奥氏体不锈钢A-TIG焊工艺研究

目的研究焊接参数对焊缝成形和接头宏观组织的影响。方法改变焊接电流、焊接速度、焊接电压以及活性剂中的一个参数,固定其他3个参数不变,对奥氏体不锈钢进行焊接,分析其接头宏观形貌、组织和力学性能。结果随着电流、电压的增加,焊接接头的熔深和熔宽都在增加,随着焊接速度的增加,焊接接头的熔深和熔宽都在降低,在相同参数下,将不同活性剂下的A-TIG焊接头的熔深和熔宽进行比较,发现涂敷C4活性剂接头熔深最大达到4.29mm,而常规TIG焊接头熔深为1.38mm,涂敷C4活性剂的接头熔深为TIG焊的3.11倍,且熔宽也有所减小。结论 C4活性剂A-TIG最佳工艺参数为:I=175 A,U=14 V,v=80 mm/min,此时能将6 mm板材焊透,成形良好,在此工艺下焊缝等轴晶范围最大,焊缝组织最为细小。相比于TIG焊,涂敷C4活性剂接头强度系数提升4.1%。     

PHS1800热成形钢自动化TIG焊接成形特性及工艺优化

目的 研究不同焊接参数下PHS1800热成形钢自动化TIG焊接的成形特性及其工艺优化。方法 利用自动化TIG焊接技术对厚度为1.4 mm的PHS热成形钢板进行焊接,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和万能实验机,对焊接接头的熔深、熔宽以及拉伸性能进行测试。结果 随着焊接速度的增大,焊缝熔深从板厚深度(1.4 mm)减小至0.99 mm,焊缝熔宽从8.69 mm减小至5.70 mm;随着焊接电流的增大,熔深从0.85 mm增大至板厚深度(1.4 mm),熔宽从4.52 mm增大至9.83 mm;随着脉冲频率的增大,熔深从0.98 mm增大至1.35 mm,但熔宽变化相差不明显。基于L25(5³)正交实验,确定焊接接头最大拉伸载荷为23.34 kN,其断口为脆性断裂。结论 焊接电流对成形特性影响最大,焊接速度对拉伸性能影响最显著。为了得到成形效果良好的焊接接头,热输入量不宜过高,因此需适当增大焊接速度或降低焊接电流。制备出的焊接接头成形与力学性能均良好,且优化后的工艺参数如下:焊接速度为6 mm/s,焊接电流为116 A,脉冲频率为26 Hz,可为汽车企业实际生产提供一定的理论依据。     

埋弧堆焊WC颗粒增强复合层的工艺及性能

目的针对传统钢材硬度低、不耐磨损的问题,选用WC颗粒来增强传统钢材性能,研究不同工艺对WC颗粒增强钢基材料的影响。方法采用埋弧焊方法,将含有WC颗粒的药芯焊丝在钢板表面进行堆焊,采用SVS3020显微镜、光学显微镜和显微硬度计对焊缝的显微组织进行观察与分析。结果随着焊接电流、电压的增大,焊缝成形逐渐完好,无焊缝缺陷,焊接速度增大,焊缝有夹渣缺陷产生;焊缝硬度随着电流、速度的提升而增大,但随电压的提升而下降。结论埋弧焊焊接选用350 A电流、32 V电压和20 m/s速度成形的焊缝质量最佳,基体的稀释作用对堆焊合金层的显微硬度也有明显影响。     

立上电弧增材制造板件的成形精度影响与优化

目的 针对悬臂结构立焊位置成形质量差的问题,本研究旨在探究电弧增材制造工艺参数对悬臂结构多道搭接质量及组织的影响规律,以实现悬臂结构工艺参数的预测与优化,从而提高多道搭接焊道表面质量与内部组织性能。方法 采用响应面Box-Behnken方法,分析焊接电流、焊接电压和偏移量对焊接接头成形与性能的影响规律,建立了工艺参数与焊接接头响应指标的数学模型。结果 试验结果表明,表面平整度与焊接电压成正比,与搭接率成反比;偏移量的增加先使总高减小,然后有所增加,而焊接电流与总高成正比;偏心率与焊接电流成正比,与搭接率成反比。以平整度大、总高大、偏心率接近于1为优化目标,最佳工艺参数为电流85.4 A,电压22 V,偏移量为3 mm。与预测值相比较,实际值的平整度、总高和偏心率的误差率分别为0.48%、4.40%和1.89%。研究还探究了单道多层焊接接头组织性能与工艺参数的关系,发现了焊接热影响重合区组织细化的现象。结论 研究结果验证了所构建数学模型的可靠性,对改善高难度悬臂结构制造的形貌以及提高成形质量具有重要的指导意义。     

V型坡口多层多道焊焊道几何参数预测

中厚板V型坡口多层多道焊焊接过程中,每一条焊道的几何参数都会影响最终焊缝成形质量。为了评估V型坡口多层多道焊缝成形质量,提出了基于麻雀搜索算法(SSA)优化的BP神经网络模型预测焊道几何参数。文中通过实验分析各焊接工艺参数对焊道成形几何尺寸的影响,确定了以焊接电流、焊接速度、熔池宽度作为模型的输入,将能表征焊道质量的焊道高度和焊道计算高度作为模型的输出。对优化前后BP神经网络预测模型的性能进行对比,结果表明,优化后模型预测结果的相对误差分别保持在±4%、±8%以内,模型的稳定性、准确率都有较大提升,证明了该方法可有效预测V型坡口焊接时的焊道几何参数。     

TC1 电阻微焊接接头显微组织及力学性能

目的 研究不同工艺参数（焊接电流、焊接时间）对金属箔材精密电阻微焊接头机械性能的影响。方法 采用电阻微焊接技术对0.05 mm 厚的TC1 箔材进行点焊连接试验,通过拉伸-剪切试验对焊接接头进行力学性能检测,利用硬度网格法结合金相观察,对焊接不同区域进行有效预测。结果 当焊接电流为400 A时,焊核直径随着焊接时间的增加而明显增大,而采用更高的焊接电流时,焊接时间对焊接直径没有显著影响。焊点接头的剪切力随着电流的增大而增大;在所有参数条件下,过长焊接时间都造成了焊点接头剪切力不同程度的减小。此外,由于微观组织的变化,不同焊接区域显现出不同硬度值,其中焊核硬度>母材硬度>热影响区硬度。结论 焊接电流对TC1 电阻微焊接接头力学性能影响较大;硬度网格法可以有效预测焊接不同区域。     

DP780高强钢胶接点焊的多元非线性回归模型

基于Box-Behnken Design(BBD)设计方法,开展DP780高强钢胶接点焊的试验研究。以接头的失效载荷、熔核直径为目标量,将焊接电流、焊接时间、电极压力以及各参数之间的交互作用作为影响目标量的因素,建立DP780高强钢胶接点焊接头多元非线性回归模型。试验验证表明,建立的多元非线性回归数学模型具备高的显著性且拟合程度高,可实现对接头失效载荷、熔核直径的有效预测;胶焊接头的失效载荷、熔核直径随焊接电流增大及焊接时间的延长而增大,随电极压力的减小而递增;基于回归模型获得最优工艺参数:焊接电流8.3 kA,焊接时间150 ms,电极压力0.3 MPa,对应参数下接头的失效载荷达到16 369 N。借助超声C扫图像甄别出焊核外存在胶层烧灼气化区,当焊接时间较短时,焊接电流的增加会提供更多的热输入量,导致胶层烧灼气化面积增大,进而降低接头的静力学性能。     

光束摆动对T2紫铜激光搭接焊缝成形及力学性能的影响

目的 采用激光光束摆动方式改善T2紫铜激光焊接的焊缝质量,提高T2紫铜搭接焊接头的力学性能。方法 对比不同摆动模式下T2紫铜搭接焊接头的焊缝成形,测试圆形摆动模式下摆动频率和摆动幅度对接头横截面形状的影响。采用显微镜观察分析焊缝金相组织,并研究摆动工艺参数对显微硬度、抗剪力的影响规律,最终得到最佳的工艺参数组合。结果 相对于常规激光焊接和横向、无穷摆动模式,圆形摆动模式下T2紫铜焊缝成形最好。圆形摆动模式下,摆动频率从100 Hz增大到600 Hz时,熔深相应减小,熔宽变化不大;摆动幅度从0 mm增大到2 mm时,熔深相应减小,熔宽增大。接头断裂形式一般为焊缝边缘断裂,且接头光束摆动重熔区域等轴晶有所增加。当摆动频率由100 Hz增大到500 Hz时,结合面熔宽变化不大,显微硬度相应增大,接头得到强化,抗剪力由2.07 kN增大至2.32 kN;当摆动幅度从0 mm增大到1.2 mm时,显微硬度有所降低,结合面熔宽由0.332 mm增大到1.347 mm,抗剪力随之由1.35 kN增大至2.36 kN。结论 圆形光束摆动模式下,当A=1 mm,f≥300 Hz或f=300 Hz,1 m...     

汽车轮辋用钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能

目的 为搅拌摩擦焊在轮辋钢的应用提供理论数据。方法 选用厚度为4.5 mm的江铃汽车V362轮辋钢板B380CL,采用不同的焊接参数,获得搅拌摩擦焊接头,对焊缝宏观成形及微观组织进行分析,研究焊接参数对组织的影响;通过进行拉伸试验和硬度测试,分析焊接参数对焊接接头性能的影响;对接头焊缝进行X-Ray无损探伤。结果 当搅拌头旋转速度为950 r/min,焊接速度分别为37.5, 47.5, 60 mm/min时,均能形成焊接接头。焊接速度为47.5 mm/min时,焊缝宏观成形较好,微观组织无缺陷,微观组织为铁素体和珠光体,抗拉强度最高,超过母材;焊接接头各区域微观组织硬度较母材高,伸长率较焊接速度为37.5 mm/min时的接头高。结论 搅拌摩擦焊实现轮辋钢的对接,该研究中旋转速度950 r/min,焊接速度47.5 mm/min为最佳工艺参数,接头抗拉强度超过母材。     

工艺参数对Al-Mg异种金属搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊复合焊接接头力学性能的影响

目的研究工艺参数对Al-Mg异种金属搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊复合焊接接头力学性能的影响。方法采用搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊方法,在不同焊接工艺参数下焊接2A12-T4铝合金和AZ31镁合金。结果当焊接速度为23.5mm/min、旋转速度为375 r/min时,焊接接头的抗拉剪力达到最大,为5.5 kN,比搅拌摩擦焊接头的最大抗拉剪力的5.0 kN提高了10%。结论搅拌摩擦焊-钎焊复合焊接的工艺参数会显著影响铝/镁异种金属接头力学性能,通过优化工艺参数能够获得力学性能优异的铝/镁异种金属焊接接头。复合焊接接头的抗拉剪力随着焊接速度的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.