海绵铝的熔模铸造法制备及其压缩性能强化研究

针对熔模铸造制备的高孔隙率开孔泡沫铝(海绵铝),通过前驱体海绵孔棱增粗来提高海绵铝的相对密度,并研究孔棱尺寸对其压缩性能的影响。结果发现,采用水性聚氨酯树脂能有效增粗聚氨酯海绵孔棱,制备出孔棱厚度为0.472~0.918mm,相对密度为0.027~0.164的海绵铝。单向压缩试验结果表明,孔棱增粗显著提高了海绵铝的强度,当孔棱厚度为0.918mm时,其密实化平台应力最大,为2.831MPa,密实化吸能最大,达到1.492MJ/m³。这是由于孔棱厚度增加,相对密度提高,从而提高了海绵铝的能量吸收能力。     

添加造孔剂法制备开孔泡沫铝及其性能研究

以球形尿素颗粒为造孔剂,采用传统的粉末冶金工艺制备开孔泡沫铝并研究了其性能.结果表明,添加造孔剂法制备的泡沫铝可以任意控制孔隙率及孔径的大小,且孔结构良好,保持了造孔剂的形状;高的烧结温度使泡沫铝的压缩强度提高,但过高的温度将导致孔壁熔化.本试验制成的泡沫铝其压缩曲线和泡沫金属典型压缩曲线相似,且抗压强度和经典理论计算结果一致.     

折弯铝纤维多孔材料的制备与能量吸收

以φ0.15 mm的6061铝合金丝为原材料,通过弹簧机切割成折弯铝合金短纤维,利用特制圆柱形模具,采用真空热压烧结技术制备了孔隙率为60%、70%、80%的折弯铝纤维多孔材料。对折弯铝纤维多孔材料进行压缩性能测试。结果表明,压缩应力-应变曲线可分为3个阶段:初始非线性弹性变形阶段、伪平台阶段和致密化阶段。应力-应变曲线光滑,几乎未产生屈服现象。折弯铝纤维多孔材料的能量吸收值随应变的增加而增大,能量吸收效率先增大后下降;随着孔隙率的降低,多孔材料的能量吸收能力增大,能量吸收效率的峰值上升。     

开孔泡沫铝动态力学行为的有限元分析

通过建立部分开孔单胞模型,并运用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对开孔泡沫铝的动态力学行为进行有限元分析。结果表明:无论是中、低应变率还是高应变率,开孔泡沫铝的屈服强度和流动应力对应变率存在敏感性。开孔泡沫铝的应变率效应受孔隙率影响,随着孔隙率的增加,开孔泡沫铝的应变率效应明显降低。在动态载荷下,开孔泡沫铝呈现三种不同的变形模式。     

CaCl2作为造孔剂制备泡沫青铜的结构和力学性能

以青铜粉为原料、CaCl_2为造孔剂,采用粉末烧结溶解法制备开孔泡沫青铜。通过改变造孔剂体积分数和粒径成功制备出孔隙率为70%~90%,孔径1~3mm的泡沫青铜试样。研究了孔隙率和造孔剂的关系以及孔隙率、孔径对泡沫试样力学性能的影响,并对其孔结构,相组成和微观形貌进行观察和分析。结果表明:泡沫青铜试样的塑性屈服平台应力随孔隙率增加而减小,当孔隙率为77%~89%时,对应塑性屈服平台应力为12.6~2.6MPa。当应变量为50%时,孔隙率为77%~89%的泡沫青铜单位体积能量吸收值(W)范围为6.21~0.91MJ/m~3。试样的理想吸能效率(I)都接近0.82,说明泡沫青铜可以作为一种理想的吸能材料。     

开孔Ni-Cr-Fe泡沫合金制备及高温力学性能

为了满足航空航天领域对高熔点开孔泡沫金属的迫切需求,针对现有开孔泡沫金属熔点低、强度和抗氧化性能差,以及孔隙率低、孔径结构分布不均匀等难题,以三维网状开孔泡沫Ni为基体,采用固体粉末包埋结合高温固相扩散工艺,制备出一种孔隙率达到95%三维网状开孔Ni-Cr-Fe泡沫合金。利用扫描电镜(SEM/EDS)对开孔Ni-Cr-Fe泡沫合金化前后的组织形貌和元素扩散进行分析,进一步了解扩散过程中Ni-Cr-Fe骨架形成与元素扩散之间的规律,并且对合金化后泡沫合金的微观形貌及结构进行表征。同时,研究了800℃和1000℃条件下开孔Ni-Cr-Fe泡沫合金的准静态压缩性能和能量吸收性能。结果表明:随着高温固相扩散时间的延长,网丝骨架中Cr、Fe、Ni元素浓度梯度明显平缓,(1200℃,48 h)均匀化热处理后,网丝骨架中Cr、Fe、Ni 3种元素发生了充分的互扩散,达到合金成分均匀化。并且,开孔Ni-Cr-Fe泡沫合金保持着初始泡沫Ni基体的三维网状及骨架中空结构。同时,高温压缩时开孔Ni-Cr-Fe泡沫合金具有典型韧性金属泡沫的变形特性,其压缩强度随着泡沫合金中Cr、Fe含量的增加而明显增大,而能量吸收性能表现出先增加后降低的趋势。     

搅拌摩擦加工制备的闭孔泡沫铝的组织及性能

为避免传统方法制备大面积闭孔泡沫铝工艺过程的局限性，采用搅拌摩擦加工技术结合加热工艺制备闭孔泡沫铝复合材料。采用有限元软件对搅拌摩擦加工制备预制体过程的温度场进行了模拟仿真，研究了制备工艺参数对泡沫铝预制体质量的影响规律。利用光学金相显微镜对不同加工工艺参数及发泡时间条件下制备的泡沫铝孔隙率和形貌进行了分析。同时，对闭孔泡沫铝进行了准静态压缩性能试验，研究了不同孔隙率下泡沫铝的压缩性能。结果表明，与搅拌针移动速度相比，不同旋转速度对闭孔泡沫铝预制体的形貌影响更大。当搅拌针移动速度50 mm·min^-1、旋转速度2000 r·min^-1时，焊核区金属和夹层中的混合粉末发生了充分的塑性变形，粉末圈分布连续且均匀。模拟结果表明：搅拌摩擦加工时最高温度区域出现在搅拌针附近，呈“碗状”分布，此时温度达到最大值491℃,焊核区金属和夹层中的混合粉末发生充分塑性变形和流动，模拟结果与试验结果一致。经过680℃发泡后，泡沫铝最大孔隙率为69.3%,平均泡孔直径为Φ130μm,屈服应力为3.2 MPa,平台应力值为2.9 MPa。     

占位法制备球形孔泡沫铝的结构与性能研究

以氯化钙、硬脂酸、硫代硫酸钠、尿素作为造孔剂,利用占位法进行孔径为1～2 mm,孔隙率为60%、70%、80%球形孔泡沫铝的制备。对其孔结构(孔面积、孔圆形度)、压缩性能和吸能效果进行对比分析。结果表明：氯化钙-泡沫铝因其具备较好的孔结构,所表现出的压缩性能和吸能效果也更优异。     

石膏型渗流制备泡沫铝填充圆管压缩行为研究

采用石膏型渗流制备开孔泡沫铝并填充到薄壁圆管,制成泡沫铝夹心管。通过准静态压缩试验研究了泡沫铝夹心管的压缩行为。结果表明：采用石膏型渗流法制备的泡沫铝孔隙率在85%左右,其压缩变形阶段可分为弹性段、塑性平台段和致密化段;空心圆管的压缩行为与其本身的结构参数有关;泡沫铝夹心管的力学性能与吸能能力比空心圆管和泡沫铝有了一定的提高,且石膏型渗流法所制泡沫铝夹心管质量较轻。     

石膏型渗流法制备的开孔泡沫铝的压缩行为研究

本文采用可溶石膏型预制块,通过加压渗流的方法制备了泡沫纯铝、泡沫ZL101合金和泡沫ZL102合金,并通过准静态压缩实验研究了3种不同基体材料的泡沫铝的压缩行为及吸能性能.结果表明:通过石膏型渗流法制备的开孔泡沫铝合金的孔隙率可以达到85％～93.5％;泡沫铝基体材料的力学性能对泡沫铝压缩力学性能有重要影响;泡沫ZL1...     

Fabrication and compressive behavior of open-cell aluminum foams via infiltration casting using spherical CaCl2 space-holders

The infiltration casting fabrication process based on spherical CaCl₂ space-holders and the compressive behavior including the mechanical performance and energy absorption capacity of open-cell aluminum foams were investigated.Open-cell aluminum foams with different porosities in the range of 63.1%to 87.3%can be fabricated by adjusting compression ratios of CaCl₂ preforms prepared by precision hot-pressing.The compression tests show that a strain-hardening phenomenon always occurs especially for open-cell aluminum foam with low porosity,resulting in the inclining stress-strain curve in the plateau region.The energy absorption capacity of open-cell aluminum foam decreases with increasing porosity when compared at the same strain.However,when compared at a given stress,each foam can absorb the maximal energy among the five foams in a special stress range.Additionally,open-cell aluminum foam possesses the maximum energy absorption efficiency at its optimum operating stress.At this stress condition,the foam can absorb the highest energy compared with other foams at the same stress point.The optimum operating stress and the corresponding maximal energy absorption decrease with increasing the porosity.The optimum operating stress for energy absorption can also be determined similarly when taking into consideration of the lightweight extent of foams.     

胞状AlCu5Mn合金泡沫的压缩性能和能量吸收特性

用熔体发泡法制备孔隙率为51.5%～90.5%、孔结构均匀的胞状铝合金(AlCu5Mn),研究其孔结构、压缩性能、能量吸收能力、能量吸收效率和吸能性能.结果表明:胞状铝合金孔结构由高孔隙率(88.8%)时的大孔径、多边形孔向低孔隙率(62.5%)时的小孔径、球形孔孔结构过渡,其压缩应力(σ)-应变(ε)曲线具有线性变形阶段、屈服平台阶段和致密化阶段三个部分,由线性变形阶段进入屈服平台阶段所对应的ε_s值介于2%～9%之间;屈服强度σ_s~*随着孔隙率的增大而下降,在孔隙率相同的条件下,胞状铝合金的力学性能优于胞状铝和多孔铝合金,其比刚度高于钢;当应变为定值时,胞状铝合金单位体积和单位质量的压缩吸能能力(C和C_m)都随着孔隙率的升高而降低,但是孔隙率在73.5%～82.1%范围内时,其C_m与ε的关系几乎不随孔隙率的改变而改变;对于孔隙率为51.5%～90.5%的胞状铝合金,它们的吸能效率的峰值都大于80%.胞状铝合金的C-σ和C_m-σ关系可以表征其吸能性能,从而可以根据实际工况选择作为减振吸能材料的胞状铝合金的最佳孔结构.     

多孔CoCrNi中熵合金的制备和吸能特性分析

本文采用粉末烧结-溶解法成功制备了孔隙率为63%~78%,孔径1.3~2.2mm的多孔CoCrNi中熵合金,借助SEM和XRD对试样的孔形貌和物相组成进行分析,并对试样进行轴向准静态压缩实验研究。结果表明：多孔CoCrNi中熵合金的弹性模量和屈服平台应力均随孔隙率、孔径的增大而减小;相对孔隙率而言,孔径对力学性能的影响程度较低;不同孔隙率的多孔CoCrNi中熵合金其致密应变下单位体积的能量吸收值为34.8~14.3MJ/m₃^,约为泡沫铝的3.8倍,且5种孔隙率的理想吸能效率(I)都接近0.8,说明该多孔CoCrNi中熵合金有潜力成为一种理想的吸能材料。     

Sound absorption property of open-pore aluminum foams

The sound absorption property of aluminum foam was studied by testing its sound absorption coefficients using standing wave tube method. The open-pore aluminum foams were prepared by infiltration process, with pore size of 0.5 mm to 3.2 mm and porosity of 54.2% to 77%. The frequency of indicted sound wave was ranging from 125 Hz to 10 kHz. The results show that the average values of sound absorption coefficients are all over 0.4 and the aluminum foam has better sound absorption property, its coefficients is influenced by frequency and pore structure, and reaches the maximum at about 1 kHz, with increasing porosity and decreasing cell diameter the sound absorption coefficient values increase.     

Compressive deformation behavior and energy absorption characteristic of aluminum foam with elastic filler

An open-cell aluminum foam filled with silicate rubber (AFFSR) was fabricated by infiltration of the liquid silicate rubber into the open-cell aluminum foam. The experiments were carried out to investigate the compressive behavior and energy absorption characteristics of the material. It is found that the stress--strain response of the AFFSR exhibits five regions including two plateau regimes, which is quite different from the stress--strain curves of many unfilled metallic foams that usually exhibit three distinct regions. The plastic deformation of the AFFSR is prolonged because of the filled silicate rubber, compared with the aluminum foam without such a filler. The AFFSR also exhibits a higher energy capacity than the aluminum foam without filler. Additionally, for the prolonged plateau region in the stress--strain curve, the energy absorption efficiency of the AFFSR maintains a high level (above 0.6) over a wide strain range from 3% to 60%.     

Mechanical behaviors and energy absorption properties of Y/Cr and Ce/Cr coated open-cell nickel-based alloy foams

In this study,Y-and Ce-modified Cr coatings applied by pack cementation method were prepared on the surface of open-cell nickel-based alloy foam.The morphologies and microstructures of Y-and Ce-modified Cr coatings with various Y and Ce contents were investigated in detail.Then,the effects of Y and Ce addition on the mechanical properties of open-cell nickel-based alloy foams were analyzed and compared.Simultaneously,the energy absorption capacity and energy absorption efficiency of the Y-and Ce-modified Cr coated alloy foams were discussed and compared at the room and high temperatures.The results show that Cr coatings containing minor amounts of rare earth element(Y and Ce) are well adhered to the nickel-based foam struts.Especially,the microstructure of the 2 wt% Ce-modified Cr coating is denser and uniform.In addition,the compressive strength and plateau stress of Y-and Ce-modified Cr coated alloy foams firstly increase and then decrease by increasing the Y and Ce contents at room and high temperatures.The energy absorption capacity of Y/Cr and Ce/Cr coated alloy foams increases linearly with the strains increasing.The Ce/Cr coated alloy foams can absorb more energy than Y/Cr coated alloy foams in the plateau and densification regions at room temperature.Compared to those at room temperature,the Y-and Ce-modified Cr coated alloy foams show higher energy absorption efficiency when deformation within 10%-30% at high temperature.     

Fabrication, microstructure and property of cellular CuAlMn shape memory alloys produced by sintering-evaporation process

Cellular CuAlMn shape memory alloys with open-cell or closed-cell structure have been manufactured successfully by sintering-evaporation process. This process consisted of mixing CuAlMn and NaCl powders, hot pressing and final high-temperature sintering to evaporate the filler material of NaCl powders. NaCl was eliminated completely during vacuum sintering, and strong metallurgical bonding in the cell walls was achieved. The pores’ structural parameter (pore size, shape, and direction) and porosity (25-70%) have been controlled effectively. The compressing deformation behavior and phase transformation behavior of the cellular CuAlMn shape memory alloy has been investigated. It was found that the maximum stress of the cellular CuAlMn shape memory alloys increased with the decrease in porosity, and the energy absorption per unit volume approached the maximum value of 35.81 MJ/m³ (the compression direction parallel to the cross-section) and 25.71 MJ/m³ (the compression direction perpendicular to the cross-section) as the porosity of the alloys was 60% and the pore size was between 355 and 800 μm.     

合金化对泡沫铝压缩力学行为的影响

采用Si、Mg及Cu元素进行合金化处理，制备了几种不同力学性能的开孔泡沫铝，通过准静态压缩实验研究了合金化对泡沫铝压缩力学性能与吸能特征的影响。实验结果表明，Si、Mg及Cu元素合金化处理能显著改变泡沫铝的应力-应变行为与吸能特征，使泡沫铝的屈服强度提高，吸能性大幅度上升。