球团矿中MgO含量对炉料熔滴性能的影响

球团矿带入适宜的MgO可以提高炉渣的冶金性能,有利于高炉冶炼。为了探究球团矿MgO含量对高炉炉料性能的影响,在全球团冶炼的条件下,以高炉终渣成分为依据进行配料,利用高温熔滴炉检测球团矿不同w(MgO)时高炉初渣性质、炉料软熔滴落性能的变化情况。试验结果表明,随球团矿w(MgO)升高,初渣中未矿化的MgO明显增多,软化结束温度升高,软化温度区间变宽,炉料软化性能变差。当球团矿w(MgO)大于1.01%后初渣熔点升高,导致熔化特征温度升高,熔化带位置向高温区移动,熔化温度区间变窄,熔化带透气性提高;炉料的软熔带温度区间由229 ℃升高至269 ℃,软熔带增厚,炉料整体透气性变差。由于初渣中w((MgO))随之增加,初渣黏度升高,炉料最大压差和熔滴性能特征值增大。因此,在试验范围内,随球团矿w(MgO)升高,高炉炉料的软熔滴落性能恶化,渣铁分离变差,不利于高炉顺行。     

Blast furnace burden softening and melting phenomena: Part III. melt onset and initial microstructural transformations in pellets

The softening and melting of the ferrous burden in the blast furnace occur in the cohesive zone, affecting the furnace’s performance. This work was designed to better understand these phenomena. In this article, the onset of melting and the evolution of the microstructure before softening were analyzed using a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM). Experiments were performed with industrial or synthetic pellets prereduced to wustite, placed over a metallic iron liner, and heated at either 1°C/min or 3°C/min under argon. The samples showed exudation of liquid, which coated the liner at temperatures above 1150°C. The melt onset for FeO-SiO₂ synthetic samples occurred at similar temperatures, regardless of the experimental conditions. The melt onset temperature for the basic samples was lower than the acid samples. A sudden increase of the amount of liquid occurred first for the acid samples. A transition in the microstructure of the burden from heterogeneous “as-received” to a partially molten homogeneous structure with wustite particles permeated by an intergranular (slag) phase was observed in the industrial samples. These results suggest that the initial liquid does not directly influence softening; rather, it acts to improve mass transport and to push the system to a semisolid.     

含碳球团直接还原熔分机理

为了探究含碳球团还原熔分机理,将分析纯的Fe₂O₃、氧化物和不同还原剂固结成球并进行等温还原实验,研究了温度、还原时间、配碳量、还原剂种类等条件对球团还原熔分行为的影响.进一步采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等手段表征了含碳球团在不同还原时间的微观结构及物相变化.实验结果表明:焙烧温度过低或过高含碳球团都不能良好熔分,配碳量增加可以提高球团还原和熔分速率,适宜的温度、碳氧摩尔比、还原剂分别是1400℃、1.2和煤粉.含碳球团还原熔分包括直接还原反应、间接还原反应、碳的气化反应、渗碳反应和铁的熔化反应,最后实现渣铁分离.      

Dephosphorization stability of hot metal by double slag operation in basic oxygen furnace

Double slag process was adopted to produce low-phosphorus steel from middle-phosphorus hot metal.To achieve a stable dephosphorization operation,conventional process was modified as follows:the blowing time was extended by approximately 1min by reducing the oxygen supply flow rate;calcium ferrite pellets were added to adjust the slag composition and viscosity;the dumping temperature was lowered by 30-50°C by the addition of calcium ferrite pellets during the double slag process to prevent phosphorus in the slag from returning to the molten steel;and the bottom-blown gas flow was increased during the blowing process.For 40 heats of comparative experiments,the rate of dephosphorization reached 91% and ranged between 87% and 95%;the phosphorus,sulfur,manganese,and oxygen contents calculated according to the compositions of molten steel and slag as well as the temperature of molten steel at the end-point of the basic oxygen furnace process were similar to the equilibrium values for the reaction between the slag and the steel.Less free calcium oxide and metallic iron were present in the final slag,and the surface of the slag mineral phase was smooth,clear,and well developed,which showed that the slag exhibited better melting effects than that produced using the conventional slag process.A steady phosphorus capacity in the slag and stable dephosphorization effects were achieved.     

Heat transfer and melting characteristics of metallized wustite pellets

The melting procedure of the metallized wustite pellet under Ar atmosphere was examined in this work. The temperature at the center and surface of the pellet was measured during pellet heating from 200 to 1550 °C. The variation of the pellet shape and the movement of melting interface were continuously monitored by means of an X-ray image system during pellet melting. The adoption of digital image processing made a significant accuracy improvement of the X-ray image analysis compared with the previous works. On the basis of experimental results, a modified unit cell model was built for describing the internal structure and the effective thermal conductivity of the metallized porous pellet. The calculated results based on the model agreed well with the experimental ones.     

含碳球团的还原熔分行为

通过高温电阻炉对含碳球团还原熔分的行为进行热态模拟研究,考察温度、配碳比、化学成分等因素对球团还原熔分的影响程度.结果表明,温度、配碳比和球团传热方向上的尺寸是控制球团还原熔分的关键;化学成分对还原速率影响不明显,但是通过改变渣的组成可对渣铁熔分起促进或抑制作用.     

High Temperature Properties of BOF Slag and its Behaviour in the Blast Furnace

Slag formation in the bosh and raceway is an important issue in the blast furnace process. SSAB works in Luleå operate with 100 % olivine pellets. A small amount of basic fluxes is added from the top, slag and limestone are used. To improve the control of slag formation, a concept with injection of BOF slag was evaluated and tested in the LKAB experimental blast furnace (EBF). In this paper, the behaviour of BOF slag as a slag former, when it is top‐charged or tuyere‐injected, is evaluated based on the results from a laboratory study including reduction tests, softening and melting tests, XRD analyses and SEM analyses. Samples taken from the EBF during excavation, and with a burden probe during operation, are examined. The evaluations show that the melting point of BOF slag is quite low and will not be increased, because of the partial reduction that occurs in the BF shaft. When carbon is present at high temperatures, reduction proceeds and a high basicity slag with a high melting point, consisting of di‐ and tricalcium silicates, is formed. When pellets with a basicity of B2 ~ 1 are used, a slag with similar properties can be formed as a result of interaction with the BOF slag. BOF slag in combination with olivine pellets with a low basicity generates a slag with intermediate basicity and the reduction of iron oxides in the slag has a small effect on the melting temperature. The BOF slag decreases the melting point of coal and coke ashes.     

Blast furnace burden softening and melting phenomena: Part II. Evolution of the structure of the pellets

This work was designed to better understand the softening and melting phenomena of ferrous feed materials in the blast furnace. In this article, the evolution of the microstructure above the softening temperature and the interaction between different types of pellets were analyzed. Experiments were performed with individual pellets as well as with mixed basic and acid pellets pre-reduced to 60 or 80 pct reduction. The samples showed the exudation of liquid from the acid, but not from the basic pellets. The interrupted experiments with mixed burden showed that above 1150 °C, there is an interaction between the acid and the basic pellets along their interface, whereas the cores of the pellets in these experiments were similar to those in the single burden experiments. The width of this interaction varies between 0.5 and 1.3 mm, depending on the temperature and pre-reduction degree. These results show that the slag from the acid pellet exuded and reacted with the surface of the basic pellet.     

含铁尘泥金属化球团的合理渣系

基于转底炉工艺,结合FeO-SiO_2-CaO三元相图,对金属化球团的渣系进行理论分析,同时开展模拟实验,研究了含铁尘泥金属化球团合理渣系结构。结果表明,对于含铁尘泥球团,当二元碱度为0.37~0.67时,渣系熔点小于1 150℃,球团在较低的还原温度下即可形成液相;随着渣系碱度的逐渐降低,含铁尘泥金属化球团的抗压强度呈现先增大后降低的趋势,当球团碱度为0.61时,抗压强度达到最大;金属化球团的强度与反应温度呈正相关性,反应温度的提高可大幅提高球团的强度。当球团二元碱度为0.85时,反应温度由1190℃提高至1220℃,球团的抗压强度可提高近100%。但随着球团碱度逐渐降低,不同温度条件下球团抗压强度的差异逐渐减小。     

赤泥预还原球团的熔分

为了实现赤泥资源高附加值化综合利用,通过高温模拟试验对赤泥含碳球团还原焙烧-熔分过程进行研究。将赤泥含碳球团在1 200℃下进行还原焙烧,并结合相图分析,向粉碎后的焙烧球团中添加一定比例的CaO、Al_2O_3进行调质和熔分。结果表明,赤泥含碳球团在1 200℃下还原12min后金属化率可达91.3%,还原效果良好;在1 450℃下进行还原熔分,可实现渣铁的有效分离,金属铁收得率可达到90%以上,所得铁水质量符合炼钢要求;熔分渣中w(TFe)可降至0.5%以下,渣中主要物相为12CaO·7Al_2O_3、CaTiO_3和2CaO·Al_2O_3·SiO_2,通过熔点性能测试试验,熔化性能符合钢液脱硫条件。     

Blast furnace burden softening and melting phenomena: Part I. Pellet bulk interaction observation

The cohesive zone in the blast furnace, where ferrous burden materials soften and melt, greatly affects the furnace’s performance. Minimizing the size and lowering the position of the cohesive zone will improve productivity and decrease the coke rate. This work was designed to better understand the softening and melting phenomena of ferrous feed materials. Different experimental techniques were used to allow the observation of different stages of softening and melting. This article examines the interaction between pellets at high temperatures under load. The pellets were reduced to 60 or 80 pct reduction degree (oxide basis), placed in a graphite crucible, and heated under N₂ gas flow, while X-ray pictures were taken at regular intervals. In addition, the contractions of the pellets and temperature were recorded. These experiments were performed with individual pellet types as well as with a mixed burden of fluxed with acid pellets at a ratio of 2:1. The dripping of liquid from the pellets occurred at different conditions depending on different reduction degrees. In those experiments where the pellets were reduced to 60 pct, the dripping also varied significantly between the basic fluxed and the other types of pellets. The meltdown of the pellets reduced to 80 pct seems to be controlled by the metallic iron shell. In the pellets reduced to 60 pct, it appears that both the metallic iron and the liquid slag determine the meltdown.     

AOD炉渣熔化温度的实验研究

利用炉渣半球点测定法,测定了宝钢不锈钢分公司炼钢厂AOD炉（120 t）氧化期渣和终渣的熔化温度,研究了AOD炉渣熔点的影响因素。结果表明,对于AOD氧化期渣,碱度和氧化镁对炉渣熔点影响不大;渣中w(TFe)在97%～20%之间变化时,增加渣中全铁可使炉渣熔点明显升高;渣中w(Cr2O3)从225%增加到30%,可使炉渣熔点升高140 ℃。对于AOD终点脱硫渣,当R＝14～18时,炉渣熔点随碱度的增大而显著升高;脱硫渣R＝18时,w(CaF2)加入12%～13%则炉渣熔点显著降低;AOD还原渣R＝16时,w(CaF2)加入95%～10.5%可显著降低炉渣熔点。     

AOD炉渣熔化温度的实验研究

利用炉渣半球点测定法,测定了宝钢不锈钢分公司炼钢厂AOD炉（120 t）氧化期渣和终渣的熔化温度,研究了AOD炉渣熔点的影响因素。结果表明,对于AOD氧化期渣,碱度和氧化镁对炉渣熔点影响不大;渣中w(TFe)在97%～20%之间变化时,增加渣中全铁可使炉渣熔点明显升高;渣中w(Cr2O3)从225%增加到30%,可使炉渣熔点升高140 ℃。对于AOD终点脱硫渣,当R＝14～18时,炉渣熔点随碱度的增大而显著升高;脱硫渣R＝18时,w(CaF2)加入12%～13%则炉渣熔点显著降低;AOD还原渣R＝16时,w(CaF2)加入95%～10.5%可显著降低炉渣熔点。     

转底炉直接还原铜渣回收铁、锌技术

采用转底炉直接还原工艺,将铜渣含碳球团在高温条件下直接还原得到金属化球团和高品位氧化锌粉尘,再通过熔分或磨矿磁选方式将铁回收,得到的铁产品可作为冶炼含铜钢的原料.转底炉中试结果表明:采用"转底炉直接还原—燃气熔分"流程处理铜渣,可获得TFe品位94%以上、铁回收率93%以上的熔分铁水;采用"转底炉直接还原—磨矿磁选"流程处理铜渣,可获得TFe品位90%以上、铁回收率85%以上的金属铁粉;采用两种流程处理铜渣,均可获得锌品位60.02%的ZnO粉尘.结果表明,经过转底炉直接还原,铜渣中的铁橄榄石Fe_2SiO_4和磁铁矿Fe_3O_4相转变为含有金属铁Fe、二氧化硅SiO_2和少量辉石相Ca(Fe,Mg)Si_2O_6的金属化球团,具备通过磨选或熔分进行进一步富集的条件.     

含钛铌铁精矿含碳球团熔分过程试验研究

为了实现我国白云鄂博地区含钛铌铁精矿资源的高效利用,以含钛铌铁精矿为原料,采用预还原-熔分的加热制度,研究熔分温度、熔分时间和碱度对含钛铌铁精矿含碳球团熔分行为以及渣系性质的影响.进一步采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等手段表征含碳球团在熔分过程中的微观结构及物相变化.实验结果表明:金属化率86.31 %的预还原含钛铌铁精矿含碳球团在1 400 ℃下熔分12 min后可实现渣铁有效分离,获得珠铁和富铌渣.随碱度升高,渣的熔点升高,渣的流动性指数降低,碱度为1.0时,球团的熔分效果较优;随熔分时间增加,含钛铌铁精矿含碳球团中的Ca₂Ti₂O₆相减少,Ca（Ti_0.4Fe_0.3Nb_0.3）O₃相增加,钙钛铌共生物的尺寸增加,呈十字树枝状.      

熔融热解工艺在钢铁行业固废处理上的应用

介绍了钢铁企业固废的发生及处理情况,针对钢铁企业固废处理存在的问题,提出采用熔融热解工艺进行固废处理。熔融热解炉采用竖式结构,将钢铁企业的渣钢、劣质金属化球团、部分社会劣质废钢、机加工废料及钢铁企业废油桶、废石棉、废布袋等危废及部分危废,在熔融热解炉中进行高温熔融处理及渣铁分离,实现固废的资源化回收,熔融热解炉铁水成本低于高炉,具有很好的经济效益;熔融热解炉同时可协同处理社会固废,实现钢厂及城市协同发展,具有良好的社会效益。     

高炉高铝低钛渣的熔化性

在Al2O3的质量分数为15.14%~18.14%,TiO2的质量分数为2%~5%的范围内研究了普通高炉渣的熔化特性。应用正交试验方法,以水钢现场高炉渣为主要原料,适当配加分析纯的Ca(OH)2、MgO、SiO2、Al2O3和TiO2化学试剂调整炉渣的组成成分,采用炉渣熔化特性测试仪半球点法测定炉渣的熔化温度。试验结果表明:渣中碱度和Al2O3含量增加,炉渣熔化性温度升高;TiO2含量增加,炉渣的熔化性温度明显下降;适当提高渣中TiO2和MgO含量可避免因Al2O3含量升高而引起的熔化性温度上升;炉渣的熔化性温度在1 320~1 400℃之间,熔化性良好。     

碱渣用于复吹转炉炼钢的试验

对复吹转炉炼钢工艺中加入碱渣作为部分造渣剂和助熔剂进行了试验研究。结果表明:加入碱渣后,终点钢水中磷含量满足要求;前期渣半球点温度降低了35.7℃,硅酸二钙含量降低了20%,富氏体含量升高了12%;终渣中硅酸三钙含量升高了60%,铁酸钙含量降低了25%(体积分数),显微结构由粒状结构转为网络状结构。上述结果表明:加入碱渣作为部分助熔剂,能够满足冶炼过程中脱磷和造渣的工艺要求,降低了炼钢生产成本。     

碳酸钙对钒钛磁铁精矿直接还原-熔分的影响

 钒钛磁铁精矿在配加石墨还原剂和碳酸钙的条件下进行预还原和熔分。试验研究了碱度（碳酸钙的加入量）以及冷却工艺对直接还原和熔分的影响。反应后的样品用XRD和化学分析法进行分析。结果表明：在低碱度范围内[(R=0～0.7)],碱度的增加有利于钒钛磁铁精矿的直接还原和熔分。熔分温度为1 600 ℃,熔分时间为20 min,试验样品在碱度为0.5时熔分状态良好,渣中几乎不带铁。空冷有利于提高渣中黑钛石的含量,但不利于镁铝尖晶石相的析出;缓冷有利于渣中镁铝尖晶石相的析出,但会使渣中黑钛石的含量有所降低。     

Characterisation studies on swelling behaviour of iron ore pellets

At JSW Steel Limited (JSWSL), pellets form the major part of the iron-bearing feed to corex and blast furnace. JSWSL produces low-basicity pellets ((CaO/SiO₂) – 0.40 to 0.50). The quality of the pellet is affected by the raw material chemistry (gangue content), flux proportion and their subsequent heat treatment to produce the fired pellets. The raw material silica, limestone addition, i.e. basicity – CaO/SiO₂ of pellet decides the mode, temperature and the amount of melt formed. The properties of the pellets are, therefore, largely governed by the form and degree of bonding achieved between ore particles and also by the stability of these bonding phases during the reduction of iron oxides. In the present study, laboratory pelletisation experiments have been carried out to know the effects of silica and basicity on the microstructure and swelling behaviour of pellets during reduction. Phase analysis was carried out using image analyser, and chemical analysis of oxide and slag phases was carried out using SEM–EDS. From the laboratory studies, it was observed that the swelling index of the pellets decreased with an increase in silica content due to the decrease in porosity. The presence of higher silica in pellet hinders the reduction step of haematite to magnetite at lower temperatures. Pellets with basicity range 0 to 0.1 exhibited lower swelling index due to the formation of high melting point fayalite phase and also at this basicity range the structure is held together by the seam-like compounds between Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂ primarily at high silica content. Higher swelling index was observed at the basicity range 0.3 to 0.7 due to the presence of low melting point calcium olivines (1115°C) between fayalite (FeSiO₄) and dicalcium silicate (Ca₂SiO₄). Low melting point slag phase enhances the swelling index of the pellets. Swelling index of the pellets considerably dropped between the basicity range 0.9 to 1.1 due to the formation of calcium ferrite phases with a close pore structure.