固体氧化物燃料电池_燃气轮机混合动力系统的热力学分析

以底层固体氧化物燃料电池-燃气轮机混合动力系统(SOFC-GT)为研究对象,建立了模块化的仿真模型,并利用试验数据对仿真模型进行了验证。利用仿真模型研究了不同煤化气及生物质气为燃料时系统及主要部件的热力学性能,分析了燃料成分对系统性能的影响。结果表明,燃料中CH4及CO的含量对系统性能的影响较大。虽然SOFC的效率远高于常规热机,但其仍是系统中火用损最大的部件。     

固体氧化物燃料电池与燃气轮机混合发电系统

基于固体氧化物燃料电池系统的高效率、环保性以及排气废热的巨大利用潜能,将其与燃气轮机组成混合发电装置,是一种极有前景的分布式发电方案.文章以SWP公司的加压型SOFC-小型燃气轮机混合循环系统为例,对固体氧化物燃料电池及燃气轮机混合循环系统的原理及发展现状作了分析,为我国固体氧化物燃料电池-燃气轮机混合循环系统的研制提供参考.     

生物质气化与微型燃气轮机联合发电系统模拟分析

为了研究不同生物质对生物质气化与微型燃气轮机联合发电系统运行特性的影响,搭建了联合发电系统的模型.以木屑、秸秆、食物垃圾为原料,气化过程确定了这3种生物质的最佳空燃比依次为1.4、1.6、1.9,将相应条件下的生物质气作为微型燃气轮机的燃料,研究生物质气初温变化对燃气轮机及联合发电系统运行性能的影响.在机组输出功率为额定值时,生物质气初温由环境温度升高到450℃,所需要的生物质流量减小,联合发电系统净效率增加;在保持燃气轮机输出功不变的条件下,增设回热器,引起燃烧室出口温度升高,排烟温度降低,燃料流量减少,燃气轮机发电效率和联合发电系统净效率增大;增设回热器及提高生物质气初温均有利于减少联合发电系统中SO2、SO3的排放且不利于减少NO的排放.     

优化生物质为燃料的蒸燃联合装置参数

据《Энергетика》2013年11-12月刊报道,白俄罗斯国立技术大学的专家指出,固体生物质用作动力装置燃料将是小型动力工程的发展方向。双循环发电装置将可以大幅度地提高生物质能源的利用率,并且与蒸汽动力装置比较,在燃料利用率保持在70%水平时,可使发电效率进一步提高。最高发电效率首先由生物质燃烧条件限制的燃气轮机入口空气温度所决定。在此容许温度下,最佳空气流量系数为3.5-5.0,压气机压比为4.5-5.5。     

固体氧化物燃料电池与燃气轮机联合发电系统模拟研究

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)是一种高效低污染的新型能源。建立了以天然气为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池和燃气轮机(GT)联合发电系统的计算模型,并对具体系统进行计算。结果表明：SOFC与GT组戍的联合发电系统,发电效率可达68％(LHV);加上利用的余热,整个系统的能量利用率可以超过80％。文中还分析了SOFC的工作压力、电流密度等参数对系统性能的影响,提高工作压力,可以增加电池发电量,提高系统的发电效率;而电流密度的增大将使SOFC及整个系统的发电量降低。     

生物质气微型燃气轮机运行性能分析

为研究生物质气微型燃气轮机的运行性能,构建了微型燃气轮机模型。基于C60微型燃气轮机的设计数据,首先以天然气为燃料,验证了模型的合理性。然后以沼气、松木气和干牛粪气等生物质气为燃料,在机组输出功率为60 kW及燃烧室出口温度为1 145 K两个工况分别得到燃气轮机的主要输出参数。结果表明：维持燃气轮机输出功率为60 kW时,所需生物质气流量增大,燃烧室出口温度降低,压比增大,压气机耗功减少,机组效率提高;维持燃烧室出口温度为1 145 K,燃料流量增加,引起燃气流量增大,透平的输出功增多,机组输出功率和机组效率增大;燃料初温从300 K升高到700 K,当保持额定输出功率时随着燃料初温上升机组热效率增大;当保持额定燃烧室出口温度时,随着燃料初温上升燃料流量减少,机组输出功率和机组热效率降低。     

低热值燃料对微型燃气轮机运行特性的影响

生物质气具有热值低、可燃成分不同的特点,这种特点导致生物质气在微型燃气轮机上的应用存在问题.为天然气设计的微型燃气轮机应用低热值燃料时,会导致工质流量和热力学特性的变化,从而导致燃气轮机运行特性的变化.为将这种低热值燃料应用于微型燃气轮机,提出了几种对微型燃气轮机进行调整和改进的方法,使微型燃气轮机能适应这种低热值的燃料.应用数学模型,计算出了在应用这些方法后对微型燃气轮机运行特性的影响.结果表明,应用低热值燃料后微型燃气轮机的运行特性会发生明显的改变,在调节和改进方法中对压气机和透平进行改进以适应新的流量匹配是最适合的方法.除匹配外,还提出了一些应用低热值燃料有待解决的问题.     

SOFC在天然气分布式应用中的经济性分析

固体氧化物燃料电池属于第三代燃料电池,是一种在中高温下直接将储存在燃料和氧化剂中的化学能高效、环境友好地转化成电能的全固态化学发电装置。固体氧化物燃料电池具有燃料适应性广、能量转换效率高、全固态、模块化组装、零污染等优点,可直接使用氢气、一氧化碳、天然气、液化气、煤气及生物质气等多种碳氢燃料。对不同应用场景下以天然气为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池分布式应用进行经济性分析。     

基于固体氧化物燃料电池的有机工质余热发电联合系统特性的理论研究

针对有机朗肯循环对低温余热回收的显著优势,提出了一种基于固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的有机工质余热发电联合系统.该系统包含内重整SOFC、后燃室、燃气轮机、压气机、预热器和有机朗肯循环,实现了能量的梯级利用,有效地提高了系统的总发电效率.在稳态数学模型的基础上,建立了基于SOFC的有机工质余热发电联合系统的热力仿真分析平台,研究了关键参数对系统性能的影响.结果表明:在设计工况下,系统的总发电效率可达65%以上;随着燃料摩尔流量的增加,系统的净输出功增加,但系统的总发电效率有所下降;在一定范围内,增大压气机压比可以提高系统净输出功和总发电效率;随着蒸汽与碳物质的量比的增大,系统的净输出功减小,总发电效率下降.     

生物质气化—燃料电池发电系统性能分析

建立了基于热力学平衡的生物质气化模型,利用平衡模型分析了气化过程的特性,研究了气化过程的反应规律及各种因素对气化性能指标的影响,详细分析了当量比及物料湿度对气体产物成分及气化产物热值的影响.同时,建立了以生物质气为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池的数学模型,该模型考虑了燃料电池的能斯特电动势及各种极化损失.利用建立的模型分析了操作参数以及物料湿度和生物质种类对生物质气化—燃料电池发电系统性能的影响.结果表明,生物质气化—燃料电池发电系统的发电效率可达30％,热电联产效率最高可达95％以上.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.