利用CRISPR-Cas9和Cre/loxP系统删除34个非必需基因构建L-苏氨酸生产菌

L-苏氨酸是一种被广泛应用于食品、饲料及医药等领域的必需氨基酸。大肠杆菌以葡萄糖为碳源合成L-苏氨酸的过程中,一些非必需基因的转录和翻译会消耗碳源。利用CRISPR-Cas9和位点特异性重组系统Cre/loxP,敲除了大肠杆菌MG1655基因组中puuE和ynaI区间的34个非必需基因（共30.372 kb）,获得了突变菌MG003,然后通过高表达L-苏氨酸合成途径中关键基因thrA*、thrB和thrC以及L-苏氨酸转运酶编码基因rhtA和rhtC提高L-苏氨酸产量。与对照菌MG1655/pFW01-thrA*BC相比,MG003/pFW01-thrA*BC生长加快,L-苏氨酸产量提高25.5%;MG003/pFW01-thrA*BC-rhtA的L-苏氨酸产量提高了43.3%;MG003/pFW01-thrA*BC-rhtC的L-苏氨酸产量提高了74.5%。研究结果表明,大肠杆菌基因组中34个非必需基因的删除有利于其提高L-苏氨酸合成能力。     

调整葡萄糖转运系统提高大肠杆菌L-苏氨酸产量

葡萄糖的有效利用是提高大肠杆菌合成L-苏氨酸能力的关键,作者通过优化葡萄糖转运来提高大肠杆菌L-苏氨酸合成能力。利用CRISPR基因编辑技术在大肠杆菌TWF001中分别敲除了PTS系统关键基因ptsH和ptsG,并在30 g/L葡萄糖质量浓度下进行了摇瓶发酵。与对照菌株TWF001相比,TWF001ΔptsH和TWF001ΔptsG合成L-苏氨酸能力均有明显改善;TWF001ΔptsH L-苏氨酸产量提升38.02%。在TWF001ΔptsH基因组上用trc启动子过表达galP基因,构建了TWF001ΔptsH,Ptrc：：PgalP。对3株突变菌在40、50、60 g/L葡萄糖质量浓度下进行了摇瓶发酵;36 h后TWF001ΔptsH,Ptrc：：PgalP在40 g/L葡萄糖质量浓度时,L-苏氨酸产量达到26.16 g/L,糖酸转化率为0.65 g/g,L-苏氨酸产量提升幅度达42.12%。研究结果说明优化葡萄糖转运可以有效提高大肠杆菌L-苏氨酸合成能力。     

色氨酸转运系统改造对大肠杆菌产L-色氨酸的影响

近年来,转运系统改造已经成为氨基酸菌株菌种改良的重要手段。本研究以工业生产菌Escherichia coli MT-01/p Trp-01为出发菌株,首先利用Red重组技术,在菌株MT-01/p Trp-01基因组上敲除了色氨酸吸收基因mtr,发酵结果表明,敲除敲除突变菌的L-色氨酸产量达到35.87 g/L,与出发菌株E.coli MT-01/p Trp-01相比提高了32%;在此基础上,进一步考察了三种不同启动子(Pr,Ptac,Pser A)控制下L-色氨酸分泌基因ydd G的差异表达对菌体生长及菌株产L-色氨酸的影响。结果表明,当采用组成型启动子tac时,ydd G基因的过表达菌株L-色氨酸的产量为41.01 g/L,比mtr敲除菌株E.coli MT-11/p Trp-01的产量提高了14.3%,当采用温度诱导型启动子Pr调控ydd G基因表达时,L-色氨酸的产量与mtr敲除菌株E.coli MT-11/p Trp-01的产量相比提高了9.3%,L-色氨酸的产量达到了39.22 g/L;而采用基因ser A的天然启动子调控ydd G表达时,菌体的生长受到了明显抑制,L-色氨酸产量仅有27.1 g/L的色氨酸。综上,大肠杆菌基因mtr的敲除和基因ydd G的过表达均可以有效提高工程菌株生产色氨酸的能力。     

产L-丝氨酸谷氨酸棒杆菌诱变后突变基因对生长和产酸的影响

在前期研究中,通过比较基因组学分析发现产L-丝氨酸野生型谷氨酸棒杆菌SYPS-062及其突变株SYPS-062-33a之间有12个基因突变。对其中5个差异基因进行回复突变或敲除的研究,发现丙酮酸脱氢酶亚基ace E点突变与突变株SYPS-062-33a副产物积累量直接相关。在此基础上其余7个突变基因对菌株产酸和生长的影响将进一步研究,在高产L-丝氨酸谷氨酸棒杆菌ΔSSAAI中分别敲除这7个基因,发现敲除基因SD36_RS01255后,菌株OD562下降25.8%,L-丝氨酸产量下降26.4%,仅积累19.25 g/L。通过比对NCBI蛋白数据库,对基因SD36_RS01255编码的蛋白进行功能预测分析,发现其编码的蛋白部分区域与质粒pRi A4b ORF-3编码的蛋白类似,参与DNA修复。敲除基因SD36_RS01255影响DNA的修复,从而造成菌株生长和L-丝氨酸产量的下降。而过表达基因SD36_RS01255对谷氨酸棒杆菌ΔSSAAI的生长、L-丝氨酸的产量却未造成显著影响。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌ATCC 14067中L-精氨酸合成途径关键酶的过表达对L-精氨酸合成的影响

谷氨酸棒杆菌中与精氨酸合成相关的酶主要是由2个操纵子基因簇argCJBDFR和argGH编码合成。此外,在L-精氨酸合成途径的前体物谷氨酸和氨甲酰磷酸的合成中,由gdh、icd、gltA、carAB 4个基因分别编码的谷氨酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、柠檬酸合酶、氨甲酰磷酸合成酶是谷氨酸和氨甲酰磷酸合成的关键酶。研究以解除了L-精氨酸的别构抑制作用的谷氨酸棒杆菌为出发菌株,利用3种不同抗性的表达质粒分别对这些关键酶的编码基因进行串联共表达。在最终得到的13个菌株中,L-精氨酸产量最高的菌株是出发菌株L-精氨酸产量的6.23倍,这表明串联过表达菌株L-精氨酸合成途径中,不同节点关键酶的编码基因可以更有效地提高菌株中L-精氨酸的产量,为进一步改造L-精氨酸的合成途径、优化L-精氨酸的产量奠定了基础。     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌合成L-高丝氨酸的代谢改造与发酵条件探究

目的:本研究以谷氨酸棒状杆菌ATCC 13032为底盘细胞,构建1株L-高丝氨酸合成菌株并分析溶氧环境对其产物合成的影响。方法:首先通过外源添加0～40 g/L的L-高丝氨酸分析谷氨酸棒状杆菌的产物耐受性;随后,通过基因thrB敲除阻断L-高丝氨酸的降解途径,获得谷氨酸棒状杆菌重组菌H1;在此基础上利用挡板摇瓶进行细胞培养以增强发酵过程中氧气供给能力。结果:与大肠杆菌相比,谷氨酸棒状杆菌对L-高丝氨酸具有更强耐受性。研究中通过敲除基因thrB构建了L-苏氨酸缺陷型谷氨酸棒状杆菌重组菌H1,发现基础培养基中加入0.5 g/L的L-苏氨酸后,该重组菌生长恢复正常水平。挡板摇瓶条件下重组菌H1的L-高丝氨酸产量增加至836.7 mg/L,较普通摇瓶产量44.6 mg/L提高了17.76倍。结论:通过阻断L-苏氨酸的合成,成功构建L-高丝氨酸合成菌株谷氨酸棒状杆菌H1,并且发现利用挡板摇瓶增强发酵过程中供氧能力是促进谷氨酸棒状杆菌高效合成L-高丝氨酸的有效手段,为后续提高L-高丝氨酸发酵产量提供了参考。     

丝氨酸吸收系统多基因敲除对大肠杆菌产L-丝氨酸的影响

sst T、cyc A、sda C和tdc C是大肠杆菌L-丝氨酸的四个吸收基因,本文在前期吸收基因单基因敲除菌的基础上,系统研究了四个吸收基因不同组合敲除对菌株生长及L-丝氨酸生产的影响。摇瓶发酵结果表明,在11个多基因敲除突变菌中,sst T·sda C双基因敲除菌,sst T·sda C·tdc C和sst T·cyc A·sda C三基因敲除菌的L-丝氨酸产量与对照相比有明显提升,分别达到271.11、312.58和322.57 mg/L;sst T·cyc A·sda C·tdc C四基因敲除菌的L-丝氨酸产量最高,达到了450.58 mg/L,是对照菌的6倍。在菌株生长方面,双基因敲除菌和三基因敲除菌的生长量优于对照菌或者与对照菌相近,而四基因敲除菌的生长量与对照菌相比则下降了28%。     

大肠杆菌丝氨酸转运系统单基因敲除对丝氨酸生产的影响

氨基酸转运系统改造是一种重要的氨基酸菌种选育方式。sda C,cyc A,sst T和tdc C是目前报道的大肠杆菌中与L-丝氨酸转运吸收相关的四个基因,本研究以实验室前期构建的L-丝氨酸工程菌SWCH-05为基础,采用Red重组系统,分别构建了sda C,cyc A,sst T和tdc C单基因敲除菌,并通过补料分批发酵实验考察了转运吸收基因缺失对菌株产L-丝氨酸的影响。发酵结果表明,sda C敲除菌L-丝氨酸产量达到了16.3 g/L,与出发菌株相比提高了43%,cyc A敲除菌L-丝氨酸产量为14.1 g/L,与出发菌株相比提高了25%,而sst T和tdc C基因敲除菌的L-丝氨酸产量均与对照菌相近。     

1dhA基因敲除对Corynebacterium glutamicum TCCC11822 发酵生产L-谷氨酸的影响

针对L-谷氨酸发酵过程中乳酸产量偏高的问题,以L-谷氨酸生产菌谷氨酸棒杆菌（Corynebactenum glutamicum） TCCC 11822为出发菌株,通过构建敲除质粒pK18mobsacB△1dh并采用同源重组技术敲除其乳酸脱氢酶编码基因1dhA,以期达到减少副产物、提高L-谷氨酸产量和转化率的目的.结果表明,与出发菌株相比1dhA基因敲除株的乳酸合成量降低了85.6％,L-谷氨酸的产量和转化率分别提高7.6％和5.5％,但生物量略有下降.本研究可为L-谷氨酸及其他氨基酸生产菌株的理性改造提供参考.     

ldhA基因敲除对Corynebacterium glutamicum TCCC11822发酵生产L-谷氨酸的影响

针对L-谷氨酸发酵过程中乳酸产量偏高的问题,以L-谷氨酸生产菌谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)TCCC11822为出发菌株,通过构建敲除质粒pK18mobsacB△ldh并采用同源重组技术敲除其乳酸脱氢酶编码基因ldhA,以期达到减少副产物、提高L-谷氨酸产量和转化率的目的。结果表明,与出发菌株相比ldhA基因敲除株的乳酸合成量降低了85.6%,L-谷氨酸的产量和转化率分别提高7.6%和5.5%,但生物量略有下降。本研究可为L-谷氨酸及其他氨基酸生产菌株的理性改造提供参考。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the