基于无理数转速比的导磁轴套磁粒研磨试验

目的 解决大型导磁类零件内表面的精密研磨加工困难、加工效率低等问题。方法 采用旋转磁极方法对内表面进行磁粒研磨。工件由车床主轴驱动旋转,将磁极伸入工件内部,并在电机驱动旋转的同时,随着车床刀架往复进给,驱使磁极与工件内表面之间填充的磁性磨粒摩擦工件表面,完成对工件内表面的光整加工。利用ADAMS软件对有理数和无理数转速比下的研磨轨迹进行模拟,讨论不同转速比对研磨轨迹和工件表面质量的影响;采用响应面法将影响研磨的主要工艺参数(工件转速、磁极转速、磁性磨粒粒径)进行优化设计;通过研磨试验分析表面形貌和表面粗糙度数据,验证优化后工艺参数的可靠性。结果 采用响应面法分析可知,当工件转速为98 r/min、磁极转速为2 435 r/min、磁性磨粒粒径为190 μm、磁粒研磨加工时间为40 min时,工件的表面粗糙度从原始Ra 3.32 μm降至Ra 0.198 μm,表面粗糙度改善率(ΔRa)为94.04%。工件表面划痕、加工纹理等表面缺陷得到了有效去除,加工后工件表面更加光亮、均匀,大幅提高了工件的使用寿命。结论 当磁极与工件的转速比为无理数时,其研磨效果最好,研磨轨迹的干涉效果更好,单位面积内的交错次数更多,交织出的网状结构网格更均匀、致密,未加工区域面积更小。采用响应面法能够对试验结果进行优化参数数学建模设计,拟合出的最佳工艺参数组合可提高大型导磁材料轴套类零件的加工效率和表面质量。     

仿形组合磁极研磨增材制造复杂表面工艺研究

目的 改善零件表面质量,延长零部件使用寿命。方法 应用Ansys Maxwell模拟仿真沿盘形磁极圆周开不同形状槽时磁极磁感应强度的分布。以钛合金(Ti6Al4V)材料增材制造的成形零件为例,基于磁粒研磨抛光技术,利用仿形组合开槽磁极对成形零件沟槽表面进行研磨抛光。结果 模拟结果表明,沿磁极圆周开均布矩形槽时,磁极的磁感应强度波峰值最大,波谷值最小,磁场强度梯度变化最大,最适合复杂工件表面的磁粒研磨。磁性磨粒粒径、磁极转速和研磨间隙等参数的设置都会影响研磨加工效果,经模拟和实验获得最佳工艺参数为磁性磨粒粒径180 μm、磁极转速1 000 r/min、研磨间隙2 mm。设置如上所述的加工工艺参数,成形零件沟槽表面粗糙度Ra由原始的10.70 μm降为0.52 μm,且其表面缺陷得到有效去除。结论 采用仿形组合开槽磁极应用磁粒研磨技术能够实现增材制造复杂零件表面的研磨抛光。     

基于异步旋转磁极的TC4薄板双面磁粒研磨工艺研究

目的 为提升传统磁粒研磨TC4薄板的加工效率,改善表面形貌,设计了相对磁极产生相对转速差的双面磁粒研磨装置。方法 基于两侧相对磁极的异步旋转,使两侧磁极产生相对转速差,进行磁性磨粒的受力和运动分析,对材料去除量进行计算分析。利用Maxwell软件,对不同的相对转速差进行磁场的模拟仿真,进而使用设计的双面磁粒研磨加工装置,对TC4薄板的双面进行研磨。最后,使用粗糙度仪和超景深3D电子显微镜,对研磨前后的工件表面进行观察分析。结果 对于磁极的同步旋转,即当两侧磁极转速为500 r/min时,正面表面粗糙度Ra的平均值从0.47 μm下降至0.2 μm,下降幅度为57%,反面表面粗糙度Ra的平均值从0.46 μm下降至0.21 μm,下降幅度为54%。对于磁极异步旋转,即磁极Ⅰ转速为500 r/min、磁极Ⅱ转速为600 r/min时,正面表面粗糙度Ra的平均值从0.47 μm下降至0.1 μm,下降幅度为78%,反面表面粗糙度Ra的平均值从0.48 μm下降至0.1 μm,下降幅度为79%,正面最大高度差的平均值从62.5 μm下降至10.4 μm,下降幅度为83%,反面最大高度差的平均值从63.2 μm下降至10.3 μm,下降幅度为84%,材料去除效率最高,表面质量得到有效改善。结论 采用异步旋转双面磁粒研磨的方式,可以有效促进磁性磨粒的翻滚运动,加速切削刃的更新。该装置加工时能够产生相对较高的磁感应强度,磁场梯度变化适中,有利于提升表面质量,修复工件表面的缺陷,大幅度提升了研磨的效率。     

金属钼圆基片平面研磨及其表面创成机理研究

目的 实现金属钼圆基片高效平坦化加工,获得超光滑表面。方法 采用游离磨料对钼圆基片进行平面研磨加工,研究磨料种类及研磨盘转速、研磨压力、研磨时间等工艺参数对研磨效果的影响规律,通过材料去除率(MRR)与表面粗糙度(Ra)的建模分析,对比钼材与高硬脆和高塑性材料,揭示其研磨工艺特性、探究其表面创成机理。结果 钼圆基片材料去除快慢和表面形貌受各因素作用的综合影响。CeO2磨料适合钼圆基片的研磨加工,材料去除方式为二体、三体摩擦塑性去除;在研磨过程中,MRR随研磨盘转速、研磨压力的递增而先增大后减小,在研磨盘转速为60 r/min、研磨压力为0.026 MPa条件下MRR达到最大;除磨料因素外,其他工艺因素对表面粗糙度的影响较小;MRR和Ra随加工时间的延长而趋于稳定;使用粒径W1 CeO2磨料在研磨盘转速为60 r/min、研磨压力为0.026 MPa下研磨40 min后,表面粗糙度Ra由46 nm降至9.53 nm,MRR达1.16 mg/min。结论 采用游离磨料研磨方法在优化工艺条件下可以有效降低表面粗糙度,获得良好表面。     

GCr15轴套纵扭超声磨削表面形貌预测及试验研究

目的 构建纵扭超声磨削(LTUG)表面形貌预测模型,分析工艺条件和参数对表面粗糙度Ra值的影响,揭示GCr15轴套LTUG内圆表面形成机理。方法 基于弹性变形对LTUG单颗磨粒运动轨迹的影响,根据切削厚度概率密度函数和相邻磨粒轨迹重叠效应,建立了多磨粒超声振动作用下的最大未变形切削厚度模型,利用表面残余材料高度公式建立了GCr15轴套内圆磨削形貌预测模型,以LTUG和普通磨削(OG)方式对GCr15轴套内圆进行试验,采用正交试验验证表面形貌模型的准确性,观察并分析LTUG和OG作用后的GCr15轴套内圆表面形貌,最后利用所建立的表面形貌模型,研究磨削参数和超声振幅对表面Ra值的影响。结果 结果表明,基于所建立的表面形貌模型计算而得的表面Ra值与试验结果间的误差在13.2%以内,与OG相比,LTUG作用下的表面沟槽磨痕更均匀;LTUG作用下的表面轮廓呈现规律的周期性波动,且随振幅的增大,表面轮廓顶峰之间的间距逐渐增大;LTUG作用下的表面Ra值均低于OG,表面Ra值的降低幅度最大达到20%,随振动幅值的增大,表面Ra值逐渐减小,当振幅增大到一定程度时,表面Ra值呈现增大趋势。结论 建立的LTUG形貌预测模型具有良好的准确性,在合适的工艺参数下,LTUG可明显降低表面Ra值,与OG相比,在相同时间内,LTUG作用下的磨粒运动轨迹长度更长,且LTUG区域的弹性变形对磨粒运动轨迹和最大未变形切削厚度均有不同程度的影响。     

采用神经网络和遗传算法优化磁粒研磨TC4弯管工艺参数

目的 提高研磨TC4弯管内表面质量及加工效率,对磁粒研磨加工工艺参数进行优化。方法 首先设定最优表面质量为优化的目标,然后将影响磁粒研磨TC4弯管内表面质量的四个主要工艺参数作为优化对象,对所要建立的神经网络隐含层节点数的个数进行试验,并选择最优值,之后建立反映TC4弯管内表面粗糙度和主要工艺参数的非线性映射模型,最终使用遗传算法得到TC4弯管内表面粗糙度最优值和磁粒研磨加工TC4弯管内表面的最优工艺参数组合,并且通过试验验证其预测结果的精确性。结果 通过建立结构为4-5-1的BP神经网络,并利用遗传算法的预测,得到了磁粒研磨加工TC4弯管最优工艺参数配置组合：磁极转速为570 r/min,加工间隙为2.0 mm,磨料粒径为178 μm（80目）,进给速度为80 mm/min。结论 使用BP神经网络创建的反映TC4弯管内表面粗糙度与加工TC4弯管内表面工艺参数之间的映射模型具有较好的精度,同时应用遗传算法全局寻优得到了最佳的工艺参数,是一种准确度较高的优化磁粒研磨TC4弯管内表面加工工艺参数的新方法。     

热辅助超声滚压温度场参数影响激光熔覆涂层表面粗糙度研究

目的 降低激光熔覆涂层的表面粗糙度。方法 采用激光熔覆技术制备铁基激光熔覆涂层,采用超声温滚压耦合热处理工艺对熔覆层进行熔覆后强化加工,重点研究温度场参数对成形表面粗糙度的影响,通过方差分析(ANOVA)确立参数显著性,同时利用响应曲面法(RSM)构建温度场参数影响铁基涂层表面粗糙度的预测模型,并进行参数优化。结果 加热温度和保温时间对成形试样表面粗糙度的影响显著。在实验参数范围内,试样的表面粗糙度与加热温度呈正相关,与保温时间呈负相关。实验结果表明,在相同保温时间下,在加热温度100、250、400 ℃条件下试样的表面粗糙度Ra分别为0.237、0.158、0.096 μm;在相同加热温度下,在保温时间为0.5、1、2 h条件下试样的表面粗糙度Ra分别为0.156、0.164、0.170 μm。可见与保温时间相比,加热温度对涂层表面粗糙度的影响更显著。参数优化分析结果表明,在实验参数范围内,在400 ℃加热温度和0.5 h保温时间条件下,试样具有最小的表面粗糙度Ra(0.089 μm)。结论 相较于车削及常温滚压工艺,采用超声温滚压耦合热处理工艺可进一步降低激光熔覆涂层的表面粗糙度,在实验参数范围内,加热温度400 ℃和保温时间0.5 h是最优的温度场参数组合。     

基于PSO-ELM的316L不锈钢细长管磁粒研磨内表面粗糙度预测模型

针对316L不锈钢细长管磁粒研磨加工过程中,最佳工艺参数难以选择,以及加工后对工件内表面粗糙度（Ra）的预测问题,将影响磁粒研磨316L不锈钢细长管内表面粗糙度的四个工艺参数作为输入值,内表面粗糙度作为输出值,构建粒子群（PSO）优化极限学习机（ELM）模型来预测316L不锈钢细长管内表面粗糙度,利用PSO对工艺参数进行全局寻优,获得最佳工艺参数组合,最后通过试验与预测结果进行对比。构建的PSO-ELM表面粗糙度预测模型拟合优度R2为0.984 8,绝对误差（MAE）为0.013 4,均方根误差（RMSE）为0.021 4。得到的最佳工艺参数组合为：主轴转速2 389.011r/min,进给速度3.167 mm/s,磨料粒径216.185μm,加工时间35.856 min,预测Ra为0.178μm。对工艺参数进行调整,试验得到的Ra为0.182μm,与预测值相比误差为2.24%。基于PSO-ELM方法构建316L不锈钢细长管内表面粗糙度预测模型,实现对工件内表面粗糙度的精确预测,应用粒子群方法得到最佳工艺参数组合,提高了磁粒研磨316L不锈钢细长管的加工效率。     

风电法兰摩擦因数预测与表面工艺优化∗

风力发电机法兰承受较大切向载荷,法兰结合面的静摩擦因数直接影响法兰连接性能,目前法兰静摩擦因数预测理论和表面工艺优化的研究较少。 为建立风电法兰结合面静摩擦因数预测模型,探究表面工艺参数对法兰静摩擦因数的影响。 基于分形理论构建法兰结合面静摩擦因数的分形预测模型,并采用摩擦试验对预测模型的准确性进行验证。 设计正交试验来探究表面粗糙度、表面处理工艺、表面涂层多种表面工艺参数对静摩擦因数的影响,建立表面工艺参数与静摩擦因数映射数学模型,基于该数学模型得到产生最大静摩擦因数的工艺组合方案。 研究结果表明:静摩擦预测模型具有较高的准确性, 为法兰精确化设计提供了理论基础。 对正交试验结果进行极差和方差分析得出:表面粗糙度对静摩擦因数影响最小,表面处理工艺次之,表面涂层的影响最大,产生最大静摩擦因数的表面工艺为:表面粗糙度为 Ra 6. 3、表面喷丸处理、涂覆 Paint B 油漆,建立的表面工艺参数与静摩擦因数映射数学模型能够准确获得最优表面工艺参数,缩短了法兰表面工艺设计周期。     

基于响应面法的镍钛合金血管支架管材内壁磁粒研磨工艺参数研究

目的 研究磁粒研磨工艺参数对超细长镍钛合金血管支架管材内壁表面粗糙度的影响.方法 搭建镍钛合金血管支架管材内壁磁粒研磨加工实验设备,使用自由降落气固两相流双级雾化快凝磁性磨料制备方法,制备了铁基金刚石磁性磨料,对内径为1.0 mm、外径为1.2 mm、长度为1800～2000 mm的镍钛合金血管支架管材内壁进行磁粒光整加工.以表面粗糙度为评价指标,设计4因素3水平的响应曲面实验,探究管材旋转速度、磁极进给速度、磨料填充量和磨料粒径对表面粗糙度的影响规律及其相互作用关系,并建立4个工艺参数关于表面粗糙度模型的回归模型.使用Design-Expect 12软件对工艺参数进行优化,得到最优工艺参数组合,并加以试验验证回归模型的准确性.结果 根据响应面分析结果,管材旋转速度与磁极进给速度、管材旋转速度与磨料填充量以及管材旋转速度与磨料粒径,对表面粗糙度的交互影响作用显著.以表面粗糙度为评价指标,各工艺参数对表面粗糙度的影响因素大小排序为:管材旋转速度>磁极进给速度>磨料填充量>磨料粒径.以表面粗糙度值最小为目标,得到工艺参数组合为:管材旋转速度100 r/min,磁极进给速度5 mm/min,磨料填充量0.1 g,磨料粒径100.00μm.预测表面粗糙度Ra为0.101μm,试验实际表面粗糙度Ra为0.112μm,实际值与预测值的误差为10.9％.结论 使用磁粒研磨法对镍钛合金血管支架管材内壁进行光整加工,解决了超细、超长的镍钛合金血管支架管材内壁的光整加工问题.响应曲面法可对镍钛合金血管支架管材内壁磁粒研磨工艺参数进行优化,建立的表面粗糙度模型具有良好的预测能力,对实际工程应用具有指导意义.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.