"Models of behavior disorder: A formal analysis based on Woods's Taxonomy of Instrumental Conditioning": Erratum to Tryon.

Reports 2 errors in the original article by W. W. Tryon (American Psychologist, 1976, Vol 7 509–518). On page 512 the left-hand measure, line 11 "first row" should read "first column." On page 514, instead of "Signaled Contingent Reward Conditioning," the 2nd heading should read "Signaled Noncontingent Reward Conditioning." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in PA, Vol 57:4654.) Discusses the issue of formal analysis of operations in psychology. A total of 120 conditioning paradigms are derived from P. J. Woods's (see record 1975-00351-001) "Taxonomy of Instrumental Conditioning," of which 64 are predicted to produce behavior disorder and 32 are predicted to produce no behavior disorder. The remaining 24 are either redundant or "degenerate" paradigms. Eight paradigms producing behavior disorder are selected for review because they represent simple symmetrical formal relationships and have been more widely investigated. Among the phenomena covered are "superstitious" behavior, learned helplessness, experimental neurosis, anaclitic depression as a result of maternal separation, and physiological disturbances such as ulceration… (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Recall of childhood trauma: A prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse": Correction.

Reports an error the original article by L. Meyer Williams (Journal of Consulting and Counseling Psychology, 1994[Dec], 62[6], 1167–2176). On page 1172, the sentence in line 9 should read "There is a tendency for the women who were subjected to more force to recall the abuse.' (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1995-21692-001). One hundred twenty-nine women with previously documented histories of sexual victimization in childhood were interviewed and asked detailed questions about their abuse histories to answer the question "Do people actually forget traumatic events such as child sexual abuse, and if so, how common is such forgetting?' A large proportion of the women (38%) did not recall the abuse that had been reported 17 years earlier. Women who were younger at the time of the abuse and those who were molested by someone they knew were more likely to have no recall of the abuse. The implications for research and practice are discussed. Long periods with no memory of abuse should not be regarded as evidence that the abuse did not occur. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evolution and "evolutionary behavorism": Comment.

Comments on W. R. Woodward's (see record 1982-30310-001) article on the discovery of social behaviorism and social learning theory from 1870 through 1980. The article suggests that within several concepts that are related to social behaviorism and social learning theory, the same "discovery" has been made to account for an important part of behavioral variance. This involves a functional feedback model with internal variables and some kind of selection via symbolic processes that are termed "evolutionary." The present author raises concern for Woodward's use of the biological evolutionary theory in this context. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Does motor programming necessitate response execution?": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by A. Osman et al (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1990, Vol 16[1], 183–298). In Table 3 on page 192, 2 responses for high-complexity sequences should read "1 Ri?+?3 Li or 1 Li?+?3 Ri.' (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1990-13808-001.) The complexity of a movement is known to affect the time it takes to initiate the movement. This effect is thought to reflect changes in the duration of processes that operate on a motor program. This question addressed here is whether programming a movement compels the start of its overt execution. If it does, then the programming processes may be said to occur after the "point of no return.' We report results from an empirical procedure and a theoretical analysis designed to study processes before and after this point separately. According to our results, changes in the complexity of a movement affect only the prior set of processes. From this we argue that motor programming does not necessitate response execution and that the point of no return occurs very late in the information-processing system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The specialty of neuropsychology": Errata.

Reports an error in "The specialty of neuropsychology" by Anne L. Hess and Robert P. Hart (Neuropsychology, 1990[Jan], Vol 4[1], 49-52). This article does not represent an attempt by the Division 40 Committee on Professional Affairs to define the specialty of clinical neuropsychology, and was not prepared at the request of the Division 40 Committee on Professional Affairs of the American Psychological Association. The publisher extends its apologies for any confusion this may have caused. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1991-13156-001.) Presents an attempt by the Division 40 Committee on Professional Affairs of the American Psychological Association to define the specialty of clinical neuropsychology. The specialty should be defined for psychologists and consumers of psychological services (e.g., government agencies, insurance companies) so that all concerned can have a clearer sense of expectations of qualifications and standards of practice for this field. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"STOP regain": Are there negative effects of daily weighing?

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 75(5) of Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (see record 2007-13640-017). Coauthor Joseph L. Fava's affiliation was incorrect and should list Brown University Medical School/The Miriam Hospital.] Several recent studies suggest that daily weighing is important for long-term weight control, but concerns have been raised about possible adverse psychological effects. The "STOP Regain" clinical trial provides a unique opportunity to examine this issue both cross-sectionally and prospectively. Successful weight losers (N = 314) were randomly assigned to a control or to a face-to-face or Internet intervention designed to help them maintain their weight loss and were then followed for 18 months. The intervention groups reported increases in daily self-weighing, which were associated with successful weight loss maintenance. We found no evidence that increases in frequency of weighing or daily weighing per se had any adverse effects in this study population. Rather, increases in self-weighing were associated with increases in dietary restraint (p     

"Behavioral treatment of childhood obesity": Correction to Epstein and Wing.

Reports an error in "Behavioral treatment of childhood obesity" by Leonard H. Epstein and Rena R. Wing (Psychological Bulletin, 1987[May], Vol 101[3], 331-342). Tables 1 and 2 contain several errors. The correct data is provided in the erratum. These errors do not influence any of the main points or conclusions in this article. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1987-25951-001.) Obesity is a common problem in children and is associated with an increased risk of adult obesity. Twenty-four studies on the behavioral treatment of childhood obesity are reviewed. Studies involving comparisons of behavioral treatment with no treatment or placebos have shown the superiority of behavioral treatment. In addition, the effects of a number of treatment factors on outcome are suggested. These factors include parental involvement, the arrangement of treatment contingencies, and exercise. Several directions for future research are presented, including selecting which children to treat, individualizing treatment, prevention, community programs, and the side effects of weight control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Knowledge of and compliance with privileged communication and child-abuse reporting laws": Comment.

Comments on the article by J. S. Swoboda et al (see record 1980-24066-001) and asserts that this article should not have been published in the journal of Professional Psychology. Perry considers the printing of this article to be irresponsible in the damaging effects that it might have on the public's view of psychology as a profession. Perry objects to the suggestion that a significant number of psychologists would ignore or break the law without that suggestion being based upon much better evidence than is contained in this article. While Swoboda et al. are careful to refer to their results as "exploratory" and "suggestions," they nevertheless use these findings as evidence in their discussion of the "negative attitude toward the law" and "ignorance of the law." In addition, Perry asserted that the high refusal rate and the fact that the sample was restricted to eastern Nebraska may indicate a restricted and biased sample. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Marital interaction and depression": Correction to Schmaling and Jacobson.

Reports an error in "Marital interaction and depression" by Karen B. Schmaling and Neil S. Jacobson (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1990[Aug], Vol 99[3], 229-236). In this article, the measures in Table 1 were incorrectly listed. The third and fourth measures ought to read "Wife DAS" and "Husband DAS," respectively. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1991-01471-001.) In this article, patterns of marital interaction as a function of depression and marital satisfaction are examined. The purpose of the study was to separate dysfunctional marital interaction patterns that were unique to depression from those that were associated with marital distress. The presence or absence of a depressed wife was crossed with level of marital satisfaction (distressed or nondistressed) to produce four groups of subject couples. Couples in which the wife was depressed exhibited more depressive behavior than did nondepressed couples, but only during discussion of a high conflict (as opposed to neutral) topic. Sex?×?Depression Level?×?Marital Satisfaction interactions were found for aggressive behavior: Depressed women in nondistressed relationships exhibited behavior that was characteristic of maritally distressed couples (high rates of aggression). In contrast, the husbands of these women exhibited behavior that one would expect in happily married couples (low rates of aggression). We failed to replicate previous findings that depressive behavior served a coercive function, although distressed couples, regardless of depression status, exhibited all the usual signs of negative dysfunctional interaction. [An erratum for this article will appear in Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1990 (Nov), Vol 99(4). The measures in Table 1 were incorrectly listed in the original article.] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Clinical pragmatism's relation to system complexity: Vital tension or network "noise."

Comments on the article by Goldner (see record 1989-02355-001). Yet again, a feminist family therapist raises pertinent issues about family therapy practice and, once again, the question arises as to whether or not the issues will be joined. In questioning "the extent to which our way of helping confronts, obscures, or actually maintains the underlying root problems of family life" (p. 110), Goldner raises issues central to feminist concerns with family therapy. Since feminists constitute a vital sector of the field, and since the feminist critique brings to view impasses which current theory cannot traverse, these issues have to do with family therapy's survival. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Perceptions of parental relationships in the eating disorders: The relevance of depressed mood": Correction.

Reports errors in the original article by S. A. Wonderlich and W. J. Swift (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1990[Nov], Vol 99[4], 353–360). The Intrapsychic surface in Figure 1 was incorrectly labeled on Clusters 6 and 8, and the coefficients in Table 2 for "Father controls me" ought to be –0.6 for the bulimic–anorexic diagnostic group and .15 for the bulimic diagnostic group. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in PA, Vol 78:10468.) Recent studies (e.g., D. M. Garner et al; see record 1985-22960-001) have suggested that subtypes of eating-disordered persons differ in their perceptions of their family environments. This study used the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior to examine how depressed mood influenced eating-disordered Ss' ratings of their parental relationships. The results indicated that when level of mood disturbance was statistically controlled, there were no significant differences in parent ratings among 11 restricting anorexics, 11 bulimic anorexics, 26 bulimics, and 29 normal control Ss. The results are discussed in terms of the possible relations of mood, eating disorder, and perception of family relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Temporal measures of vocalization: Some methodological considerations": Correction to Swingle.

Reports an error in "Temporal measures of vocalization: Some methodological considerations" by Paul G. Swingle (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1984[Dec], Vol 47[6], 1263-1280). The copyright notice was inadvertently omitted. The notice that should have appeared on the first page of this article is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1985-11098-001.) Five studies--with 164 university students, 56 military personnel, and 4 elderly persons--examined methodological issues associated with temporal measures of vocalization. The simple measures of phonation, silence, and interrupt and measures of silence relative to phonation were found to be sensitive to task and emotional factors and were stable across experience. A procedure for analyzing interviews is presented, and potential applications of the temporal measures are discussed. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The tenacity of historical misinformation: Titchener did not invent the Titchener illusion": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by G. Burton ( History of Psychology, 2001[Aug], Vol 4[3], pp. 228-244). In this article, the author asserted that a motivation textbook by R. C. Beck (see record 1979-32908-000) falsely listed a monkey as one of the objects in which L. Albert was tested for generalization of his supposed fear of fuzzy objects. In fact, Beck accurately indicated that the monkey was used during the pretest to determine Albert's preexisting fears; Beck did not claim that the monkey was used during the generalization phase. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 2001-07674-002.) Some well-known psychological "facts" are actually false, but dispelling them is difficult. One such false fact is that Titchener introduced the illusion depicting a circle ringed by smaller circles, which appears larger than an equivalent circle surrounded by larger circles. A review of contemporary sources indicates that Ebbinghaus probably introduced this illusion in the 1890s, although not in any explicit publication, and Titchener neither had nor asserted any authorship of this figure. There are also 3 other illusions that are sometimes labeled the Ebbinghaus illusion... (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Making Psychology a Household Word": Erratum.

Reports an error in "Making Psychology a Household Word" by Ronald F. Levant (American Psychologist, 2006[Jul-Aug], Vol 61[5], 383-395). This erratum clarifies the APA Council of Representatives response to the PENS Task Force Report at its August 2005 meeting. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2006-08928-002.) This article addresses Ronald F. Levant's four APA presidential initiatives for 2005. "Making Psychology a Household Word" was both the general theme for his presidency as well as an initiative in its own right. The other three initiatives were "Promoting Health Care for the Whole Person," "Enhancing Diversity Within APA," and "Developing an APA Position on Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Where the "stars" are: The 25 most cited psychologists in Canada (1972–1976).

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 20(3) of Canadian Psychological Review (see record 2007-04327-001). Several corrections should be noted in this article. The corrections are as follows: 1) in Table 1, the subheadings "1975 1974 1973 1972" were improperly aligned with the columns, and Kimura's 1976 citation rank should have been 3 instead of 2; 2) in Table 2, the number 1 calling attention to footnote 1 was omitted from the title; 3) in Table 3, an additional heading "Citations" should have appeared over the columns "1975 1974 1973 1972" on the same line as "Publications;" 4) in Table 3, the probability levels should have read '*p     

There are no "specific correct" usages of concepts, only correct usages: Linguistic rules and the bounds of sense.

In this article we respond to Justin Sytsma's (see record 2008-01492-007) critique of our 2005 article "Analogy and Metaphor Running Amok: An Examination of the Use of Explanatory Devices in Neuroscience" (see record 2006-12348-004). We address each of Sytsma's major criticisms in turn. We conclude that, not only does Sytsma fail to convincingly demonstrate how our argument fails, he falls headlong into the very conceptual confusions we examine in our original article. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Clinicians, microcomputers, and confidentiality": Correction to Bongar.

Reports an error in "Clinicians, microcomputers, and confidentiality" by Bruce Bongar (Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 1988[Jun], Vol 19[3], 286-289). In this article, the address given on p. 286 for correspondence to the author is incorrect. The paragraph should read as follows: Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Brace Bongar, Department of Psychology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-33962-001.) Despite the microcomputer's ever-increasing popularity, one of its greatest strengths, the ability to store enormous quantities of text and data on small, concentrated types of magnetic media, could turn out to be an important structural weakness in the wall of client confidentiality that psychologists have so carefully constructed over the years. In this article I examine the possibilities for such breaches of confidentiality when psychologists use microcomputers in their practice or research. Examples illustrate the ease and rapidity with which the microcomputer's magnetic media can be duplicated, damaged, or destroyed. Recommendations are made for guidelines and techniques to ensure and maintain the confidentiality of clinical and research information when one is using a microcomputer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"STOP Regain: Are There Negative Effects of Daily Weighing?": Correction to Wing et al (2007).

Reports an error in "STOP regain: Are there negative effects of daily weighing" by Rena R. Wing, Deborah F. Tate, Amy A. Gorin, Hollie A. Raynor, Joseph L. Fava and Jason Machan (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2007[Aug], Vol 75[4], 652-656). Coauthor Joseph L. Fava's affiliation was incorrect and should list Brown University Medical School/The Miriam Hospital. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2007-11558-014.) Several recent studies suggest that daily weighing is important for long-term weight control, but concerns have been raised about possible adverse psychological effects. The "STOP Regain" clinical trial provides a unique opportunity to examine this issue both cross-sectionally and prospectively. Successful weight losers (N = 314) were randomly assigned to a control or to a face-to-face or Internet intervention designed to help them maintain their weight loss and were then followed for 18 months. The intervention groups reported increases in daily self-weighing, which were associated with successful weight loss maintenance. We found no evidence that increases in frequency of weighing or daily weighing per se had any adverse effects in this study population. Rather, increases in self-weighing were associated with increases in dietary restraint (p     

"Servants of power revisited": Reply.

Replies to the suggestion by R. P. Shore (1982) that "Servants of Power" (see record 1982-01944-001) should be brought up to date and argues that it is irrelevant to the content of his original article. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The human context of agency": Comment on Williams.

Comments on the original article, "The human context of agency," by Richard N. Williams (see record 1992-34951-001). In that article, Williams attempted to propose a solution to an old problem in psychology: free will versus determinism. In the current author's opinion, he has not done this successfully. The current author's own solution, which is presented here, is basically deterministic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)