Effect of reactive dyeing on the UV protection affected by knitted fabric made from different types of cotton fibre

In this study, 100% cotton knitted fabrics made from combed cotton and combed pima cotton were dyed with reactive dye, with different dye concentrations. Colour properties such as CIE L*a*b* values as well as dyeing uniformity of the dyed fabrics were measured. The relationships between colour properties and the ultraviolet protection afforded by cotton knitted fabrics were investigated. Experimental results revealed that dye concentration is the most important factor. In addition, only L* values have a direct mathematical relationship with the ultraviolet protection factor; a* and b* values and dyeing uniformity were not found to have a significant correlation with ultraviolet protection factor values. Meanwhile, knitted fabric made from combed cotton fibre has better ultraviolet protection performance than fabric made from combed pima cotton fibre.     

The Effects of Softeners on the Properties of Sulfur-Dyed Cotton Fibers

The processing of textiles to achieve a particular handle is one of the most important aspects of finishing technology. Softeners can improve some properties of textiles, depending on the chemical nature, including soft handle, smoothness, elasticity, hydrophilic, antistatic and soil release properties. They can affect the color and fastness of the dyed textile. In this research project, cotton fabrics were first scoured with nonionic detergent and then dyed with four sulfur dyes of different structures. The colors of the dyed fabrics was yellow, bluish black and bright blue. The dyed fabrics were then treated with anionic, cationic, nonionic, micro and macro silicone softeners. Nonionic, micro and macro silicone softeners decreased the lightness (L*) of all sulfur-dyed samples while anionic and cationic softeners caused only a slight alteration in lightness. The a*, b* and c* values of most dyed samples showed a little change after treatment with softeners except for the color coordinates of the yellow samples, which increased. A considerable increase in the fk values for silicone softener-treated samples was obtained. The washing fastness properties of blue samples decreased while they remained unchanged for other samples. The light fastness properties decreased for all samples after treatment with softeners.

Effect of the water content of padded cotton fabrics on reactive dye fixation in the pad-steam process

A series of padded cotton fabrics with various water contents were obtained through vacuum dehydration. The effects of the water content on the fabric temperature variation during steaming, the colour properties, and the dye fixation rate (%F) were investigated. Dye distribution in the dyed cotton fibres was assessed. The influences of steaming time and sodium carbonate concentration on K/S value and %F of the dyed fabrics with low water content were also evaluated. The results indicate that reducing the water content of the padded cotton fabric to around 25.0% prior to steaming was favoured for reactive dyeing. The temperature of the wet fabric rose rapidly, the K/S value and %F were enhanced, and in addition the dye penetration into the dyed cotton fibres was sufficient. However, for padded fabrics with extraordinarily low and high water contents (e.g. 1.4% and 70.9% respectively), both the K/S value and %F were decreased. Furthermore, a white core phenomenon was evident for the fibres of the dyed fabric with a water content of 1.4%. Variation in the L^* values was in line with the K/S values as the fabric water content varied. As expected, steaming time and sodium carbonate dosage can also affect reactive dye fixation greatly and should be determined accordingly for dyeing cotton fabric with low water content.     

Change in colour of dyed aramid fabrics by sputter etching

The aramid fabrics Technora and Conex, dyed with CI Disperse Yellow 54, CI Disperse Red 60 and CI Disperse Blue 56, were treated with sputter etching and argon low-temperature plasma. The colour depth of Technora was considerably increased by sputter etching, whereas that of Conex was not. Changes in colour were investigated by the L*, C*, h colour system. The increase in colour depth due to sputter etching was greatly dependent on the decrease of metric lightness L* and the increase of metric chroma C*.     

Textile applications of photochromic dyes. Part 4: application of commercial photochromic dyes as disperse dyes to polyester by exhaust dyeing

A series of commercial photochromic dyes was applied to polyester fabric as disperse dyes. The photocoloration properties of the dyed fabrics were investigated by applying techniques previously established in our laboratories using an independent source of ultraviolet irradiation and traditional colour measurement instrumentation. The dyed fabrics showed reversible photochromism, developing pronounced colours from weak background colours on irradiation with ultraviolet light and returning to their original state when the ultraviolet light source was removed. However, the extent of photocoloration and the depth of background colour varied significantly with the particular dye used. The dyeing procedure was optimised by maximising the degree of photocoloration, expressed as the colour difference (ΔE₁) between the colour developed after ultraviolet exposure and background colour, while minimising the background colour, expressed as the colour difference (ΔE₂) between unexposed dyed and undyed fabrics. Optimum dyeing concentrations were determined. The colour development and fading properties, fatigue resistance and storage stability of the dyed fabrics were investigated.     

The effects of functional polysiloxane resins on the color gamut and color yield of dyed polyester

It is important to evaluate the influence of textile finishing using the polymer resins on the color of dyed fabrics. In this article, three functional polysiloxanes modified with different organic groups were used to treat dyed polyester microfiber fabrics. Effects of the polysiloxanes on the color of the dyed polyester were investigated by color yield (K/S), colorimetric data of CIELAB, and the color differences (ΔE). Chemical structures of three functional polysiloxanes were the polysiloxanes with amino groups (polymer A), with perfluorocarbon groups (polymer B), or with quaternary ammonium salts and perfluorocarbon groups (polymer C). Compared with the dyed fabrics treated with the polysiloxane with amino group, the K/S of dyed fabrics treated with the polysiloxane with perfluorocarbon obviously improved. Effects of the polysiloxanes with perfluorocarbon and cationic groups on the color shade of the dyed polyester were noticeable. The fastness had not significantly changed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012     

A novel strategy to improve the dyeing properties in laccase-mediated coloration of wool fabric

Enzymatic coloration of fabrics has received worldwide attention in recent years. In order to improve the dyeing properties of enzymatically coloured fabrics, a novel strategy using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), a biological coupling agent, to pretreat wool fabric was employed in this paper. Enzymatic coloration of wool fabrics with syringic acid was carried out in the presence of laccase from Trametes versicolor. The effect of different periods on laccase-catalysed polymerisation of syringic acid was examined by UV-vis spectroscopy. Enzymatic coloration results of dyed wool fabrics were evaluated by means of K/S value and colour difference (∆E*). Process parameters, including the dosages of syringic acid and incubation time, that influenced the colour depth were studied. Meanwhile, the colour fastness and levelness of dyed wool fabrics were tested. The results showed that the UV-vis absorbance of reaction solution increased as oxidation time elapsed, and a new peak appeared at 360 nm. After pretreatment, the K/S values and colour difference values of wool fabrics dyed with poly(syringic acid) improved appreciably compared with the control samples without any pretreatment. Moreover, pretreated wool fabrics showed better dyeing fastness and levelness than control samples.     

Crosscultural comparison of color terms and preference of persimmon‐dyed fabric,Galchon

This crosscultural study was aimed at correlating color emotions and preference for persimmon‐dyed cotton fabrics known as Galchon. Cotton fabrics were dyed with persimmon powder, in a range of shades, and in some cases were also iron mordanted. Textile and fashion students from Jeju National University in Korea and North Carolina State University (NCSU) in USA participated in the visual assessment of dyed samples and were asked to scale their visual experience and state their emotion and preference for the terms “Bright,” “Heavy,” “Soft,” “Strong,” “Deep,” and “Like.” Korean observers used “Strong” for iron‐mordanted Galchon, and American observers did not associate “Bright” or “Deep” with weakly dyed fabrics. In addition to the subjective terms described, the color preference for samples was quantified using their CIE colorimetric attributes. For Korean observers, the results indicate a correlation between L^* and “Bright,” whereas for Americans a stronger correlation was obtained against “Soft.” American observers' results also show a relationship between C^* and the term “Warm,” especially for dyeings of Galchon at high concentrations. It was also found that iron mordanting affected responses from both groups but only influenced the color preference of Korean observers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 592–604, 2015     

Self-assembly of the polysiloxane modified with cationic and perfluorocarbon groups on the polyester surface and its effect on the color shade of the dyed polyester

The polysiloxane modified with cationic and perfluorocarbon groups could form film on the polyester surface by macromolecular self-assembly process. The thin film on the polyester surface could affect the color shade of dyed materials. The effect of the polysiloxane film on the color shade of the dyed polyester was investigated by reflectance spectra, color yield (K/S) and the color differences (ΔE). The colorimetric data of CIELAB was discussed. The results show that the thin film of the polysiloxane modified with cationic and perfluorocarbon groups on the polyester surface had good water repellency. The effect of the polysiloxane film on the color shade of dyed polyester was noticeable. The K/S of the dyed polyester fabrics with the modified polysiloxane film obviously increased. The reflectance spectra of the dyed fabrics treated without and with the modified polysiloxane had not significant change.     

Deep‐black‐coloring effect of fabrics made of noncircular cross‐section polyester filaments

The effects of noncircular cross‐section (NCCS) poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) filaments and its shape factor on deep‐black‐coloring of dyed fabrics were investigated by comparing to that of the circular cross‐section PET ones. Indexes such as K/S, L* and Integ values were used for characterizing the deep‐black‐coloring effect on fabrics. The results indicated that fabrics made with NCCS PET filaments exhibited good deep‐black‐coloring effects. The calculated shape factor of the NCCS PET fiber had a significant correlation with the degree of deep‐black‐coloring exhibited by the fabric made from the fibers. A qualitative optical analysis of the NCCS PET fibers was carried out to explain the causes of the deep‐coloring of the NCCS fibers. This analysis implies that the contours of the NCCS fiber composed of surfaces with varied curvature increase the scattering of light by lowering specular reflection and increasing interior reflected and refracted light. This, in turn, strengthens the deep‐coloring effect. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 511–518, 2014     

Shade darkening effect of polyorganosiloxane modified with amino and hydroxy groups on dyed polyester microfiber fabric

The novel polyorganosiloxane material S‐101 modified with amino and hydroxy groups is synthesized. Shade darkening effect of modified polyorganosiloxane on dyed polyester microfiber fabric is investigated by reflectance spectrum, color yield (K/S), and the color differences (ΔE). The colorimetric data of CIELAB is discussed. The results show that the novel material of silicone polymer modified with amino and hydroxy groups has excellent shade darkening effect on dyed polyester microfiber fabric. The rates of the color yield increase (I%) of all dyed fabric with four dyes (Disperse Yellow S‐4RL, Red GS, Blue 2BLN, and Black SF‐R) exceed 10%. The shapes of the reflectance spectra curves of the dyed fabrics before and after treated with S‐101 are not noticeable change. The dyed fabrics with the polymer have not significant effect on the wash fastness and wet rubbing fastness. The low reflectance thin film on dyed fabrics is formed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

The evaluation of procedures for dyeing silk with buckthorn and walloon oak on the basis of colour changes and fastness characteristics

In this study, silk fabric samples were dyed according to various procedures with buckthorn (Rhamnus petiolaris Boiss) and walloon oak (Quercus ithaburensis Decaisne) extracts. Reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection was utilised for the identification of dyes present in the dyed silk fabrics and the plant extracts. The extraction of dyes was carried out with a hydrochloric acid/methanol/water (2:1:1; v/v/v) mixture. The colour coordinates of the silk fabrics were measured, and the rubbing, wash and light fastness properties of the dyed silk materials were determined and are discussed.     

Preparation and properties of Fe(II)‐ion‐sensitive colour‐changing fabric

Textile fabrics were dyed with complexometric indicators (ionochromic dyes) to develop Fe(II) ionochromic fabric. Three kinds of ionochromic dye were used to dye silk fabric, and they were evaluated for colour changes triggered by Fe(II) solution. The K/S values and photos of the fabrics were then recorded. It was found that 1,10‐phenanthroline was the most suitable ionochromic dye in these dyes. Colour change from white to red could be clearly seen when 1,10‐phenanthroline‐dyed silk fabric was triggered by Fe(II) solution, but it showed no colour change when triggered by Cu(II), Mg(II), or Ca(II) solution. Moreover, 1,10‐phenanthroline‐dyed nylon, polyester, and cotton fabrics showed no obvious colour changes after triggering by Fe(II) solution. Ion concentration, pH value, and reaction time could affect the colour changes. When triggered by 8 mg l^?1 of Fe(II) solution at neutral pH for about 15 min, the ionochromic fabric showed a clear colour change. In addition, three coloured fabrics in green, blue, and yellow were also dyed with 1,10‐phenanthroline. It was found that they could also show clear colour changes when triggered by Fe(II) solution. These ionochromic fabrics may find broad application in many fields, such as Fe(II) detection, magic toys, anticounterfeiting materials, and bionic silk flowers.     

Pretreatment of cotton fabrics with polyamino carboxylic acids for salt‐free dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes

In this study, polyamino carboxylic acids have been used to improve the dyeability of cotton in a salt‐free reactive dyeing process. These polyamino carboxylic acids were prepared by partial carboxylation of polyvinylamine. Cotton fabric was pretreated with polyamino carboxylic acids and dyed with reactive dyes. The colour strengths of the dyed fabrics were evaluated by measuring the K/S values. The fastness properties (washing, rubbing and light fastness) of the dyed cotton fabrics were also measured. The pretreatment of cotton with polyamino carboxylic acids creates positive charges on the fabric surface. In this way, salt‐free reactive dyeing of cotton or dyeing with only a small amount of electrolyte is possible.     

Investigation on colour,fastness properties and HPLC‐DAD analysis of silk fibres dyed with Rubia tinctorium L. and Quercus ithaburensis Decaisne

Silk fabric samples were dyed according to the various procedures using madder (Rubia tinctorium L.) and walloon oak (Quercus ithaburensis Decaisne) extracts. The colour coordinates, K/S, as well as wash, light, rub and perspiration fastness values were determined. A reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection was utilised for the identification of the components of dyes present in the dyed fabrics and in the plant extracts.     

Effect of Silicone Nano,Nano/Micro and Nano/Macro‐Emulsion Softeners on Color Yield and Physical Characteristics of Dyed Cotton Fabric

The study of silicone nano‐emulsions and softeners to alter physical properties of undyed cotton fabric has recently gained a substantial interest. However, systematic investigation of silicon nano‐emulsion softeners on dyed cotton fabric has not so far been conducted. This paper deals with the application of silicone nano‐, micro‐, and macro‐emulsion softeners, and combinations of nano/micro and nano/macro, on dyed cotton fabric. We report the effect of silicon nano/micro‐ and nano/macro‐emulsion softeners on color yield and physical characteristics of dyed cotton fabric. All bleached fabrics were dyed with CI Reactive Black 5 and then treated with known concentrations of silicone softeners by the pad‐dry method. The silicone nano‐emulsion was combined with micro‐ and macro‐emulsion softeners using blending ratios of nano/micro (1:1) and nano/macro (1:1). Treated fabrics were compared in terms of physical properties such as fabric handling, wrinkle recovery angle, bending length, abrasion resistance and tensile strength. The color changes were evaluated by color yield (K/S) values and total color difference (ΔE_cmc). The results revealed that the silicon nano‐emulsion had better physical properties than micro‐, macro‐ and combination nano/micro‐ and nano/macro‐emulsion softeners. Among all treated samples, nano‐emulsion softeners showed better ΔE_cmc values. Scanning electron microscopy analysis suggests that the fiber morphology of treated fabrics was very smooth and uniform.     

Topping of naturally dyed wool fabrics with different natural dye sources

Wool fabrics can be dyed with synthetic dyes and even with natural dyes. To present a different aspect to the coloration of wool, the current study was focused on a topping process (ie, the dyeing of wool that was already dyed) with different natural dye sources. For this purpose, the fabrics that were already dyed with a natural dye source were once again dyed with two different natural dyes. In bottom dyeing (bottoming), fabrics were dyed with hops (Humulus lupulus L.) in the presence of different mordanting agents. Then the dyed, washed and dried samples were once again dyed (topping) with two different natural dye sources. For topping, powdered madder and acorn were tested in direct dyeing of wool samples. Finally, the colour changes were analysed with the use of a spectrophotometer. The study demonstrates that such a process (ie, bottoming with hops in the presence of different mordanting agents and then topping with madder or acorn) can be a way of obtaining different shades and colours with sufficient/good fastness values by natural dyeing.     

Kinetic studies of crease‐resistant finishing process for cotton fabrics with DMEU/MMEU prepolymer mixture

The kinetics of the crease‐resistant finishing process for cotton fabrics with DMEU/MMEU prepolymer mixture are studied. The DMEU/MMEU prepolymer resin is made from ethylene urea (EU) and paraformaldehyde (PF) with different mole ratios. The results show that the nitrogen content in the treated fabrics and the reaction rate constant increases with curing temperature and PF mole ratio. The treated fabrics with more PF in the source material have smaller E_a, Δ H*ast;, and ΔS*. The ΔG* was independent of the mole ratio in the source material, but it increases with curing temperature. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 509–513, 2002     

Modification of cellulose fiber with silk sericin

Cellulose fiber surface was modified with silk sericin (or simply, sericin). Sericin fixation on cellulose was confirmed by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry–attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR). Sericin content in finished samples was estimated by dyeing treated fabrics with an acid dye, Supranol Bordeaux B, and determining K/S and L values of the dyed fabrics. The treated fabrics were tested for free formaldehyde content, crease recovery, tensile strength, electrical resistance, water retention, and biocidal activity. From ESEM and FTIR‐ATR results, it was found that sericin coated onto cotton surfaces as a film. Increasing sericin content in the finishing solution increased the amount of coated sericin, and a greater depth of color in dyed samples and reduced free formaldehyde content in treated samples were observed. The sericin content in samples was found to have a negligible influence on tensile strength and crease recovery angle. With increasing sericin content, electrical resistivity of the samples dramatically decreased and water retention increased, indicating that sericin‐treated fabrics may be comfortable to wear because of its maintenance of moisture balance with respect to human skin. Because cotton textile coated with sericin exhibited low formaldehyde content and no biocidal activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, the fabric may reduce skin irritation and disturbance of physiological skin flora arising from textile contact. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1421–1428, 2005     

Synthesis and application to cellulose of reactive dye precursor of anti‐bacterial N‐halamine

To achieve textile dyeing and functional finishing in one process, a bleach‐resistant reactive dye precursor to anti‐bacterial N‐halamine was synthesised by reacting a type of dichlorotriazine reactive dye with 4‐amino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine. The synthesised compound, which can be transformed to an N‐halamine molecule by exposure to dilute bleach solution, was used to dye cotton fabrics. After exposure to a dilute sodium hypochlorite solution, dyed cotton fabrics showed excellent anti‐bacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7, facilitating a ca. 6‐log reduction in bacteria within a short period of contact. Compared with the dichlorotriazine reactive dye, the reactive dye precursor demonstrated comparable dyeing properties including exhaustion and fixation values. No differences in rub fastness, wash fastness or bleach fastness were detected between fabrics dyed with, respectively, dichlorotriazine reactive dye and the reactive dye precursor to N‐halamine.