线性低密度聚乙烯的无卤协同阻燃及抑烟性能表征

在研究了氢氧化铝(ATH)与氢氧化镁(MH)复配阻燃线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)的基础上,重点研究微胶囊红磷(MRP)、MRP和硼酸锌(ZB)复合在LLDPE/ATH/MH中的协同阻燃及抑烟作用。燃烧性能研究表明,MRP在LLDPE/ATH/MH复配体系中有良好的协同阻燃效果;MRP与ZB复合能够更好地发挥协同阻燃作用,复配阻燃剂添加量为93phr时,LLDPE/ATH/MH/MRP/ZB体系的LOI值高达38.1%,最大烟密度(Dm)为53。热失重分析和光电子能谱分析表明,协同阻燃抑烟作用以凝聚相交联成炭为主。     

Mg(OH)2/聚苯乙烯复合材料的阻燃机制

把Mg(OH)₂ (Magnesium hydroxide, MH) 在不同温度热处理不同时间, 得到一系列不同热分解状态的Mg(OH)₂ (Treated magnesium hydroxide, t-MH)。以MH和t-MH为无卤阻燃剂, 聚苯乙烯(PS)为基体, 采用熔体共混法制备了MH/PS和t-MH/PS复合材料。详细研究了MH热处理对t-MH/PS复合材料燃烧性能的影响, 并以此实验结果为基础提出了复合材料的阻燃机制模型。结果表明, 随着热处理温度升高、热处理时间延长, MH逐渐分解并转化成MgO。在相同条件下t-MH/PS复合材料的阻燃性能较MH/PS复合材料显著降低, 但是仍然比纯PS有明显提高。此外, MH热分解产生的MgO有促进PS成炭的作用。MH/PS复合材料的阻燃机制是以下几种因素协同作用的结果: (1)MH分解吸热的冷却降温作用;(2)MH热分解释放水蒸气的气相稀释作用;(3)MH热分解产物MgO的固相阻隔与防护作用;(4)MgO促进PS成炭阻燃作用。     

聚乙烯木塑复合材料的流变行为及阻燃性能

采用旋转流变仪研究了聚乙烯基木塑复合材料的动态流变性能。通过与基体树脂流变行为的比较,发现木塑复合材料呈现典型的热流变复杂行为,木塑样品的临界频率较之聚乙烯移向更低的频率值,且其弹性模量、损耗模量对温度敏感性均显著高于聚乙烯。Cole-Cole曲线和扫描电镜(SEM)照片发现,木塑复合材料呈现多相体系结构。利用锥形量热仪和极限氧指数(LOI)方法探索了木塑配方、阻燃剂用量对聚乙烯基木塑复合材料的阻燃性能的影响,研究发现聚磷酸铵(APP)有助于促进膨胀炭层的形成,从而显著改善复合材料的阻燃性能。     

次磷酸铝对木粉/高密度聚乙烯复合材料阻燃及力学性能的影响

以次磷酸铝(AHP)为阻燃剂对高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)基木塑复合材料进行阻燃改性。采用锥形量热、垂直燃烧、极限氧指数(LOI)系统评价复合材料的阻燃性能。通过拉伸强度、无缺口冲击强度、弯曲强度等测试,探讨了复合材料的力学性能。并通过热失重分析、扫描电镜对AHP阻燃木粉/HDPE(WF/HDPE)复合材料的机理进行分析。结果表明,AHP、木粉(WF)及WF中的结合水构成膨胀阻燃体系,AHP质量分数为30%时,WF/HDPE复合材料达到垂直燃烧V-0级别,LOI值达到25.5%,阻燃性能显著提高。AHP的加入使WF/HDPE复合材料的力学性能有所下降。     

聚乙烯/杨木粉基木塑复合材料的性能研究

目的 研究硅烷偶联剂(KH-550)处理木粉以及微胶囊红磷(HP)阻燃对木塑复合材料(WPC)的性能影响.方法 以杨木粉、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)和HP为原料,采用二次共混造粒及注射模塑法,制备WPC,通过熔体流动速率(MFR)试验、拉伸试验、TGA谱图分析、Kissinger动力学分析和SEM显微观察研究WPC的性能.结果 采用KH-550处理木粉后,体系的MFR提高了0.01 g/min,拉伸时的最大位移提高了2.59 mm,HP的添加使WPC在分解5％和50％时的温度分别提高了18℃和54℃,KH-550和HP共改性的WPC在420～500℃(主要分解阶段)的表观活化能为153 kJ/mol.结论 采用KH-550处理杨木粉后,使体系的拉伸性能得到有效改善,在添加质量分数为10％的HP后,WPC的阻燃效果得到显著提高.     

Mg(OH)2-Al(OH)3-微胶囊红磷/高抗冲聚苯乙烯无卤阻燃复合材料

以氢氧化镁(MH)、氢氧化铝(ATH) 和微胶囊红磷(MRP) 为无卤阻燃剂, 高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS) 树脂为聚合物基体, 通过熔融共混法制备了一系列不同组成的MH-ATH-MRP/HIPS复合材料。采用水平燃烧、垂直燃烧、氧指数、锥形量热分析、高温热分解实验等方法研究了复合材料的阻燃性能。结果表明, 阻燃剂用量相同时, 在HIPS基体中同时引入MH和ATH得到的复合材料比单独加入MH或ATH得到的复合材料具有更好的阻燃性能。当MH-ATH/HIPS的质量比为70:30:100时, 复合材料的水平燃烧级别达到FH-1级, 氧指数为25.2%, 但垂直燃烧无级别。在上述体系中加入极少量的MRP(占复合材料的质量分数为2.9%)就可使复合材料的火灾性能指数(FPI) 提高85%, 燃烧过程中热量释放和质量损失更慢、成炭能力明显增强, 垂直燃烧级别达到FV-0级。当MH-ATH-MRP/HIPS的质量比为21:9:12:100时, 复合材料的各项阻燃性能达到最佳, 可以大幅度减少阻燃剂的用量。MH、ATH和MRP对HIPS具有非常显著的协同阻燃作用。同时加入MH和ATH时不仅可以在更宽的温度范围内抑制HIPS的升温和分解, 而且能够在更宽的温度范围内相继释放出水蒸气稀释氧气和可燃气体的浓度, 从而起到协同阻燃作用。加入MRP后复合材料的成炭能力大大增强, 进一步改善了凝聚相阻燃的效果, 因此阻燃性能显著提高。     

Mg(OH)2-Al(OH)3-微胶囊红磷/高抗冲聚苯乙烯无卤阻燃复合材料

以氢氧化镁(MH)、氢氧化铝(ATH)和微胶囊红磷(MRP)为无卤阻燃剂,高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)树脂为聚合物基体,通过熔融共混法制备了一系列不同组成的MH-ATH-MRP/HIPS复合材料.采用水平燃烧、垂直燃烧、氧指数、锥形量热分析、高温热分解实验等方法研究了复合材料的阻燃性能.结果表明,阻燃剂用量相同时,在HIPS基体中同时引入MH和ATH得到的复合材料比单独加入MH或ATH得到的复合材料具有更好的阻燃性能.当MH-ATH/HIPS的质量比为70∶30∶100时,复合材料的水平燃烧级别达到FH-1级,氧指数为25.2％,但垂直燃烧无级别.在上述体系中加入极少量的MRP(占复合材料的质量分数为2.9％)就可使复合材料的火灾性能指数(FPI)提高85％,燃烧过程中热量释放和质量损失更慢、成炭能力明显增强,垂直燃烧级别达到FV-0级.当MH-ATH-MRP/HIPS的质量比为21∶9∶12∶100时,复合材料的各项阻燃性能达到最佳,可以大幅度减少阻燃剂的用量.MH、ATH和MRP对HIPS具有非常显著的协同阻燃作用.同时加入MH和ATH时不仅可以在更宽的温度范围内抑制HIPS的升温和分解,而且能够在更宽的温度范围内相继释放出水蒸气稀释氧气和可燃气体的浓度,从而起到协同阻燃作用.加入MRP后复合材料的成炭能力大大增强,进一步改善了凝聚相阻燃的效果,因此阻燃性能显著提高.     

纳米Mg(OH)_2-微胶囊红磷/乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物阻燃复合材料的性能

以微米Mg(OH)_2(mMg(OH)_2)、纳米Mg(OH)_2(nMg(OH)_2)和微胶囊红磷(MRP)为无卤阻燃剂,乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)为聚合物基体,通过熔融共混方法制备了一系列不同阻燃剂含量的Mg(OH)_2-MRP/EVA阻燃复合材料,采用极限氧指数、垂直燃烧、锥形量热分析、热分析、SEM、拉伸试验、流变学分析等方法研究了复合材料的阻燃、力学和加工性能。结果表明,Mg(OH)_2阻燃剂用量相同时,nMg(OH)_2/EVA复合材料的阻燃和抑烟性能比mMg(OH)_2/EVA复合材料更好,但当Mg(OH)_2用量小于60wt%时,nMg(OH)_2/EVA和mMg(OH)_2/EVA复合材料的垂直燃烧等级都达不到V-0级。Mg(OH)_2本身的阻燃效率较低,nMg(OH)_2和MRP对EVA有非常显著的协同阻燃作用,二者掺杂比例适当时可大幅度降低Mg(OH)_2的用量。与nMg(OH)_2/EVA复合材料相比,nMg(OH)_2-MRP/EVA复合材料燃烧时能够生成连续致密的炭层,覆盖在材料表面形成防火屏障,提高其阻燃性能。nMg(OH)_2的热分解反应对nMg(OH)_2-MRP/EVA复合材料的燃烧性能有极其重要的影响。当nMg(OH)_2热分解后再加入到MRP/EVA体系中时,nMg(OH)_2-MRP/EVA复合材料的阻燃和抑烟性能均急剧降低。当nMg(OH)_2∶MRP∶EVA的质量比为40∶10∶100时,nMg(OH)_2-MRP/EVA复合材料同时具有优异的阻燃性能、力学性能和加工性能,可满足实际应用的需要。     

聚酰胺6对聚丙烯/膨胀阻燃体系阻燃性和力学性能的影响

以聚磷酸铵(APP)、季戊四醇(PER)组成的膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)为主阻燃剂，有机蒙脱土(OMMT)为协效阻燃剂，马来酸酐接枝聚烯烃弹性体(POE-g-MAH)为增韧剂，以聚酰胺6(PA6)为聚合物成炭剂，采用熔融共混法制备了PP/PA6/POE-g-MAH/IFR/OMMT阻燃复合材料，并研究了PA6对PP阻燃复合材料阻燃性和力学性能的影响。通过极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧、热重分析、扫描电子显微镜和力学性能测试等手段对PP阻燃复合材料进行了测试与表征。结果表明：成炭剂PA6的加入，可显著地提高PP阻燃复合材料的阻燃性能，当PA6含量为5%时，PP阻燃复合材料的LOI由原来不含PA6时的25.5%提高到了30.0%,垂直燃烧等级由原来的无等级提高到了UL-94 V-0级，且随着PA6含量的进一步增加，LOI在逐渐增大。但PA6的加入，会使PP阻燃复合材料的力学性能下降。     

聚磷酸铵/次磷酸铝协效阻燃聚丙烯/木粉复合材料

以聚磷酸铵(APP)和次磷酸铝(AHP)为阻燃剂,马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(MA-g-PP)为界面相容剂,通过熔融共混制备了聚丙烯(PP)/木粉(WF)复合材料。采用UL-94垂直燃烧、氧指数(LOI)、热重分析(TGA)探究了阻燃PP/WF复合材料的阻燃性和热分解过程。实验表明,当APP与AHP质量比为9∶1时,LOI值为28.3%,垂直燃烧UL-94达到V-0级。TGA和DTG测试表明,APP与AHP复配能降低木纤维的分解温度,使复合材料提前成炭,达到阻燃作用;加入APP与AHP的PP/WF复合材料的成炭率提高了141%,其高温稳定性也得到提高。通过SEM观察到,当m(APP)∶m(AHP)=9∶1时,木塑复合材料可形成致密的炭层,具有更好的隔热、隔氧作用,从而提高了阻燃性。结果表明在聚磷酸铵中加入少量的协效剂次磷酸铝可明显提高PP/WF复合材料的阻燃性。     

Structural and optical properties of AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer absorber

We report on the microstructure and optical properties of Al_xO_y–Pt–Al_xO_y interference-type multilayer films, deposited by electron beam (e-beam) deposition onto corning 1737 glass, silicon (1 1 1) and copper substrates. The structural properties were investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The optical properties were extracted from specular reflection/transmission, diffuse reflectance and emissometer measurements. The stratification of the coatings consists of a semi-transparent middle Pt layer sandwiched between two layers of Al_xO_y. The top and bottom Al_xO_y layers were non-stoichiometric with no crystalline phases present. The Pt layer is in the fcc crystalline phase with a broad size distribution and spheroidal shape in and between the rims of Al_xO_y. The surface roughness of the stack was found to be comparable to the inter-particle distance. The optical calculations confirm a high solar absorptance of ∼0.94 and a low thermal emittance of ∼0.06 for the multilayer stack, which is attributed not only to the optimized nature of the multilayer interference stacks, but also to the specific surface morphology and texture of the coatings. These optical characteristics validate the spectral selectivity of the Al_xO_y–Pt–Al_xO_y interference-type multilayer stack for use in high temperature solar-thermal applications.     

Optimization of AlxOy/Pt/AlxOy multilayer spectrally selective coatings for solar-thermal applications

Spectrally selective Al_xO_y/Pt/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber coatings were deposited onto corning 1737 glass, Si (111) and copper substrates using electron beam (e-beam) vacuum evaporator at room temperature. The employment of ellipsometric measurements and optical simulation was proposed as an effective method to optimize and deposit multilayer solar absorber coatings. The optical constants (n and k) measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry, showed that both Al_xO_y layers, which used in the coatings, were dielectric in nature and the Pt layer was semi-transparent. The optimized multilayer coatings exhibited high solar absorptance α ∼ 0.94 ± 0.01 and low thermal emittance ? ∼ 0.06 ± 0.01 at 82 °C. The Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) data of Al_xO_y/Pt/Al_xO_y multilayer absorber indicated the Al_xO_y layers present in the coating were nearly stoichiometry. The scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) result indicated that the average diameter and inter-particles distance of Pt grains were statistically about 146 ± 0.17 nm and 6-10 ± 0.2 nm respectively.     

Anomalous Hall Effect in Sn1?x?yMnxEuyTe and Sn1?x?yMnxEryTe Mixed Crystals

The Anomalous Hall Effect (AHE) was investigated in IV–VI ferromagnetic semimagnetic semiconductors of Sn_1–x Mn _x Te codoped with either Eu or Er. The analysis of experimental data is as follows. Hall resistivity and magnetization showed that AHE coefficient R _s depends on temperature and its value decreases with thetemperature increase. We observe that above ferromagnet–paramagnet transition temperature R _s changes sign. We discuss the possible physical mechanisms responsible for observed temperature dependence of R _s , particularly change of the sign.     

Interfacial microstructure of NiSix/HfO2/SiOx/Si gate stacks

Integration of NiSi_x based fully silicided metal gates with HfO₂ high-k gate dielectrics offers promise for further scaling of complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor devices. A combination of high resolution transmission electron microscopy and small probe electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis has been applied to study interfacial reactions in the undoped gate stack. NiSi was found to be polycrystalline with the grain size decreasing from top to bottom of NiSi_x film. Ni content varies near the NiSi/HfO_x interface whereby both Ni-rich and monosilicide phases were observed. Spatially non-uniform distribution of oxygen along NiSi_x/HfO₂ interface was observed by dark field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and EELS. Interfacial roughness of NiSi_x/HfO_x was found higher than that of poly-Si/HfO₂, likely due to compositional non-uniformity of NiSi_x. No intermixing between Hf, Ni and Si beyond interfacial roughness was observed.     

Tc trend in high-Tc superconductors

In our previous works, we have shown that most existing ceramic superconductors can be considered to be built of superconductor-semiconductor composite and we have estimated the change in phonon spectrum of the intrinsic superconductor unit if a semiconductor unit is attached to it. Moreover, the proximity effect under the size quantization condition has been examined in the superconductor-semiconductor composite. Each of the stated effects by itself could causeT _c enhancement in general as more semiconductor blocks are added to the system. We extend our study in this paper to analyze the combined actions of phonon spectral change and proximity effect without size quantization condition onT _c variation in members of the Tl₁ series of high-T _c superconductors. Our results indicate that an optimumT _c is obtained if the stated effects are included in the idealized unit cells of the superconductors made up of a superconductor-semiconductor array.     

Synthesis of a new perovskite Pb(Li14Nb34)O3

A high-pressure technique was adopted to obtain perovskite-type $\text{Pb(Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$. A new perovskite $\text{Pb(Li}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>4</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$ was characterized to have a cubic symmetry with $\text{a}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>o</mtext>}}\text{= 4.069}\text{A}\text{?}$; Li and Nb ions in the B-site of perovskite lattice may be in a random arrangement.     

Bulk crystalline BaPb34Bi14O3: A ceramic superconductor

The preparation conditions of the high T_C ceramic superconductor Ba(Pb,Bi)O₃ is correlated with the superconducting transition. Transition onsets of all materials are similar, but transition widths and transition completeness is strongly dependent on firing temperature. Only materials prepared over a narrow temperature range, resulting in a nearly ideal weight loss, have a complete and narrow transition.     

Electrostriction in Pb (Zn13Nb23)O3

The electrostriction in $\text{Pb (Zn}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{Nb}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>2</mtext><mtext>3</mtext>}}\text{)}\text{O}{}_3$ crystals has been investigated using a strain gauge method. In the ferroelectric phase below 140 C, the strain vs the electric field shows a hysteresis, which is ascribed to the effect of ferroelectric domains. A quadratic relation holds between the strain x and the electric polarization P as x = QP² above about 170 C in the paraelectric phase. Values of the electrostrictive Q coefficients are determined from the measurements near 190 C, as Q₁₁ = 1.6·10^?2m⁴/C², Q₁₂ = ?0.86·10^?2m⁴/C², and Q₄₄ = 0.85·10^?2m⁴/C².     

Effect of pressure onTc in La2-xBaxCuO4 withx=0.125

The superconducting transition temperature,T _c , of La_2–x Ba _x CuO₄ has been measured under high pressure up to 8 GPa.T _c is found to change drastically at the pressure where the structural phase transition takes place. This finding clearly indicates that there exists an intimate relation between the crystal structure and superconductivity.