URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD REVITALIZATION: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ISSUES

The overall goal of this paper is to place the gentrification and reinvestment process in the context of broader metropolitan growth and change. In the first section, the gentrification and reinvestment processes are examined within the broader contexts of several general models of urban morphology. In general, these processes are viewed as normal responses of a residential area to changing economic and ecological forces in the city. In the second section, weaknesses in the literature on revitalization are identified and a research design to overcome these weaknesses is suggested. This research, if pursued, would overcome the myopia of previous research by placing revitalization in the context of overall change in the internal structure of the city.     

媒质中的城市空间——一种新的城市空间研究方法及其在历史街区改造中的应用

本文为作者申请博士学位论文纲要。全文由“基础理论研究”和若干个系列研究组成。基础理论研究部分提出在城市历史街区改造的前期研究中,以小说、绘画、摄影和电影为毁质的研究工具可以作为数据、地图、认知地图等传统研究工具的补充,用来帮助研究者认识空产物过程和空间生产驱动力,为城市设计提供依据。系列研究－针对绘画表现城市空间的特点,采用诠释学的认知方法,通过对处于现代化初期的巴黎、纽约两个城市空间的案例分析,论证了绘画工具在城市研究中的作用不容忽视。     

BLACK CLERGY AND URBAN REGIMES: The Role of Atlanta's Concerned Black Clergy

ABSTRACT: This study examines the involvement of black ministers in urban regimes through a case study of Atlanta's Concerned Black Clergy organization. In the early years of black political leadership, the black clergy were promoters of racial solidarity, oftentimes against the interests of low income residents. With black political leadership secure, the clery emerged as frequent critics of development policies during Andrew Young's years as mayor. More recently, the Concerned Black Clergy have become active regime participants helping to influence policy decisions on behalf of the city's poorer citizens. Through their organizational efforts, the Concerned Black Clergy have become part of the process of regime change in the city.     

URBAN REGIMES AND HUMAN CAPITAL POLICIES: A Study of Baltimore

ABSTRACT: Most of the research in urban affairs has centered on urban development and the politics of growth. This study shifts focus and examines how human capital development came to hold a prominent place on the local agenda in Baltimore. Urban regime theory has made a significant contribution to our understanding of the politics of physical redevelopment. This study applies regime analysis to examine the politics of human capital development.     

居民归属感、邻里交往和社区参与的机制分析*——以广州市城中村改造为例

当前各地城市出现大量城中村改造项目,城中村居民的社会融合问题备受关注。基于2010-2013年广州典型城中村和复建房社区的问卷数据,主要采用计量研究方法,探讨改造对居民归属感、邻里交往和社区参与的作用机制。实证表明,改造对居民社区情感有重要影响,正全面重塑其影响机制:复建房社区的归属感远高于城中村社区,其归属感主要受居住满意度影响;邻里熟悉度主要受与未成年子女同住、教育程度和居住年限等因素影响;邻里互助主要受人均家庭收入影响;而社区参与度则主要受户籍影响。此外,复建房社区中的社区归属感、邻里熟悉和邻里互助三者与社区参与的相互作用力有所减弱。本文指出,城中村改造的后续工作应把重点置于复建房社区内各群体的社区融合之上,着力培育社区情感。     

THE CDC MODEL OF URBAN REDEVELOPMENT: A Critique and an Alternative

ABSTRACT: This paper questions the viability of an urban redevelopment model that relies on small community development corporations (CDCs) and proposes an alternative. Because most CDCs are severely undercapitalized, they can not keep up with accelerating decay. Their existence, and the emphasis placed on their supposed successes, allow elites to blame poor neighborhood CDCs rather than external conditions for redevelopment failure. The model also emphasizes that CDCs be community–based, but because their resource base is controlled from outside the neighborhood there is really very little community control over CDCs. CDCs may even delegitimize more empowerment–focused community organizing attempts by making them appear radical. Consequently, the CDC development process may actually disorganize poor communities by creating internal competition or disrupting social networks. An alternative model of neighborhood redevelopment is proposed which emphasizes community organizing, community–controlled planning, and high–capacity multi–local CDCs held accountable through a strong community organizing process.     

城中村更新治理40年：学术思想的演进与展望

运用4W分析框架,提炼城中村更新治理目标(Why)、治理对象(What)、治理主体(Who)和治理方式(How)4个关键要素,解析城中村更新治理学术思想的演进历程,发现迄今研究可划分为3个阶段。1993-2002年为起步阶段,学界集中探讨城中村的内涵特征与形成机制,并通过介绍海外城市更新经验探索治理方式;2003-2008年为发展阶段,学界重点关注城中村更新模式,并在增长导向下构建了“政府-开发商-村民/村集体”的治理结构,主张采用市场化更新路径;2009年至今为转型阶段,学界对城中村的价值判断出现深刻转变,开始倡导空间、社会和经济协调发展的多元化治理目标,新市民等利益相关者进入学者视野,治理方式的研究强调自主更新、微更新和包容性治理。在解析学术思想发展阶段性的基础上,总结分析已有研究的贡献与不足,提出对未来研究的展望。     

城中村改造中利益相关者治理的理论与对策

重新界定了城中村与城中村改造的本质,认为城中村的本质是各种利益相关者不同利益相互关系的联结,城中村改造的本质是不同利益相关者之间利益协调的合约再安排,而城中村改造的目标是为各利益相关者有效地创造价值。论文认为,城中村改造应确立动态平衡地考虑利益相关者的多维利益要求的基本原则,遵循改造后实现价值的再创造和实现利益的重新均衡的衡量标准,有效地协调并满足包括地方政府、村集体(及其村民)、开发商、外来暂住人群等核心利益相关者的多维利益要求。最后,论文尝试从城市规划角度构建城中村改造核心利益相关者四位一体利益协调机制,并提出若干政策建议。     

URBAN REGIMES AND THE CAPACITY TO GOVERN: A Political Economy Approach

ABSTRACT: Regime theory starts with the proposition that governing capacity is not easily captured through the electoral process. Governing capacity is created and maintained by bringing together coalition partners with appropriate resources, nongovernmental as well as governmental. If a governing coalition is to be viable, it must be able to mobilize resources commensurate with its main policy agenda. The author uses this reasoning as the foundation/or comparing regimes by the nature and difficulty of the government tasks they undertake and the level and kind of resources required for these tasks. Political leadership, he argues, is a creative exercise of political choice, involving the ability to craft arrangements through which resources can be mobilized, thus enabling a community to accomplish difficult and nonroutine goals.     

体育娱乐区与城市中心再发展——以萨克拉门托国王队新球馆与"铁路广场"项目为例

以萨克拉门托国王队新球馆与"铁路广场"项目为例,阐述了体育娱乐区作为促进城市中心再发展的手段是十分有效的,其原因是形成了服务业的聚集并提升了城市中心的经济、文化功能,从而提高了城市的魅力和活力。     

旧城更新中的规划制度设计与个体产权定义——新加坡牛车水与广州金花街改造对比研究

界定明晰的产权在保持城市有序有效发展的过程中起着关键的作用,同时产权又是为制度所定义的。在旧城更新中,通过制度对产权的明确与限制,可以约束参与者的个体行为,从而实现整个城市发展的公共目标。本文通过对新加坡牛车水和广州金花街两个典型改造案例的比较,说明不同的发展目标和现状产权结构决定了旧城更新中不同的制度定义,而新设计的制度与基于原有制度的路径依赖则决定了旧城更新中的差异行为。以此为基础,文章强调清晰明确的产权定义是有效推动旧城有序更新的关键,而规划应作为明晰产权的重要环节在旧城更新中起到更大的作用。     

CORPORATELY SPONSORED REDEVELOPMENT CAMPAIGNS AND THE DEMOGRAPHIC STABILITY OF URBAN NEIGHBORHOODS: ST. LOUIS RE‐REVISITED

ABSTRACT: Much popular speculation and scientific thinking continues to hold that inner‐city neighborhoods cannot be redeveloped in a manner that is congenial to a broad array of interests and people. Lower income and minority citizens are not supposed to find a permanent place in redeveloped neighborhoods, especially, perhaps, when the rebuilding process is influenced strongly by corporations with a stake in the area being rehabilitated. This reassessment of five redevelopment campaigns in Saint Louis affirms that rebuilding sponsored by businesses and nonprofit institutions and aided by government agencies can attract and hold persons from different backgrounds, stages of life, and social classes. Maintaining a racial mix of people that is proportionate to their representation in the general population much less skewed toward becoming whiter is difficult, however.     

DOWNTOWN REDEVELOPMENT AS AN URBAN GROWTH STRATEGY: A Critical Appraisal of the Baltimore Renaissance

ABSTRACT: Since the early 1970s, Baltimore has been heralded as a model of how declining, older U.S. cities can be revitalized Baltimore's economic development strategy has hinged on the creation of a “good business climate”; the linchpin of the strategy has been the redevelopment of downtown into the “corporate center” of a new Baltimore economy based on advanced services and tourism. Despite the favorable publicity accorded Baltimore's transformation, systematic analysis of social and economic trends suggests that corporate center-business climate redevelopment has done little to boost aggregate levels of prosperity in the city. Moreover, the Baltimore strategy has generated uneven patterns of growth and exacerbated urban dualism Baltimore has become “two cities”: a city of developers, suburban professionals, and “back-to-the-city gentry who have ridden the downtown revival to handsome profits, good jobs, and conspicuous consumption; and a city of impoverished blacks and displaced manufacturing workers, who continue to suffer from shrinking economic opportunities, declining public services, and neighborhood distress. The article explores three main reasons for these results: (1) business domination of Baltimore's public-private “partnership,” (2) the absence of explicit mechanisms linking downtown redevelopment to the revitalization of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, and (3) the inherent pitfalls of building an urban economy on downtown-centered corporate services and tourism. The article concludes by briefly examining the implications of the Baltimore case for the general problem of how to generate equitable, sustainable economic development in older U.S. cities.     

COHESIVENESS WITHIN A HETEROGENEOUS URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD: Implications for Community in a Diverse Setting

Four measures of community were used to analyze the extent of community in a relatively small, heterogeneous urban neighborhood in Dayton, Ohio: membership in formal organizations, informal “neighboring,” close ties within the neighborhood and commitment to continued residence in the neighborhood Results were compared with those of similar but More homogeneous neighborhood and the heterogeneous neighborhood was found overall to have at least the equivalent indications of community. Two sets of variables account for the &h level of neighborhood community in the heterogeneous neighborhood One set is associated with traditional bases of neighborhood cohesiveness: active neighborhood-based organizations and institutions (schools and churches) and networks of friends and kin. Another set indicates the presence of a “critical mass” of college-educated liberals who appreciate the diversity of the neighborhood and its central location     

CLOSING AND OPENING SCHOOLS: THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERISTICS AND THE LOCATION OF NEW EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN A LARGE URBAN DISTRICT

ABSTRACT: New charter schools can potentially provide disenfranchised students with enhanced academic opportunities while simultaneously serving as neighborhood anchors that reinforce neighborhood socioeconomic growth. However, for both of these arguments to be true, charter schools would have to replace low‐performing public schools in currently disadvantaged, but revitalizing, neighborhoods. Using data from the Chicago Public Schools, the Common Core, and the Census, we examine the neighborhood and school‐level factors that account for where elementary schools closed and opened in Chicago during the late 1990s and 2000s. We find that schools in disadvantaged neighborhoods were more likely to close, but only because these were also underperforming and under‐enrolled schools. After controlling for educational demand, new schools were more likely to open in neighborhoods that showed signs of socioeconomic revitalization and declining proportions of white residents.     

Technology Development,Neighborhood Planning,and Negotiated Partnerships: The Case of Pittsburgh's Oakland Neighborhood

Neighborhood organizations are rarely involved in policymaking for high-technology industries, and as a result they often oppose new development initiatives. The Oakland Planning and Development Corporation (OPDC) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is an exception. That organization has attempted to influence high-tech growth in its community by commissioning a “technology impact analysis” as a tool with which to negotiate with key high-tech participants. OPDC has successfully used the analysis to broaden support and gain resources for its activities in housing and commercial development and land-use planning. OPDC's inability to establish job training and placement links to high-technology industries, however, points to difficulties in neighborhood-level planning for advanced technology economic development.     

Planning Rights in Theory and Practice: The Case of Israel

Planning rights in theory means the abstract concept of planning rights (PRs): here this concept is defined and the status of real PRs–positive or potential–is explained. Real PRs are always related to a particular context; thus any discussion must be context-specific. A pilot study researched the Israeli planning system: this paper presents the resulting inventory and status of PRs in Israel. A selective review details positive and potential PRs under participation, non-discrimination, human dignity and social justice, and evaluates their effectuation in Israel, compared to some other planning systems. The conclusions summarize the pilot study's findings and recommendations, and develop its implications for research methodology, planning theory and practice.     

THE SOCIAL IMAGE OF URBAN HOUSING—DREAMS AND REALITIES: The Case of Poland

ABSTRACT: For decades there were no links in Poland between the standard of urban housing and its costs. The growing housing aspirations of young people do not take realities into consideration. Housing construction, however, carries low priority in the national economy. The government does not take account of the social expectations of its younger citizens and the tensions and frustrations created by urban housing shortages. These issues are discussed in this article in the context of changing demographic, economic, and political realities.