SURFACE DEFORMATION IN THE COURSE OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKING

<正> 应力腐蚀开裂是一种比较复杂的现象,不仅与裂纹尖端的力学状态有关,而且与裂纹尖端附近的腐蚀介质条件及受应力腐蚀的材料的性质和状态有关。按照断裂力学的观点,即使对于厚度满足平面应变条件的试样,在受载后,试样表面层也并不处于平面应变状态,而是处于平面应力状态.对于这种试样进行应力腐蚀试验,单从力学因素来说,裂纹应优先在试样厚度中心部位(处于三轴应力状态)处扩展,在试样表面层,由     

预应变对工业纯钛TA2疲劳裂纹尖端应变场的影响

钛制承压设备在制造和服役过程中会产生塑性变形,影响其抗疲劳性能。为了研究预应变对工业纯钛TA2疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响,本文对原始材料、预应变量为10%、20%和30%的材料进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,结合数字图像相关(Digital image correlation, DIC)技术获取裂纹尖端应变场,研究预应变对裂纹尖端应变场的影响。结果表明：随着预应变量的增加,稳态疲劳裂纹扩展阶段的扩展速率减小,裂纹张开位移减小,裂纹张开载荷增大,裂纹尖端塑性区、塑性变形量以及循环塑性应变累积量均减小。因此预应变抑制了裂纹尖端的塑性变形及循环塑性累积,致使裂纹闭合效应愈加明显,从而抑制了裂纹的扩展。研究结果对钛制承压设备的安全评定具有参考意义。     

原奥氏体晶粒度对40CrNiMoA钢在蒸馏水中的应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳断裂过程的影响

本文作者研究了不同冶炼条件和不同奥氏体化温度热处理的40CrNiMoA钢试样在蒸馏水中的应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳行为,测定了试样的原始奥氏体晶粒度,对晶界杂质偏聚情况进行了Auger电子能谱分析,对应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳断裂的初始阶段进行了扫描电镜断口观察。根据实验结果,作者认为高强度钢40CrNiMoA在蒸馏水中的应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳行为主要与原始奥氏体晶粒度有关。晶粒大小与裂纹前端塑性区尺寸两者的相对比较决定了断裂方式,从而决定了材料的应力腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳萌生和扩展的难易程度。     

Development of a Non-collinear Nonlinear Ultrasonic-Based Technique for the Assessment of Crack Tip Deformation

Non-collinear nonlinear ultrasonic (NCNLU) wave mixing technique has been established to study the localized plastic deformation at the crack tip during fatigue. A pair of ultrasonic shear wave was mixed non-collinearly to obtain a longitudinal wave of frequency equal to the sum of the two shear wave frequencies under a resonant condition. Experiments were carried out on notched 9Cr-1Mo 3-point bend specimen during high-cycle fatigue. The variation of the NCNLU parameter with the stress accumulation at the crack tip during the fatigue crack initiation and propagation and mapping of the deformation zone around the crack tip are described in this paper.     

EFFECT OF CRACK CLOSURE ON SLOW PROPAGATION IN DUAL-PHASE STEEL

The effect of ferrite content in ferrite-martensite dual-phase steel on the initiation and prop-agation of fatigue crack and the plastic deformation at crack tip has been studied.In the rangeof ferrite content from 24.2 to 41.5％,the optimum seems to be 33.8％,of which the crack ini-tiation will be prolonged,the threshold value increased,the propagation rate decreased and theclosure stress intensity factor increased.As the propagation force is described by effectivestress intensity factor,three steels with various ferrite contents will show the same propagationbehaviour on da/dN vs △ K_(eff)curve.It is shown that the closure effect increases with thedecrease in △K at the fatigue crack tip.When △K equals to △K_(th),the closure effect reachesa maximum value of0.7 in a dual-phase steel with 33.8％ferrite.     

In situ investigation of the effect of Hydrogen on the plastic deformation ahead of the crack trip and the crack propagation for 0.15C-1.5Mn-0.17V-0.012N steel

The influence of hydrogen on the deformation ahead of the crack tip and the crack propagation were observed and studied in situ under transmission electron microscopy with dynamic tensile deformation for bridge steel. The results show that hydrogen can promote local plastic deformation ahead of the crack tip and change the mode of crack propagation so that the crack will propagate in a zigzag path.     

阳极电流对纯铜裂尖表面形变和总体形变影响的对比

采用微机控制激光散斑干涉技术，对多晶纯铜平板预裂纹试样在空气及在３．５％ＮａＣｌ溶液中外加阳极电流条件下的裂纹张开位移进行了原位测量，并对比了这两种条件下，裂尖表面应变场的变化，研究了阳极溶解对裂尖材料总体形变和表面形变的影响。结果表明：加阳极电流后，裂尖表面应变量和应变范围都明显增大，而反映裂尖总体形变的张开位移变化很小。阳极溶解对金属内部材料的形变没有直接的影响，只能缓解金属表面的变形硬化，促进金属的表面变形．     

极化和频率对A537钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

利用三电极技术研究了极化和频率对A537低合金钢在3.5%NaCl活化体系的腐蚀疲劳的裂纹扩展行为,包括对裂纹扩展速率和断口形貌的影响.结果表明,在活化体系中,强极化条件,频率越小,裂纹扩展速率越大;在阴极保护条件下,频率对裂纹扩展速率的影响很小.阳极溶解和阴极析氢可以增加裂纹扩展速率.裂尖析氢量的大小决定了断口解理面大小.在裂尖塑性区内的位错结构为胞结构,而在塑性区外为长位错线     

MECHANISM OF SLOW CRACK GROWTH AND STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

通过金相跟踪观察、力学测量及断口分析,研究了奥氏体不锈钢氢致开裂和应力腐蚀的机理.结果表明,无论是不稳定型(321)还是稳定型(310)奥氏体不锈钢,电解充氢时先产生塑性变形,当它发展到临界状态时就导致氢致裂纹的形核.但在42%MgCl_2沸腾溶液中应力腐蚀时,裂纹的形核和滞后塑性变形无关.两种(321)輿氏体不锈钢应力腐蚀的门槛值K_(ISCC)远比严重充氢时氢致开裂的门槛值K_(IH)要低.两者的断口形貌也不同,应力腐蚀是解理断口,且和K_I无关.而氢致开裂断口和K_I有关,K_I高是韧窝,K_I低则获得准解理断口.实验表明,氢在奥氏体不锈钢应力腐蚀(沸腾MgCl_2介质)过程中并不起主要作用.     

氢在钢的硫化物应力腐蚀破裂中的作用

本文研究了12MnMoVNbTi低合金钢在饱和H_3S溶液中的极化和应力腐蚀行为,并与电解充氢条件下的应力破裂行为进行了对比。证明钢中Mo、Nb含量的变化与热处理条件的不同对其一般腐蚀行为影响很小,但能显著改变其抗应力腐蚀性能,12MnMoVNbTi钢在H_2S介质中的应力腐蚀破裂行为与它们在充氢条件下的应力破裂行为非常类似,显示其应力腐蚀破裂的实质是氢脆。充氢条件下应力弛豫和恒载荷拉伸试验结果表明,氢有引起钢的软化和硬化的双重作用。由于氢的进入所产生的软化作用使钢在屈服强度以下发生塑性变形,但随后的硬化过程又使变形速度逐步减慢。这种由氢的作用引起的在较低应力下发生的塑性变形过程并不直接导致断裂,但塑性变形行为和氢应力破裂行为之间的关系表明,这种变形过程中的位错运动能够帮助氢的移动和向塑变区及裂纹尖端集中,促进氢脆断裂。     

Untersuchungen zur transkristallinen und interkristallinen Spannungsrißkorrosion austenitischer Chrom-Nickel-Stähle in heißen Magnesiumchlorid-Lösungen

Investigations Into transgranular and intergranular stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels In hot magnesium chloride solutions The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steels in hot magnesium chloride solutions is known to be transgranular. Therefore the slip-step-dissolution model is most favourable when explaining the failure mechanism. Constant load and constant extension rate tests (CERT) show that both methodes are almost equivalent. Moreover constant extension rate tests in more concentrated magnesium chloride solutions at 135°C reveal a small potential range of intergranular stress corrosion cracking more negative than the range of transgranular SCC. Observations of crack nucleation and crack propagation make plain that crack nucleation is a localized corrosion process. Pitting produces crack nucleis in the elastic range whereas cracks start along slip lines after plastic deformation. Fractography of specimens which failed by intergranular and transgranular SCC show macroscopically brittle fracture surfaces. Therefore a model is proposed which explains crack propagation by hydrogen-induced intermitted cracking at high-stressed sites at the crack tip.     

Untersuchungen zur interkristallinen Spannungsrißkorrosion unlegierter Stähle in Ammoniumcarbonatlösungen

Investigation into the intercrystalline stress corrosion cracking of unalloyed steels in sodium carbonate solutions The steel St 36 is characterized by a very pronounced susceptibility to intercrystalline corrision, even under constant load. This sensitivity is limited to a potential zone of about 100 mV situated at the beginning of the passivity range (between ?600 and ?500 (SCE)). While a plastic deformation is not necessary for the initiation and propagation of cracks the propagation is accelerated at high loads. There is, however, no critical elongation rate which would give rise to preferential stress corrosion cracking. It is not possible to maintain the hypothesis according to which the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility would decrease at sufficiently low elongation rates. On the base of the results obtained one may assume the existence of disturbed zones in the oxide layer and the nucleation of cracks at such sites (possibility of “pre-existing-paths” according to parkins). The crack propagation would then be a function of the ratio of rate of advancement of the crack tip (which is assumed to be active) and the rate of repassivation of the crack walls, this repassivation being due to the formation of magnetite.     

FATIGUE CRACK GSOWTH AND CRACK CLOSURE OF SIMULATED OVER-MATCHED WELDED JOINTS

1.~onItiswellknownthatthefatigUefailureisoneofthecornmonfailuresinmetalstructuresincludingweldedstmctures.VariousformulaehavebeensuggestedtopredictfatigUecrackgrowthrates,andthosewidelyusedinpracticeareasfollows:da/dN=cI(AK)acda/dN=c2(ACOD)?/dN=c3(AJ)%FortnulaeaboverelatedfatigUecrackgrowthrate(da/dN)eitherwiththerangeofstressintensityfactor(isK),orwiththerangeofcrackopeningdisplacement(ACOD),orwiththerangeofJ--intendvalue(6J)ofafatigUeloadcycle.However,sincethediscoverybyW.Elb..['…     

基体组织对800 MPa级双相钢强塑性机制的影响

采用两种热处理工艺制度,得到不同基体组织的800 MPa级双相钢,并系统地研究了基体微观组织特征及其对强塑性机制的影响。结果表明,基体组织对800 MPa级双相钢的塑性变形机制有显著影响,从而导致性能产生差异。(F+M)双相钢由多边形铁素体和约28%的第二相马氏体组成,屈强比0.540,而伸长率达到23.3%;(BF+γ)双相钢由贝氏体铁素体基体组织和约24%的第二相残留奥氏体组成,其屈强比为0.702,同时扩孔率达到56%。(BF+γ)双相钢在塑性变形过程中,厚度约为60~150 nm的γ相可有效分解裂纹尖端的应力集中,消耗裂纹扩展能量,同时诱导残留γ发生马氏体相变引起的体积膨胀还可弥合微裂纹产生的缝隙,在α相BF和残留γ两相的协调变形机制作用下,有益于提高其强度、塑性和扩孔性能。此外,(BF+γ)双相钢大角度晶界所占比例增加至63.1%,同时基体中存在较高的位错密度,均可有效弱化微裂纹扩展的驱动能,增加其继续扩展所需能量,缓解其在变形或扩孔过程中产生的应力集中。     

Impact Energy of Functionally Graded Steels in Crack Arrester Configuration

Charpy impact energy of functionally graded steels produced by electroslag remelting composed of graded ferrite and austenite layers together with bainite or martensite intermediate layer in the form of crack arrester configuration has been investigated. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the notch tip position with respect to bainite or martensite layer significantly affects the impact energy. The closer the notch tip to the tougher layer, the higher the impact energy of the composite due to increment of energy absorbed by plastic deformation zone ahead of the notch and vice versa. Empirical relationships have been determined to correlate the impact energy of functionally graded steels to the morphology of layers.     

IN-SITU OBSERVATION OF CRACK TIP DEFORMATION IN A DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL

The development of dislocation structures in the plastic zone ahead of a crack tip has been in-vestigated in a duplex stainless steel during in-situ deformation experiments in a scanningtransmission electron microscope.It was found that the dislocation distribution wassignificantly different in the ferrite and in the austenite.In the ferrite grains,the dislocationsemitted by the crack tip may cross-slip out of the original slip planes and form a broad plasticzone.However,in the austenite,the dislocation free zone is small and the dislocations emittedby the crack pile up in its slip plane.The selection of slip systems at the crack tip depends onthe crack tip Schmid factors in both phases.But after large deformation,the selection of thesecond slip systems at the craek tip in austenite does not depend on the Schmid factors.     

钢在H_2S中的应力腐蚀机构

用抛光的 WOL 型恒位移试样跟踪观察了各种低合金钢在 H_2S 中应力腐蚀裂纹产生和扩展的规律。结果表明,当钢的强度和 K_I 均大于临界值之后,在裂纹前端将会发生滞后塑性变形,即裂纹前端塑性区的大小及其变形量将随时间延长而逐渐增加,当这种滞后塑性变形发展到临界状态时就会导致应力腐蚀裂纹的产生和扩展。对超高强钢来说,当这个滞后塑性区闭合后应力腐蚀裂纹就在其端点形核,随着滞后塑性变形的发展,这些不连续的应力腐蚀裂纹逐渐长大并互相连接。对强度较低的钢,随滞后塑性变形的发展,应力腐蚀裂纹沿着滞后塑性区边界向前扩展。已经证明这个滞后塑性变形是由氢引起的,称作氢致滞后塑性变形。利用 WO 型试样测量了在 H_2S 气体以及 H_2S 饱和水溶液中的 K_(ISCC)和 da/dt,研究了它们随强度变化的规律,以及阴极极化和阳极极化对超高强钢 K_(ISCC)和 da/dt 的影响。     

DUCTILE CRACK INITIATION AND STEADY-STATE PROPAGATION OF HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL STEEL

The resistance to crack propagation at earlier stage for a high strength structural steel withcertain ductility and its correlation to microstructures,stress states,deformation history andstrain characteristics have been investigated.The resistance to crack propagation is mainly de-termined by the plastic constrain ahead of the crack tip,the elastic energy and plastic workabsorbed in the stress-strain field.These are connected with the state function of triaxialstress.The deformation history and strain characteristic during deformation of material aredescribed by the flow line in which the deformation history and strain characteristic restrainthe crack initiation at stage Ⅱ and the crack propagation at stage Ⅲ.The strain hardeningrate may sensitively reflect the stress distribution and micro-fracture mechanism in the interi-or of material.     

高强度结构钢的韧性启裂和稳态扩展

研究了具有一定韧度的高强度结构钢裂纹早期扩展阻力与材料的微观组织结构、应力状态、变形历史和应变特性之间的关系。结果表明:裂纹扩展阻力(指J_R阻力曲线中的J_i和dJ/da)主要决定于裂纹尖端的塑性约束程度和应力应变场中消耗的弹性能和塑性功。这与三轴应力状态函数σ_mσ~(1/2)有关。材料的流变曲线描述了形变过程中的变形历史和应变特性,有明显的阶段性,其中第Ⅱ阶段的变形历史和应变特性制约着裂纹的启裂过程,第Ⅲ阶段的变形历史和应变特性制约着裂纹的扩展过程。应变硬化率dσ/dε可以敏感地反映出材料内部的应力分布和微观断裂机制。     

低合金钢在水介质中的应力腐蚀机构

用抛光的恒位移试样跟踪观察了具有广泛拉伸强度范围的四种低合金钢在各种水溶液中(高纯水、阳极极化和阴极极化下的水溶液,0.1NK_2Cr_2O_7水溶液)以及含痕量水的有机溶剂中(无水酒精,丙酮等)应力腐蚀裂纹产生和扩展的动态过程。结果表明,当钢的强度和K_1大于临界值后,在所用的各种水溶液中都能产生氢致滞后塑性变形,即加载裂纹前端的塑性区及其变形量随时间而逐渐增大。当这个氢致滞后塑性变形发展到临界状态时,就会导致应力腐蚀裂纹的形核和扩展。无论是阳极极化、阴极极化还是加缓蚀剂均不改变这类滞后塑性变形的特征,也不改变滞后塑性变形和应力腐蚀裂纹的相互关系。