复合益生菌制剂对人体肠道菌群组成的调节作用

为了研究复合益生菌制剂对人体肠道菌群的调节作用,该实验招募到15名健康志愿者,连续服用4周的复合益生菌制剂。干预前后收集志愿者的粪便样品,通过16S rDNA扩增子测序技术分析干预前后粪便中肠道菌群组成的变化。其结果表明：复合益生菌制剂干预4周后,人体肠道菌群的Shannon指数和Evenness指数不变（p>0.05）;在门水平上,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）的相对丰度增加;在属水平上,除乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和双歧杆菌属（Bifidobacterium）的相对丰度增加以外,复合益生菌制剂干预对柯林斯菌属（Collinsella）、瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcus）、多尔氏菌属（Dorea）和真细菌属（Eubacterium）等肠道内产氢气细菌的相对丰度也产生影响。由此认为,该复合益生菌制剂具有调节肠道菌群组成的作用,能够提高肠道内一些有益菌的丰度。     

菠萝蜜多糖对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用

为探究菠萝蜜多糖（JFP-Ps）对小鼠肠道菌群多样性及其结构的影响,将24只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为四组:对照组、JFP-Ps（50 mg/kg BW）组、JFP-Ps（100 mg/kg BW）组和JFP-Ps（200 mg/kg BW）组,连续灌喂2周后,收集新鲜小鼠粪便,提取粪便DNA扩增肠道菌群16S rRNA基因的V3~V4区,通过Illumina高通量测序技术研究菠萝蜜多糖对小鼠肠道菌群的调节作用。结果表明,JFP-Ps可通过调节拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）等肠道优势菌群的组成和结构,增加肠道菌群的多样性。通过属水平分析发现,JFP-Ps可增加拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）、异杆菌属（Allobaculum）、乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和副拟杆菌（Parabacteroides）等产SCFAs菌属的丰度,减少普雷沃菌属（Prevotella）等菌属丰度,发挥肠道微生物调节作用,改善宿主肠道微生态健康,研究结果为JFP-Ps在肠道益生产品的研发应用奠定理论基础。     

肥胖小鼠肠道菌群对半乳甘露聚糖的响应与筛选

半乳甘露聚糖具有改善肠道微生物及代谢性疾病的作用,但其低分子量产品在提高肠道中双歧杆菌的丰度和改善肥胖方面的机制尚不清晰。通过酶解瓜尔豆胶获得低分子量（2 kDa～10 kDa）的半乳甘露聚糖（galactomannopolysaccharide,GMPS）,单糖组成为甘露糖（M）和半乳糖（G）（M∶G=1.75∶1,摩尔比）。建立体外模拟肠道发酵模型,采用高通量测序技术探究GMPS对肥胖小鼠肠道菌群的多样性和组成结构的影响;通过16S rDNA鉴定及BOX-聚合酶链式反应（BOX-polymerase chain reaction,PCR）分型,从粪便样品中挖掘潜在靶点菌株。结果表明,GMPS的干预促进了粪便样品中菌群产生乙酸和丙酸等短链脂肪酸的水平,改变了肥胖小鼠肠道菌群的结构,显著提高了产乳酸的肠球菌属和双歧杆菌属的丰度,使假长双歧杆菌成为优势菌株,同时降低了梭菌属、气单胞菌属等条件致病菌的丰度（p＜0.05）;并从粪便样品中筛选出5株假长双歧杆菌,证明假长双歧杆菌是对GMPS高度响应的特征性菌株。揭示了GMPS对肥胖小鼠肠道菌群的影响,挖掘了作为GMPS潜在靶点的假长双歧杆菌菌株,为GMPS和假长双歧杆菌作为新型益生元和益生菌产品的开发提供依据     

益生菌剂调整肠道疾病人群菌群结构丰度水平的研究

为探究益生菌剂对肠道疾病人群菌群多样性及丰度水平的调节能力。本研究以健康、便秘、腹泻及腹胀、 肠易激综合征患者、排便不规律等人群为对象,使其定时、定量摄入益生菌剂（probotic preparations,PPrs）共6 周, 采集新鲜粪便样品并提取DNA,利用Ion Torrent PGM测序技术进行16S rRNA V3区扩增子测序,并联合生物信息学 和多变量统计学分析方法对测序数据进行多样性分析。在测序深度满足要求的情况下,从门、科、属乃至种4 个水 平由浅至深挖掘益生菌剂对各受试人群肠道菌群失调的调节作用。所有测序序列在97%相似水平划分得到2 320 个 分类操作单元,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、硬壁菌门（Firmicutes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门 （Actinobacteria）为各组的优势菌门,占总序列数的99.81%。益生菌剂对各组受试人群的共性特征是：毛螺菌科 （Lachnospiraceae）的调整均有长期的积极作用,而产碱杆菌科（Alcaligenaceae）、理研菌科（Rikenellaceae）、 双歧杆菌科（Bifidobacteriaceae）等优势菌科在干预停止后又恢复至干预前的状态。益生菌剂对各种疾病状态人 群的作用存在差异,便秘组的蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）和梭杆菌门（Fusobacteria）均从无到有。经主成分分 析（principal component analysis,PCA）鉴定显示,在干预第1～4周期间,益生菌剂对腹泻组属水平的调整优于 其他两组,柔嫩梭菌属（Faecalibacterium）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、布劳特氏菌属（Blautia）、梭菌属 （Clostridium）、小类杆菌属（Dialister）、埃格特菌属（Eggerthella）、颗粒链菌属（Granulicatella）、乳杆菌属 （Lactobacillus）、草酸杆菌属（Oxalobacter）、Pyramidobacter等10 个属多样性及相对丰度均有明显的提升;便 秘组仅有普氏菌属（Prevotella）、巨单胞菌属（Megamonas）、柯林斯菌属（Collinsella）3 个属相对丰度变化; 其他组的Adlercreutzia、Collinsella、克雷白氏杆菌属（Klebsiella）、Parabacteroides、萨特氏菌属（Sutterella）5 个 属有相对丰度的变化。PCA分析还揭示了益生菌剂在不同肠道疾病个体菌群结构的调整方面存在明显的差异,对不 同肠道疾病的改善及治疗作用也不一样。另外,便秘组的Bacteroides和Odoribacter有降低的趋势,且回复到与对照 组接近的状态。经热图分析鉴定发现,Akkermansia muciniphila、Bacteroides fragilis、Faecalibacterium prausnitzii等 几种已被认定功效的关键菌阶段性地出现,但是停止干预后即消失,原有的Bacteroides ovatus开始降低,这些菌的 出现对维护宿主健康具有价值。综上所述,该益生菌剂干预能起到改变肠道微生物多样性的功效,并具有调整菌群 丰度水平的作用,表现出了抑制肠道有害微生物生长的作用,特别是对肠道健康有益菌的出现更体现出该益生菌剂 的生理功效;因此,该益生菌剂应用于维持肠道菌群结构的稳态具有广阔的市场前景。     

高粱乌米对小鼠肠道菌群结构的调控作用

本研究将ICR雄性小鼠分为对照组（喂食普通饲料）和乌米组（喂食乌米饲料）,分析小鼠喂食高粱乌米后的体重、血清生理生化指标的变化,并利用高通量测序技术分析肠道微生物的多样性、群落组成以及结构的变化。研究结果显示:乌米可以抑制小鼠体重的增长,与对照组相比,可以显著降低血清的总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）的含量以及高密度脂蛋白（HDL）的含量显著升高。乌米还可以使小鼠的肠道菌群结构发生变化。与对照组相比,在门水平上,乌米组小鼠肠道菌群中的放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）丰度增加,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）丰度减少;在属水平上,乌米可以使小鼠肠道菌群中的不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、梭菌属（Clostridium）、梭状芽孢杆菌属（Clostridium XlVa）、和瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcus）等产生短链脂肪酸的细菌属丰度增加,巴氏杆菌属（Barnesiella）和乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）丰度降低;在种水平上,Muribaculum intestinale丰度显著降低,Kineothrix alysoides丰度显著增加。所以,高粱乌米可以有效地控制小鼠体重的增加以及降低血清中的血脂水平,调节小鼠肠道菌群的结构和多样性,增加有益菌的丰度。     

焦谷氨酸对高盐饮食小鼠肠道健康及肠道菌群的作用

建立高盐饮食小鼠模型,给予小鼠焦谷氨酸干预,通过对小鼠小肠病理学分析和形态学观察,检测炎性细胞因子、粪便中白蛋白渗漏量等相关物质,结合高通量测序分析小鼠盲肠内容物中菌群的α-多样性、β-多样性及基于门、属水平的物种组成,探究焦谷氨酸对高盐饮食小鼠肠道健康和肠道菌群的作用,开发其新应用方向。结果表明,焦谷氨酸可以显著缓解由高盐饮食引起的小鼠肠道结构损伤、降低小肠炎症细胞因子分泌水平。同时,焦谷氨酸可减少部分由高盐饮食导致显著增加的菌群丰度,例如拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、另枝菌属(Alistipes)等;另使部分在高盐饮食过程中减少的菌群丰度得到恢复和部分益生菌丰度增加,包括分节丝状菌(Candidatus Arthromitus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)和乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)等多种益生菌。综上,焦谷氨酸对高盐饮食小鼠机体显著的有益作用,可以稳定肠道结构、降低肠道炎症水平和改善肠道菌群结构和丰度。     

益生性植物乳杆菌发酵乳调节肠道菌群结构的研究

利用分离自西藏灵菇的益生性植物乳杆菌YW11菌株制备发酵乳,通过体外模拟人体消化和发酵,采用高通量测序技术16S rRNA对肠道菌群的多样性和组成结构进行分析。植物乳杆菌发酵乳与粪便共培养4 h能增加肠道微生态中菌群的丰富度和多样性,共培养时间延长至12 h,丰富度和多样性有所下降(P0.05)。植物乳杆菌发酵乳能改变肠道生态菌群的结构:在门水平,降低了厚壁菌群的丰度,增加了放线菌门和拟杆菌门的丰度;在属水平上,植物乳杆菌发酵乳可减少产丁酸的毛螺旋菌、罗斯氏菌、瘤胃球菌属菌群的丰度,增加产乳酸的双歧杆菌、乳酸菌有益菌的丰度,降低丹毒丝菌属有害菌的丰度。考拉杆菌属与培养时间呈正相关且相关性较强,布劳特氏菌属、拟杆菌属、罕见小球菌属的丰度随着培养时间的延长而下降。研究结果可为益生菌乳制品的开发提供依据。     

乳双歧杆菌V9对头孢曲松钠作用小鼠肠道菌群的变化

该研究主要探讨了乳双歧杆菌V9对头孢曲松钠作用的小鼠肠道菌群的变化。头孢曲松钠连续灌胃5 d建立小鼠肠道菌群失调的模型,然后随机分为4组,分别为模型组及低、中和高剂量组。低、中和高剂量组灌胃不同剂量乳双歧杆菌V9溶液,另设正常对照组,与模型组灌胃等体积生理盐水,连续灌胃23 d。灌胃结束后,采集小鼠的粪便进行活菌计数和16S rDNA测序,检测粪便中微生物组成及分布,测定血清中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α以及IL-2的含量,测定小肠及肝脏组织中SOD、MDA、GSH、GSH-Px的含量,HE染色观察小鼠小肠组织病理学变化。结果表明,灌胃乳双歧杆菌V9溶液后,中、高剂量组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α及IL-2的含量分别显著降低31.73、17.04、12.57及31.71 pg/mL;高剂量组小肠及肝脏组织中MDA含量显著降低（p<0.01）,中、高剂量组SOD、GSH及GSH-Px均极显著升高（p<0.01）。同时,乳双歧杆菌V9使得头孢曲松钠导致的小鼠肠道菌群失调得到明显改善,粪便活菌计数显示高剂量组肠杆菌数量显著降低0.34 lg cfu/g,乳杆菌及双歧杆菌数量显著增加,分别增加0.40 lg cfu/g和0.26 lg cfu/g。拟普雷沃菌属和魏斯氏菌丰度显著降低（p<0.01）。说明乳双歧杆菌V9对由头孢曲松钠引起的肠道菌群失衡具有一定的调节作用,并调节菌群多样性。     

基于16S rRNA测序探究葛根芩连汤对抗生素相关性腹泻肠道菌群结构的影响

应用16S rRNA测序方法,观察葛根芩连汤对抗生素相关性腹泻SD大鼠肠道菌群结构的影响;将60只SD大鼠适应性喂养1周后,随机分为2组分别为空白组（C）（10只）和造模组（50只）,其中空白组给予生理盐水灌胃,而造模组SD大鼠给予克林霉素250 mg/kg灌胃造模,两组均为1次/d,连续7 d。造模成功后,将其随机分为5组：丽珠肠乐组（P）、模型组（M）、葛根芩连汤高、中、低剂量组（GQD-H、GQD-M、GQD-L),每组10只。丽珠肠乐组（双歧杆菌活性菌胶囊,0.15 g/kg）、葛根芩连汤高剂量组（10.08 g/kg）、中剂量组（5.04 g/kg）低剂量组（2.52 g/kg）分别给予对应药物进行灌胃干预。空白组及模型组给予等体积生理盐水灌胃,1次/d。各组连续给药7 d后,在无菌操作下提取各组大鼠粪便DNA,进行16S rRNA测序并分析其结果。通过Alpha与Beta多样性分析发现,GQD具有增加抗生素相关性腹泻大鼠肠道菌群多样性的作用;GQD可在门水平增加厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门的丰度,在属水平增加乳酸杆菌属、拟杆菌属的丰度。通过LEfse分析,发现GQD能增加乳酸杆菌、拟杆菌丰度,降低变形菌丰度。提示GQD可能通过改善肠道微生态结构治疗抗生素相关性腹泻。     

干酪乳杆菌LC01对小鼠肠道菌群和肠道转运调节作用的剂量效应

为研究干酪乳杆菌LC01对肠道的益生功能,本实验探讨了不同剂量干酪乳杆菌LC01小鼠肠道菌群及转运的影响。基于MiSeq高通量平台进行扩增子测序,比较LC01菌对正常小鼠、青霉素诱导的菌群失调小鼠的肠道菌群调节作用;并利用墨汁推进率评价LC01菌对便秘小鼠肠道转运的影响。结果表明,LC01菌可明显提高正常小鼠肠道中Lactobacillus属和Bacteroides属的相对丰度,降低条件性致病菌Prevotella属、Helicobacter属的相对丰度,对小鼠肠道菌群具有显著的调节作用。相对于模型组,菌群失调小鼠灌胃LC01菌两周后,能够显著增加拟杆菌属、梭菌属和乳杆菌属的丰度,并可改善肠道转运速率,且600亿活菌效果均优于300亿活菌。综上表明,干酪乳杆菌LC01对小鼠肠道菌群具有一定的调节作用,并且对肠道转运有着良好的促进作用,说明LC01菌具有潜在的益生作用和应用价值。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the