Near fields of periodic gratings calculated using rigorous electromagnetic theory

Rigorous electromagnetic theory (REMT) can be used to calculate the fields above dielectric and metallic gratings. In this paper, by including evanescent orders, the near fields are presented. The Legendre method is used to carry out these calculations. In this method the fields in each of the homogeneous sections along a grating period are approximated by Legendre polynomials. This method is an exact eigenfunction method in which the eigenvalues are found using simple matrix eigenvalue/eigenvector algorithms. By carefully dealing with the boundary conditions, extremely deep and highly conducting gratings can be examined. The convergence of the diffraction orders and nonimplicit power conservation are used to test the results. Contour plots showing the absolute value of the E-field near gratings for a large range of periods, depths, duty cycles, angles of incidence, and surface profiles are presented.     

电磁场的分解在纵向非均匀光栅分析中的应用

介绍利用电磁场的分解来分析纵向非均匀光栅的方法。在此方法中,通过光栅后的散射场被按照两个相反方向分解为两个部分,然后利用传输格林函数近似求解。模拟计算结果证明该方法能较好地计算此类光栅。     

平板波导凹面衍射光栅设计方法研究

提出了一种平板波导凹面衍射光栅的设计方法,即改进的刻槽位置递推计算方法。该方法是对原有刻槽位置递推计算方法的改进,利用该改进方法可实现平板波导凹面衍射光栅的精确设计,特别是一些特殊光栅结构的设计。光栅的刻槽位置可通过一组约束方程表示,利用递推方法可求得约束方程的数值解。为提高计算精度,在方程组的数值求解过程中引入牛顿迭代算法。设计了两种特殊的光栅结构,即平接收场结构和平顶频谱响应结构,模拟结果证明了采用该方法进行设计的必要性和有效性。     

非规则几何槽形光栅衍射效率自动计算方法

为了快速地自动计算非规则几何槽形光栅的衍射效率,使用MatLab软件模拟各种槽形,自动获取槽形参数,并根据这些槽形参数运用严格耦合波分析方法,计算光栅的衍射效率。结果表明所设计的计算程序能够快速自动分析非规则几何槽形并计算其衍射效率。该方法可用于循环计算槽形逐渐变化过程中的衍射效率。     

Imaging periodic surface relief structures

Because of shadowing, multiple scatter and polarization effects, the interpretation of images of gratings with fine periods, isolated deep structures, and multiple scattering volume objects is seriously complicated. In this paper a review of the methods used to model such effects is presented. Periodic surface relief gratings are of particular current importance because of the possibility of producing calibration samples using them. Several examples which illustrate electromagnetic volume effects are examined. General trends which help in validating the use of Fourier-transform-based scalar transmittance theory are then indicated. The angular spectrum approach, which can be used, together with a scatter function generated using the rigorous electromagnetic theory, to calculate coherent, partially coherent and confocal images of volume objects, is also discussed.     

用拼接法获取大面积衍射光栅

近年来大面积衍射光栅已成为许多大型高技术工程项目的关键元件,它的获取方法也一直是光栅界探求的目标,本文简要回顾衍射光栅研制技术的发展历史,介绍了衍射光栅的发展趋势以及国内外研制大面积衍射光栅的技术现状,说明了拼接光栅的原理、方法以及利用这种方法来获取大面积衍射光栅的诸多优点.目前拼接光栅中各小光栅的衍射波阵面的位相还没有做到完全一致,要做到一致还需做很多工作,但用拼接手段来获取大面积光栅已是一种非常有效的方法.     

A Legendre collocation method for thermohydrodynamic journal-bearing problems with Elrod's cavitation algorithm

A Legendre collocation method is proposed for journal-bearing problems. The model combines the Legendre collocation method, the bulk-flow model and Elrod's cavitation algorithm. The Legendre collocation method is used to solve the momentum equations and energy equation to determine the velocity and temperature distributions while the pressure is determined by solving the bulk-flow equations using the SIMPLER scheme. This model can analyze a wide range of problems from laminar to turbulent flow with or without thermohydrodynamic (THD) effects, and resolve the detailed flow structure such as the temperature distribution near the wall region in the turbulent THD case.     

紫外平面刻划光栅杂散光数值分析及测量方法

杂散光是光栅的重要技术指标,它直接影响光栅的信噪比,尤其紫外波段的杂散光对光谱分析更为不利。为了考察平面刻划光栅在光谱仪器中使用时产生的杂散光,采用基于传统Fresnel-Kirchhoff衍射方程导出的杂散光相对强度表达式,数值分析了杂散光产生的原因。数值模拟结果表明,紫外平面刻划光栅刻槽周期随机误差以及刻槽深度随机误差是杂散光的主要来源,而光栅杂散光对光栅表面小尺度随机粗糙度并不敏感。另外,提出了平面光栅光谱仪出射狭缝相对宽度的概念,并数值分析了仪器出射狭缝高度及出射狭缝相对宽度与杂散光强度的关系。此理论分析方法分别为如何在光栅制作工艺中从根源上降低光栅杂散光以及在光栅应用过程中从使用方法上降低光栅杂散光提供了理论参考依据。最后,为了与采用滤光片法测得的光栅杂散光实验值进行比较,给出了理论求解杂散光总强度的求和公式,并对四个不同波长的杂散光进行了多次测量,使理论值和实验值的相对误差控制在13%左右。     

双矩形光栅衍射特性分析

双光栅系统的衍射一干涉效应非常重要,现从置于透镜前方的任意两个衍射屏出发,推出透镜后焦平面的光强分布可以用两个衍射屏的振幅透射率函数的相关来表示,然后把该结论用于两个完全一样的矩形光栅,得出了双矩形光栅在一些特殊间距时透镜后焦面上的光强分布可以表示为周期不同的三角形光栅透过率。     

Alignment measurement of two-dimensional zero-reference marks

Alignment with submicron or even nanometer scale resolution is of vital importance in precision engineering. By superimposing a pair of specially coded two-dimensional gratings, the correct alignment position of the two gratings can be obtained by detecting the maximum output of the sharp intensity peak. In this paper, design and fabrication of such two-dimensional zero-reference gratings are introduced. The arrangement of the experiment system is presented in detail. The alignment measurement of the reference marks is tested, and the results are compared with those obtained by autocorrelation method and diffraction analysis. It is found that experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical analysis.     

用于应力测量的可调谐光栅

为了更简单地制备出可用于应力测量的光栅褶皱结构,采用基于刚性薄膜/柔性衬底的自组装工艺制备了可调谐光栅。首先在聚乙烯对苯二酸脂(PET)薄膜上旋涂一层聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)薄膜,将双层薄膜弯曲并用氧气等离子体处理,在其表面生成一层刚性氧化层,借助柔性PET对刚性层施加均匀应力,当应力超过临界值时,在PDMS基底上自组装形成光栅褶皱结构。然后根据光栅分光原理,将这种可调谐的光栅结构应用于应力测试。实验结果表明:当光栅的曲率半径为1.4mm时,制备的可调谐光栅褶皱在0%~10%的应变范围得到的波长变化为452~507nm;当光栅的曲率半径为5.6mm时,制备的可调谐光栅褶皱在0%~15%的应变范围得到的波长变化为498~572nm。本文提出的可调谐光栅制备方法是一种成本低、工艺简单、可批量化生产的工艺方法,也是一种制备变间距光栅的潜在方法,未来有望应用于光谱仪、光通讯等领域。     

云纹法检测变线距光栅的线密度

变线距光栅在同步辐射装置、激光核聚变装置上有着广阔的应用前景,它的制作和检测方法尚未成熟,本文在介绍变线距光栅线密度变化规律的基础上,采用级数形式表达变线距光栅线密度,比较了几种测量方法后,将云纹法引入变线距光栅的检测中,从理论上介绍了几何云纹法和云纹干涉法,几何云纹法适合于线密度很低的光栅,云纹干涉法适合于线密度较高的光栅,云纹的密度反映了光栅的线密度,如果云纹非常密,精确地测量所有云纹的坐标比较难,可以用数云纹数目的方法测出光栅的密度变化,就变线距光栅的检测分别给出了有关理论公式,并给出实际测量中的光路和初步的结果,最后指出这种方法可以用在变线距光栅的加工中.     

计量光栅制造综述

计量光栅作为一种重要的传感器件,广泛应用于工业生产的诸多领域。系统介绍了计量光栅的种类,重点介绍了国内外光栅制造的主要方法、光栅复制工艺以及衡量光栅质量的基本指标和检测方法。     

单基片多次曝光实现光栅拼接的理论分析

为减少光栅拼接过程中需要控制的物理量,提出了一种利用单基片多次曝光实现光栅拼接的理论方案。这种拼接方法不但降低了光栅拼接难度,而且还避免了拼接完成后小光栅间的相对移动。对该方案的原理进行了分析,并模拟计算了两块光栅在面内的拼缝和转动对远场光斑特性的影响,获得了无像差情况下光栅拼接的精度。     

紫外全息闪耀光栅的制作

通过理论计算研究了影响闪耀光栅衍射效率的因素,并利用离子束刻蚀模拟程序模拟刻蚀闪耀光栅来确定闪耀光栅的制作参数。以理论计算的闪耀光栅参数为依据,以刻蚀模拟程序为指导,基于全息-离子束刻蚀工艺制作了闪耀波长分别为250nm和330nm,光栅尺寸分别为85mm×85mm,60mm×60mm,线密度均为1200lp/mm的闪耀光栅。第一种光栅闪耀角为8.54°,非闪耀角为72°,其250nm波长自准直入射时的-1级衍射光衍射效率约为81%;第二种光栅闪耀角为11.68°,非闪耀角为74°,330nm波长自准直入射时的-1级衍射光衍射效率约为80%。实验结果表明,提出的方法可以在制作闪耀光栅的过程中实现对闪耀角的精确控制,获得的实验结果与理论计算结果符合较好。利用该方法能够在大尺寸基底上获得衍射效率75%的紫外闪耀光栅。     

三维扫描仪软件的设计及实现

在三维扫描仪的软件设计中,在测量条纹的编码以及左右图像的匹配方面提出了一种新的算法,较好地解决了目前国内外三维扫描仪对黑色物件及反光件物体的测量一直都没有取得较好的研究效果的问题。在测量条纹的编码中,引进定位条纹作为编码的起始标志;在左右图像的测量条纹匹配中,运用设计的条纹所固有的属性来进行匹配。实验表明,该设计非常有效,目前该产品已投入生产,并获得了很好的经济效益。     

MEASUREMENT OF 2-DIMENSIONAL DISPLACEMENT USING 2-D ZERO-REFERENCE MARKS

Several 2-D displacement sensing methods are reviewed. As to the cross diffraction grating, there is no absolute zero-reference. In regards to the optical fiber method, the output signal is affected greatly by the quality of the reflecting surface and it is hard to get high resolution. Considering the concentric-circle gratings, the displacement can only be gained with complicated calculating of the experiment data. Compared with the advantages and limitations of the methods above, a novel 2-D zero-reference mark is especially proposed and demonstrated. This kind of mark has an absolute zero-reference when used in pair, and the experimental result is simple to dispose. By superimposing a pair of specially coded 2-D marks, the correct alignment position of the two marks can be detected by the maximum output of the sharp intensity peak. And each slope of the peak is of good linearity which can be used to achieve high resolution in positioning and alignment in two dimensions. Design and fabrication of such     

高效平面全息衍射光栅的获取方法

从全息衍射光栅的制作原理出发,介绍了全息光栅的主要制作方法,并与刻划光栅对比分析了全息衍射光栅的诸多优点。通过利用光栅设计的耦合波理论对全息衍射光栅槽型、槽深及槽间距等进行了优化设计,同时利用离子束刻蚀技术获得了高效率全息光栅。文中全面分析了制作高效率平面全息光栅的各项关键技术。     

光栅衍射效率的理论计算及实验验证

本文给出了一组可用于计算任意光栅绝对衍射效率的积分方程。通过解这些方程给出了三类光栅的效率曲线:红外光栅、可见光栅和掠入射光栅。本文还分析了光栅槽形顶角对光栅衍射效率的影响,并研究了掠入射光栅槽形衍射面角的选值问题,最后,给出了一些计算效率值的实验结果。     

任意槽形光栅衍射特性的矢量理论分析与计算

根据麦克斯韦基本方程组,推导了描述任意槽形光栅衍射特性的矢量理论分析方法——严格的耦合波方法,该方法可用来分析具有任意面型函数光栅在TE,TM两种偏振模式的平面波入射下的光栅衍射特性.文中讨论了偏振状态及光栅结构参数对几种典型槽形光栅衍射场的影响.