties (surface roughness, thermal expansion, hardness, and Young’s modulus). The average TBC spallation lifetimes varied significantly (from 174 to 344 1 h cycles at 1150 °C) as a function of bond coat composition. Results suggested a relationship between TBC durability and bond coat thermal expansion behavior below 900 °C. Although there were only slight differences in their relative rates of cyclic oxidation weight gain, VPS MCrAlX bond coats with better oxide scale adhesion provided superior TBC lifetimes.     

TGO growth behaviour in TBCs with APS and HVOF bond coats

The growth of thermally grown oxide (TGO) layers and their influence on crack formation were studied for two thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems with CoNiCrAlY bond coats produced by (i) air plasma spray (APS) and (ii) high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) techniques. All samples received a vacuum heat treatment and were subsequently subjected to thermal cycling in air. The TGOs were predominantly comprised of layered alumina, along with some oxide clusters of chromia, spinel and nickel oxide. However, after extended oxidation, the alumina layer formed in the APS-CoNiCrAlY bond coat transformed to chromia/spinel, while that formed in the HVOF-CoNiCrAlY bond coat remained stable. TGO thickening in the APS-CoNiCrAlY bond coat generally exhibited a three-stage growth behavior, which resembles a high temperature creep curve, whereas growth of the alumina layer in the HVOF-CoNiCrAlY bond coat showed an extended steady-state stage. Crack propagation in these two TBCs was found to be related to the growth and coalescence of oxide-induced cracking, connecting with pre-existing discontinuities in the topcoat. Hence, crack propagation during thermal cycling appeared to be controlled by TGO growth.     

Failure Mechanism for Thermal Fatigue of Thermal Barrier Coating Systems

Thick thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), consisting of a CoNiCrAlY bond coat and yttria-partially stabilized zirconia top coat with different porosity values, were produced by air plasma spray (APS). The thermal fatigue resistance limit of the TBCs was tested by furnace cycling tests (FCT) according to the specifications of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The morphology, residual stresses, and micromechanical properties (microhardness, indentation fracture toughness) of the TBC systems before and after FCT were analyzed. The thermal fatigue resistance increases with the amount of porosity in the top coat. The compressive in-plane stresses increase in the TBC systems after thermal cycling; nevertheless the increasing rate has a trend contrary to the porosity level of top coat. The data suggest that the spallation happens at the TGO/top coat interface. The failure mechanism of thick TBCs was found to be similar to that of conventional thin TBC systems made by APS.     

等离子喷涂Al2O3与ZrO2复合热障涂层的高温性能

采用等离子喷涂(PS)方法，在GH536高温合金基材上制备了传统的双层热障涂层(TBCs)和2种含有Al2O3与ZrO2陶瓷复合层的3层热障涂层。传统TBC8结构为Ni22Cr10AlY合金连接层和8％Y2O3部分稳定的ZrO2(8YPSZ)陶瓷顶层；3层TBCs中分别采用置于8YPSZ陶瓷层内层及外层的Al2O3与8YPSZ复合层。3种类型试样的100h。1050℃静态氧化试验及1050℃热震试验结果表明：3层涂层较双层涂层的氧化阻力提高，双层涂层的热震阻力最佳，氧化阻力最差。不同复合层形式试样的热振失效方式和寿命也有差别，复合层置于陶瓷层外层热震寿命略高，但100h氧化增重有明显提高，抗氧化性降低。     

Improvement of thermally grown oxide layer in thermal barrier coating systems with nano alumina as third layer

A thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer is formed at the interface of bond coat/top coat. The TGO growth during thermal exposure in air plays an important role in the spallation of the ceramic layer from the bond coat. High temperature oxidation resistance of four types of atmospheric plasma sprayed TBCs was investigated. These coatings were oxidized at 1000 °C for 24, 48 and 120 h in a normal electric furnace under air atmosphere. Microstructural characterization showed that the growth of the TGO layer in nano NiCrAlY/YSZ/nano Al₂O₃ coating is much lower than in other coatings. Moreover, EDS and XRD analyses revealed the formation of Ni(Cr,Al)₂O₄ mixed oxides (as spinel) and NiO onto the Al₂O₃ (TGO) layer. The formation of detrimental mixed oxides (spinels) on the Al₂O₃(TGO) layer of nano NiCrAlY/YSZ/nano Al₂O₃ coating is much lower compared to that of other coatings after 120 h of high temperature oxidation at 1000 °C.