蛹虫草多糖调节小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫活性的分子机制

多种真菌多糖近年来因其免疫调节活性成为保健食品领域研究的热点。本实验以食药用真菌蛹虫草提取物蛹虫草多糖（Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides,CMP）为研究材料,初步探究CMP对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫活性的调节机制。噻唑蓝实验结果显示CMP无细胞毒性,且100、200 μg/mL CMP可以明显增强RAW264.7细胞活性;中性红法、Griess法和酶联免疫吸附检测结果表明25～200 μg/mL的CMP以剂量依赖方式增强RAW264.7细胞吞噬活性并增加一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）和白介素-1β（interleukin-1β,IL-1β）分泌,肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）的分泌呈先升高后降低的趋势,在100 μg/mL时达到最高值;抑制剂中和实验结果显示当Toll样受体4（Toll-like receptors 4,TLR4）和甘露糖受体（mannose receptor,MR）受到抑制时,CMP诱导的RAW264.7免疫反应显著降低,这表明TLR4和MR均为CMP激活巨噬细胞的受体;此外,Western blot结果显示丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK）信号通路也参与CMP诱导的RAW264.7细胞分泌NO、TNF-α和IL-1β。表明TLR4和MR/MAPK信号传导途径在CMP诱导巨噬细胞RAW264.7产生免疫应答时发挥了重要作用。     

5种食用菌多糖及复配多糖对RAW264.7细胞的免疫调节作用

探究银耳多糖、茯苓多糖、香菇多糖、猴头菇多糖和竹荪多糖5种食用菌多糖及其两两复配得到的10种复配多糖对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫调节作用。将RAW264.7细胞分为正常对照组、阳性组和样品（不同浓度的银耳多糖、茯苓多糖、香菇多糖、猴头菇多糖和竹荪多糖及其10种复配多糖）处理组,通过检测巨噬细胞的细胞活力、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）分泌水平以及吞噬能力评价免疫调节作用。结果表明：与正常对照组相比,在质量浓度5 μg/mL～320 μg/mL范围内,5种食用菌多糖在一定浓度时皆能表现出显著增强巨噬细胞RAW264.7的细胞活力,提高巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,促进细胞因子TNF-α的分泌效果（P<0.05）。此外,10种复配多糖在RAW264.7细胞的细胞活力、TNF-α分泌和吞噬能力皆呈现出显著的促进效果。10种复配多糖中,基于香菇多糖和猴头菇多糖的复配多糖在浓度为160 μg/mL时促进细胞因子TNF-α的分泌效果最好;基于茯苓多糖和香菇多糖复配得到的复配多糖对细胞吞噬功能的增强效果最佳,且优于其组成多糖单独作用效果。基于银耳多糖和竹荪多糖复配得到的复配多糖在浓度为80 μg/mL时促进RAW264.7分泌TNF-α的效果优于其组成多糖单独作用,在浓度为160 μg/mL时对细胞吞噬功能的增强效果优于其组成多糖。银耳、茯苓、香菇、猴头菇、竹荪来源的多糖单独作用及其两两复配得到的复配多糖对RAW264.7细胞均具有免疫调节活性。不同多糖间可能存在相互作用,复配后免疫调节活性优于单独作用时免疫调节活性,例如茯苓多糖和香菇多糖,银耳多糖和竹荪多糖。     

不同食用菌多糖复配物对RAW264.7巨噬细胞的免疫调节作用

目的:探究5种食用菌多糖,包括银耳多糖（Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide）、茯苓多糖（Poriacocos polysaccharide）、香菇多糖（Lentinan）、猴头菇多糖（Hericium edodes polysaccharide）和竹荪多糖（Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide）任意3种多糖复配得到的多糖复配物的免疫调节活性。方法:以RAW264.7巨噬细胞为研究对象,采用CCK-8试剂盒检测不同浓度的复配物对巨噬细胞增殖的影响,酶联免疫吸附法测定复配物处理后细胞培养液中肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α）水平,以及流式细胞仪分析复配物处理后细胞吞噬能力。结果:与正常对照组相比,除了浓度为320 μg/mL的茯苓多糖、香菇多糖和竹荪多糖的多糖复配物,茯苓多糖、猴头菇多糖和竹荪多糖的多糖复配物以及香菇多糖、猴头菇多糖和竹荪多糖的多糖复配物外,在检测浓度范围内10种多糖复配物可明显促进巨噬细胞的增殖,增强吞噬能力,提高细胞因子TNF-α的分泌量。其中,10 μg/mL的银耳多糖、茯苓多糖和竹荪多糖的复配物促进巨噬细胞增殖的效果最佳,160 μg/mL的银耳多糖、茯苓多糖和香菇多糖的复配物能最好的促进TNF-α的分泌和增强RAW264.7的吞噬能力。结论:不同食用菌多糖的复配物均可调节巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫活性。本结果可为开发免疫调节功能的食用菌复配多糖产品提供数据参考。     

体外评估乳杆菌对巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫调节作用的影响

该研究以商业菌株鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）LGG为阳性对照菌,体外评估实验室保藏的5株乳杆菌对巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞活性、吞噬活性及免疫活性分子NO、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）与白细胞介素-10（IL-10）分泌水平的影响,以期从中筛选出具良好免疫调节作用的菌株。结果表明,鼠李糖乳杆菌260具有更优的免疫调节作用,在特定乳杆菌活菌浓度时,能显著提高巨噬细胞RAW264.7的细胞活性、吞噬活性及NO、TNF-α和IL-10的分泌水平（P＜0.05）。最高细胞增殖率为196.62%;最低乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）释放量为554.36 U/100 mL;最高吞噬活性为136.86%;最高NO分泌量为5.70 μmol/L;最高IL-10分泌量为15.56 pg/mL,最高TNF-α分泌量为50.98 pg/mL。     

金柚幼果多糖的结构鉴定与免疫调节作用

为充分开发柚子产业,进一步提高金柚幼果的利用率,本文以金柚幼果为原料,采用超声辅助酶法提取出金柚幼果多糖（PFCP）,得率为9.12%。通过扫描电镜、粒径仪、气相色谱、红外光谱等对PFCP的结构进行表征,结果表明PFCP表面为光滑的多孔网状结构,粒径为101 μm,分子量为3.31 ku,由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖和半乳糖醛酸组成的,摩尔比例为0.056:0.138:0.463:0.059:0.186:0.285,是一种酸性杂多糖,主要由-OH、C=O、C-O、C=C和N-H结构构成,其糖链含有苯环和吡喃环。本研究借助小鼠RAW 264.7巨噬细胞模型,发现PFCP在62.5~1000 μg/mL的浓度范围内对小鼠巨噬细胞无明显毒副作用,能显著提高RAW 264.7巨噬细胞表达NO、TNF-α及IL-6细胞因子的分泌量,在1000 μg/mL浓度时细胞因子的表达量最高,NO为42.87 μM,TNF-α为14759.47 pg/mL,IL-6为62.20 pg/mL,表明PFCP具有较强的免疫活性。该研究可为金柚幼果的开发利用提供一定的研究基础。     

醋蛋液对巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫调节活性的影响

采用细胞计数试剂盒（CCK）-8法检测不同剂量的醋蛋液对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫调节活性的影响,倒置显微镜及荧光显微镜下分别观察不同分组条件下对RAW264.7细胞形态的影响及细胞核的损伤程度,探讨醋蛋液对RAW264.7细胞分泌免疫因子的影响及其免疫调节活性的机理。结果表明,当醋蛋液浓度为40 μL/mL时,RAW264.7细胞活性极显著升高为（145.3±23.02）%（P＜0.01）。醋蛋液高剂量组（20 μL/mL）巨噬细胞体积变大并逐渐伸出伪足,与正常细胞有明显差异,但未达到炎症相关形态学特征;醋蛋液高剂量组（20 μL/mL）可以促进巨噬细胞分泌白介素-1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和一氧化氮（NO）分泌,可以有效缓解巨噬细胞细胞核损伤、细胞膜电位降低造成的细胞损伤及细胞凋亡;醋蛋液高剂量组（20 μL/mL）可以上调蛋白激酶B（AKT）以及核因子-κB（NF-κB）的表达量,进而激活巨噬细胞,调节机体免疫力。     

榆黄菇多糖对体外诱导炎症模型细胞因子的分泌及一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的影响

以榆黄菇为原料,采用水提醇沉法提取榆黄菇粗多糖,Sevage法去除蛋白,利用DEAE-Cellulose离子交换和Superdex-75凝胶层析方法纯化获得PSI和PSII两个组分;通过脂多糖（LPS）刺激建立炎症模型;利用MTT法筛选出两个多糖的优势浓度,采用吸光度分析法测定一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的活力、酶联免疫吸附试剂盒测定细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌水平来评价多糖对RAW264.7细胞的抗炎作用。研究结果显示,LPS浓度为5 μg/mL时,细胞炎症水平达到最高,在模型的基础上筛选出PSI的优势浓度为500 μg/mL、PSII的优势浓度为200 μg/mL;与LPS模型组相比较,PSI对NOS活性、IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌水平抑制率分别为37.54%、28.84%、28.27%和30.25%,PSII对NOS活性、IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌水平抑制率分别为51.24%、37.56%、31.35%和32.67%。研究证实,榆黄菇多糖PSI和PSII对LPS诱导RAW264.7炎症细胞具有缓解作用,主要表现在抑制炎症细胞因子的分泌水平、促进细胞增殖、降低巨噬细胞的吞噬能力等方面,而对比PSI来说,PSII对于一氧化氮合酶（NOS）以及细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌水平的抑制力要更强,具有更好的抗炎效果。     

锁阳多糖对巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫调节作用的影响

目的 研究锁阳多糖对巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫调节作用的影响。方法 以巨噬细胞RAW264.7为研究对象, 设置空白对照组、阳性(LPS)对照组、锁阳多糖给药组(25、50、100、200、400 μg/mL), 用CCK-8法测定细胞增殖活性, 中性红法测定其吞噬活性; Griess法测定其对NO分泌量的影响; ELISA法测定其IL-6和TNF-α的释放能力。结果 与空白组比较, 不同浓度(25~400 μg/mL)锁阳多糖均能够促进巨噬细胞RAW264.7的增殖(P<0.05或P<0.01), 干预24 h和48 h的增殖活性明显高于干预6 h和12 h的增殖活性(P<0.05); 锁阳多糖(25~ 400 μg/mL)能显著促进细胞的吞噬活性(P<0.05); 干预48 h后, 锁阳多糖(25~400 μg/mL)的NO分泌量显著高于空白组和LPS组(P<0.05); 与空白组和LPS组相比, 锁阳多糖(25~400 μg/mL)能显著促进细胞IL-6和TNF-α的释放(P<0.01)。结论 锁阳多糖在一定浓度范围内对巨噬细胞RAW264.7具有良好的免疫调节作用。     

毛酸浆果提取物对RAW264.7细胞的免疫调节作用

该文探讨了毛酸浆果提取物（Physalis pubescens L. Fruits Extract,PPFE）对RAW264.7巨噬细胞免疫调节作用。采用噻唑蓝比色法（MTT）确定细胞毒性和增殖活性,格里斯法（Griess）、酶联免疫法（ELISA）、荧光探针法、中性红吞噬实验测定体外培养的巨噬细胞中一氧化氮（NO）、肿瘤因子-α（TNF-α）和白介素-6（IL-6）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、活性氧（ROS）含量以及吞噬率;流式细胞术测定细胞周期变化及细胞凋亡情况,荧光定量反转录-聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）检测TNF-α、IFN-γ以及IL-6等细胞因子mRNA表达水平。结果显示：运用UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS测定PPFE化学成分分析,共鉴定出14种黄酮类物质。PPFE作用RAW264.7细胞的安全浓度在25~250 μg/mL范围内,与空白组相比,毛酸浆果提取物质量浓度为25 μg/mL时免疫增强效果最佳,其细胞增殖率、NO释放量、吞噬率、相对活性氧水平、TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-6的分泌量分别为130.53%、27.79 μmol/L、189.88%、137.75%、150.54 pg/mL、119.36 pg/mL、15.41 pg/mL。PPFE治疗组的细胞周期的G0/G1期、S期、G2/M期百分比分别为53.08%、17.40%、29.52%。细胞凋亡率与空白组相比降低了52.80%,同时极显著（p<0.01）上调TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-6的表达。综上可知,PPFE通过调节RAW264.7细胞吞噬功能、分泌免疫因子、细胞周期分布及凋亡情况,以及上调细胞因子mRNA表达水平,增强RAW264.7细胞免疫调节作用。     

香乳菇多糖对Hela细胞凋亡及对RAW264.7细胞免疫活性的影响

为研究香乳菇多糖(LC-1)的抗肿瘤和免疫调控活性,将人的宫颈癌Hela细胞和小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7体外培养,分别通过CCK-8法、流式细胞术和ELISA技术检测不同浓度LC-1对Hela细胞增殖和凋亡周期的影响,对RAW264.7细胞增殖、吞噬的影响,及对RAW264.7细胞分泌NO、IL-6和TNF-α的影响。结果表明:香乳菇多糖对体外培养的Hela细胞有明显的抑制作用,且影响Hela细胞的形态及凋亡周期,当LC-1浓度为10μg/mL时,Sub峰含量可达19.4%;同时,LC-1能调控巨噬细胞的免疫活性,当LC-1浓度为10μg/mL时,巨噬细胞增值率和吞噬活性分别为67.48%和87.09%,亦能促进巨噬细胞从G0/G1期向G2期和S期转化,同时刺激巨噬细胞产生IL-6和TNF-α,且呈现出明显的剂量依赖性,但对NO生成没有明显的促进作用。综上,在体外试验中,香乳菇多糖LC-1能抑制宫颈癌Hela细胞生长,促进RAW264.7细胞增殖和吞噬活性,刺激巨噬细胞产生免疫因子。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press