基于成形角度分配优化函数的辊弯成形边波及纵向弯曲缺陷研究

目的研究板材辊弯成形中弯曲角的分配方式,改善辊弯过程中出现的边波和纵向弯曲等各种缺陷,提高成形精度与质量。方法以小截面型材帽形辊弯件为研究对象,首先提出五边界条件成形角分配函数,并进行成形角度优化,得到最优的成形角分配方法。其次研究各弯曲角度分配方式对板材产生的主要缺陷如边波及纵向弯曲的影响规律,并进行辊弯成形实验验证。结果经过实验验证基于四边界条件的辊弯峰值纵向应变从4.15%降低到基于五边界条件的1.18%。验证了θ_N/3=33%×θ₀时辊弯成形角度分配的合理性。结论基于优化的弯曲角分配方式的纵向应变、翘曲波动量和偏差值、最大高度偏差都小于其他分配方式的相应值,表现出其在成形工艺上的优越性。研究结果为合理设计类似帽形件或复杂截面形件的辊弯工艺提供一定的理论指导。     

基于六边界优化角度函数的多道次辊弯成形研究

目的 为了提高多道次辊弯成形中板材的成形质量、减少板材纵向弯曲缺陷的产生,提出一种基于新型六边界成形角度分配函数的多道次辊弯成形优化方法。方法 根据翼缘端部水平面投影五次曲线推导出最优辊弯成形角度公式,结合COPRA研究板件峰值纵向应变,以确定最佳成形角度分配区间;在相同条件下,利用Abaquse模拟与实验研究不同成形角度对帽形件辊弯成形纵向弯曲缺陷的影响,并分析辊弯成形工艺参数对板材辊弯过程中应力-应变的影响。结果 新型六边界成形角度分配函数的多道次辊弯成形方法可有效改善板材纵向弯曲缺陷;应力随着成形角度增量的增加而增大,等效塑性应变随成形角度和成形角度增量的增加而增加;实验与模拟结果基本吻合,验证了模拟结果的正确性。结论 优化成形角度分配函数的多道次辊弯成形方法可有效改善板材纵向弯曲缺陷,为提高辊弯工艺精度与板材质量提供一定的理论指导。     

基于拉弯比的焊缝名义应力的提取

为了获得任意拉弯组合载荷下焊缝的名义应力,利用纯弯和纯拉压载荷下的应力集中系数,引入拉弯组合名义应力换算系数,将基于纯拉压名义应力的焊缝疲劳性能数据,转换为疲劳损伤一致的、基于拉弯组合名义应力的焊缝疲劳性能数据．为了消除有限元建模导致的计算误差,引入单元尺寸影响因子,将拉弯组合的计算应力转换为拉弯组合的名义应力．通过上面2个转换,引入拉弯组合计算名义应力换算系数,将有限元中的拉弯组合计算应力转换为基于拉压载荷疲劳试验的名义应力,从而在具体的焊缝结构疲劳强度评估时可以直接使用拉压载荷下的疲劳试验数据．计算结果表明：拉弯组合计算名义应力换算系数与拉弯比、拉弯应力集中因子比和有限元模型中拉弯单元尺寸影响因子有关．通过选择合适的单元尺寸,使得拉压单元尺寸影响因子等于拉弯应力集中因子比,且弯曲单元尺寸影响因子等于1,可使得拉弯组合计算名义应力换算系数恒等于拉压单元尺寸影响因子,而与拉弯比无关．     

考虑摩擦效应的工业纯钛TA2热压缩变形本构方程及热加工图

目的 研究工业纯钛TA2在变形温度为800～950℃、应变速率为0.001～1 s-1、压下量为50%条件下的热压缩变形行为,构建材料高温本构方程及热加工图。方法 利用Gleeble–3500热模拟试验机进行热压缩试验,对实测流变曲线进行摩擦修正,通过线性回归拟合等方法建立本构方程,基于动态材料模型构建工业纯钛TA2热加工图,确定材料最佳热变形区域。结果 工业纯钛TA2热变形激活能Q为473.491 kJ/mol,应力指数n为3.876 6;最佳热变形参数为变形温度850～950℃、应变速率0.02～0.35 s-1。结论 工业纯钛TA2摩擦修正后的流变应力值均低于实测值,流动应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小而降低。所建立的Arrhenius本构模型可较为准确地描述工业纯钛高温流变行为。工业纯钛TA2在中高温中等应变速率条件下加工性能良好,该区域材料发生了动态再结晶组织转变。     

纤维增强复合材料薄壁圆管扭转失效分析

对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）薄壁圆管的扭转屈曲、失效载荷和失效模式进行了试验和数值模拟。试验观察圆管在扭矩作用下的3种失效模式,分析了不同失效模式的特征和机理。考虑圆柱壳的初始缺陷和非线性屈曲等因素,利用ABAQUS建立了圆管屈曲和损伤的有限元模型。结果表明:屈曲诱发圆管表面微裂纹的产生和扩展,对圆管的失效有着加速作用;扭转失效过程中圆管层间应力较低,层间分层主要由管壁突然的破坏产生;圆柱壳的初始缺陷对屈曲和失效载荷的模拟影响较大,本文通过对比计算结果和试验数据确定了圆管的初始缺陷系数;损伤模型的数值模拟结果与试验数据相一致,验证了有限元模型的有效性。      

双辊夹持板料旋压成形过程塑性变形行为的研究

双辊夹持式板料旋压成形是用来加工薄壁回转体法兰零件的新工艺。为了研究其旋压成形过程中的塑性变形行为,利用ABAQUS软件建立了双辊夹持旋压成形过程的三维有限元模型,并进行了薄壁回转体法兰零件的旋压成形过程的数值模拟,获得了成形过程中等效应力、应变及壁厚的分布。研究了翻边长度对成形件应力应变及壁厚减薄率的影响规律。结果表明等效应力、应变及最大壁厚减薄率均随着翻边长度的增大而增大,由此根据不同的毛坯材料可以确定相应的最大翻边长度。     

机械挤压矫正焊接变形的模拟与试验研究

利用自制的夹具对机械挤压矫正薄板焊接变形的效果进行了试验研究.采用有限元分析方法对常规焊件和机械挤压焊件的应力应变场及残余变形进行了模拟.试验和模拟结果均表明,对焊件施加平行于焊缝方向的纵向挤压力能够有效矫正薄板焊件的失稳变形.在适当的挤压力下,在远离焊缝的区域产生了纵向压缩塑性应变,而焊缝区由焊接过程导致的塑性应变值没有发生变化.机械挤压法能够降低薄板焊件焊缝区的纵向拉应力水平是其能够矫正焊接失稳变形的原因.     

EB锭焊管用TA2冷轧钛带制备技术研究

TA2薄壁钛焊管具有比强度高、耐腐蚀、生产效率高、换热效果好等优点,被广泛应用于核电、化工、海水淡化等领域。本研究采用短流程、低成本电子束冷床熔炼炉EB扁锭制备焊管用TA2冷轧钛带卷,并对其组织性能进行分析。结果表明:采用EB锭制备的TA2冷轧钛带卷横向强度低、伸长率及表面硬度高,可有效避免焊管弯曲成型过程中表面划伤、磨痕等成型缺陷,满足薄壁焊管使用需求。     

钛薄壁圆盘的无飞边冲压工艺

一般的封头型零件都是冲压成型后再经机加工而成.但对于冲压成型壁厚仅为2 mm的钛圆盘,由于钛塑性好、刚性差,冲压后产生飞边,后续工序困难.为此分析了采用冲压成型制作薄壁钛圆盘而不产生飞边,不须后续精加工的可行性,并制订了多个工艺方案.通过优选建立了无飞边一次冲压成型制作薄壁钛圆盘的工艺,并设计了专用冲压模.采用本工艺及其模具冲压成型的钛圆盘,无飞边、无毛刺、底面平整、盘壁无皱折,且出模容易,变形较小,完全符合图纸设计要求.     

薄钢板的冷弯成型

分析了薄板的物理性能及冷弯成型的性能,并依据防盗门、防火门型材的冷弯成型生产中产生的冷弯裂纹、边部波浪、袋形波、纵向弯曲、角部皱褶、扭曲等冷弯缺陷,提出了相应的工艺改进措施.     

Improvement strategy for edge waviness in roll bending process of corrugated sheet metals

This paper focuses on the corrugated thin-walled sheet metal in the roll bending process. The main defect that appears in corrugated panels subjected to high amounts of bending deformation is a wavy edge. Edge defects are caused by excessive longitudinal stress and strain near the edge of the plate, and local edge buckling may occur when some critical value of the bending radius is exceeded. This paper proposes two different approaches to avoid a wavy edge for a formed panel: excessive stress on the edge region is restrained by controlling the length of the cross-sectional end of the corrugated panel while considering the stress distribution, and the bending radius in each forming step is determined by considering the strain limit at which the initial edge waviness occurs to avoid excessive compression at particular steps. The experimental and numerical results indicated that the two proposed design strategies can minimize wavy edges in the formed shape.     

闭式冷弯成形辊花设计映射数学模型及实验研究

针对金属闭式冷弯成形的多道次孔型轧制特点,考虑轧前管坯的轮廓与轧后异型管的轮廓存在拓扑等价关系和边界域的不动点性质,以双圆弧插值函数描述异型管的复杂轮廓,建立两者之间的形心映射数学模型,实现各道次孔型设计,绘制异型管闭式冷弯成形过程的辊花图。以铝合金圆管为坯料在试验轧机上进行了扇形管冷弯成形轧制实验,结果表明：轧后的扇形管内外轮廓变形柔顺且无凹凸点,壁厚偏差小于±0.5 mm,角部误差小于±1.5°,满足GB/T 6728-2002国标要求,研究结果为异型管冷弯成形的轧辊辊花设计提供了一种新方法。     

Discussion and calculation on welding residual longitudinal stress and plastic strain by finite element method

In recent years, some researchers have put forward the new viewpoint that the weld is merely formed during the cooling process, not concerned with the heating process. According to this view, it can be concluded that it is not the compressive but the tensile plastic strain that may remain in the weld. To analyze the formation mechanism of the longitudinal residual stress and plastic strain, finite element method (FEM) is employed in this paper to model the welding longitudinal residual stress and plastic strain. The calculation results show that both the residual compressive plastic strain and the tensile stress in the longitudinal direction can be found in the weld.     

Numerical investigation of thermo-mechanical stress in U-tube including forming effect for the SCC failure analysis

The U-tube heat exchanger is widely used in process industries. The cracking seems to occur predominantly on the elbow of the U-tube. It is recognized that the tensile residual stress in the tube is a major contributor to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). The Finite Element Method (FEM) is herein used to predict the thermo-mechanical stresses including forming residual stresses. The results of numerical calculation indicate that residual stresses are generated in the elbow of the tube and the forming residual stresses play a critical role in total stresses. Different process parameters including forming temperature, roll gap and the spring back of the tube are discussed, and the results show that higher forming temperature should be selected to reduce the stresses.     

A first step towards a simple in-line shape compensation routine for the roll forming of high strength steel

The roll forming process is increasingly used in the automotive industry for the manufacture of structural and crash components from Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS). Due to the high strength of UHSS (<1GPa) even small and commonly observed material property variations from coil to coil can result in significant changes in material yield and through that affect the final shape of the roll formed component. This requires the re-adjustment of tooling to compensate for shape defects and maintain part geometry resulting in costly downtimes of equipment. This paper presents a first step towards an in-line shape compensation method that based on the monitoring of roll load and torque allows for the estimation of shape defects and the subsequent re-adjustment of tooling for compensation. For this the effect of material property variation on common shape defects observed in the roll forming process as well as measurable process parameters such as roll load and torque needs to be understood. The effect of yield strength and material hardening on roll load and torque as well as longitudinal bow is investigated via experimental trials and numerical analysis. A regression analysis combined with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques is employed to establish the relationships between the process and material parameters and to determine their percentage influence on longitudinal bow, roll load and torque. The study will show that the level of longitudinal bow, one of the major shape defects observed in roll forming, can be estimated by variations in roll load and torque.     

A new hybrid identification method for determining the material parameters of thin-walled tube under compressive stress state

Accurate and fast determination of material parameters of thin-walled tube under compressive stress state is essential for analyzing the compressive-type tube forming process. For the thin-walled tube with hollow structure, it is difficult to determine the material parameters directly from the experiment since buckling occurs easily when the tube suffers axial compressive loading. To accurately and rapidly identify the material parameters of thin-walled tube under compressive stress state, a hybrid inverse identification method is proposed based on tube lateral compression test with combining finite element simulation, regression analysis and genetic algorithm. By employing the proposed method, the Swift law hardening parameters of thin-walled tubes with different materials and specifications under compressive stress state are identified. Furthermore, the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method are discussed in comparison with the previous researches. The results show that: (1) for 6061-T4 and 1Cr18Ni9Ti tubes, the maximum relative predicting errors of forces in tube lateral compression using the identified material parameters are less than 9%; (2) for aluminum tube ∅100 × 2 (diameter × thickness, mm), the maximum discrepancies between the simulated and experimental circumferential strains are less than 0.0274 for 30–70% reductions, and the simulated tube profiles deviate from the experiment less than 10% at reductions of 0–78%; and (3) the proposed method almost saves 80% computational time compared with the previous stepwise optimization method.     

Modelling of cold roll forming of steel strip

Abstract

Good roll pass design is the key to successful roll forming. To reduce forming defects and trial production costs, computer aided simulation of cold roll forming is employed. In this paper, a theoretical model, based on the updated Lagrange method of deformation mechanics and using the elastic–plastic large deformation B-spline finite strip method, is presented. The model is applied to analyse progressive roll forming of a channel section: the three-dimensional displacement field, strain field, and stress field between two stands during multiple cold roll forming are calculated. The results indicate that deformation is greatest in the leg and corner regions of the channel section. The principal deformation is in the transverse direction, the longitudinal deformation being small. The program, written in C language, can also be used to analyse other simple cross-sectional profiles.     

Wavelet Transform–Based Denoising Method for Processing Eddy Current Signals

Wavelet transform (WT)–based denoising method is proposed for processing eddy current signals of thin-walled stainless steel fuel tubes with periodic wall thickness variations formed due to fluctuation in tube drawing process parameters. In this method, discrete wavelet transform with level-based threshold has been applied to selectively eliminate the noise due to periodic wall thickness variations towards meeting the quality assurance requirement of detection of holes larger than 0.3 mm diameter and linear defects deeper than 0.075 mm (20% wall thickness). The method has been applied to tubes having machined holes, longitudinal notches, and circumferential notches, and an overall improvement of 20 dB in signal-to-noise ratio has been observed. The method has been able to detect defects present anywhere in the wall thickness variation regions and also in tubes without any wall thickness variations.     

Simulation of Multiple Cold Rolls Progressive Forming for Non-symmetrical Channel Section

In cold roll forming process, the sheet is progressively formed into a very complex three dimensional surface. The design procedure for the roll formed products, forming rolls, and roll pass sequences was considered more an art than a science. Good roll pass design was the Key to successful roll forming. In order to reduce forming defects and trial production cost, computer