Investigation on the effect of Zn on the behaviour of S in the iron bath smelting reduction process

A computer program system was developed to simulate the smelting reduction ironmaking process. In this study, the effects of zinc, temperature, and post combustion ratio of the gas generated from the smelting reduction furnace on the behaviour of sulphur in the iron bath smelting reduction process were investigated from the thermodynamic point of view. The simulated results indicated that even a very small amount of zinc could introduce sulphur into the dust in the form of ZnS, which would effectively prevent the sulphur from entering the outlet gas. Moreover the deposited ZnO would accumulate continuously in the system in case of all dust being recycled.     

影响皮江法炼镁还原工序的因素

影响皮江法炼镁的还原工序的因素有煅白的水化活性度、灼减、吸湿，球的配比、炉料的粉碎粒度、制球后球团密度和还原温度、还原时间、真空度等．只有了解影响还原的因素，才能合理进行设计及有效指导生产．     

关于高炉炼铁工艺和熔融还原炼铁工艺的评述

钢铁工业面临自然资源和环保要求的限制以及质量和市场竞争的挑战，必将出现大量新工艺、新工艺。现代高炉炼铁工艺具有高效、低能耗、工艺完善等优势，但存在在对原燃料要求越来越苛刻的弱点。熔融还原工艺，特别是Ｃｏｒｅｘ法的工业性生产引人注目，由于它不具备替代现代高炉工艺的必要条件，且工艺尚未完全成熟，预计在相当长时间内高炉不会被淘汰。我国炼铁工作者应大力发展和强化喷吹煤粉技术，抓好现有高炉技术改造，同时积极     

流态化技术在熔融还原工艺中的应用

介绍了FINEX、FINMET、Circored和HIsmelt等几种典型熔融还原工艺采用流化床处理粉铁矿的技术及特点。总结了熔融还原中采用流化床处理粉铁矿应遵循的原则。参考国内外有关流化床处理粉铁矿的实践经验,提出了一种采用流化床处理粉铁矿的熔融还原炼铁新工艺流程,按照冶金功能分为4个系统:使用约800℃的还原煤气生产还原度约80%的DRI的流态化预热预还原系统;直接使用粉煤、高温高预还原度炉料、纯氧冶炼,二次燃烧率控制在20%左右的铁浴终还原系统;具有调节和变换终还原高温煤气和循环使用炉顶煤气功能的煤气改质系统;解决输出煤气利用的综合利用系统。     

铜渣熔融还原过程中硫的行为特征

对铜渣熔融还原过程中硫的行为特征进行了研究.结果表明,熔渣碱度从0.8增至1.4,渣硫容量增大脱硫作用增强,铁水硫含量由0.6%降至0.13%;铁水脱硫为吸热反应,熔渣温度由1 773 K升至1 823 K渣脱硫能力提升,铁水含硫由0.13%降至0.089%.熔渣-铁水硫理论分配比远大于实验时间条件下硫分配比,保温时间延长铁水脱硫率提高.熔渣碱度1.4、保温温度1 823 K和保温时间40 min时,处理后铁水含硫为0.11%,含量仍较高,需进一步对铁水进行脱硫预处理才可用于炼钢.     

基于转炉双渣冶炼工艺的锰矿直接还原合金化研究

以提高转炉双渣冶炼条件下锰矿直接还原合金化过程中锰的收得率为目的,进行了热力学理论分析,开展了实验室渣钢平衡试验和中试试验,在此基础上得出了基本结论;通过转炉工业化试验,验证了前期结论的可信性,同时得出在特定的双渣冶炼条件下,转炉锰矿直接还原过程中锰的收得率可稳定在35％～45％,具有经济上的优势,且对转炉冶炼效果有益,同时从总体上达到节能降耗、减少温室气体排放的效果.     

高铁硫化锌精矿冶炼工艺研究进展

叙述了近年来针对高铁锌精矿冶炼工艺所开展的研究工作,详细介绍了高铁锌精矿中铁的自催化—高温加压浸出工艺。工业试验表明,该工艺锌浸出率达98.05%,铁浸出率为29.22%,可有效地实现锌的选择性浸出。     

熔融还原炼镁热力学分析和模拟

为了提高现有硅热还原炼镁工艺中原料之间的反应速度,提出熔融还原炼镁新技术.在煅烧白云石中添加适量的Al2O3和SiO2,使整个体系在反应时呈完全熔融状态,从而加快反应速度.通过软件模拟、热力学分析和实验验证,在适当配比下于1 600℃可以获得完全熔化的CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2四元系.通过对熔融还原反应的热力学计算得出,平衡状态下还原温度为1 600℃时,对应镁蒸汽的露点为870℃.结果表明熔融还原炼镁新技术是可行的.     

Influence of phosphorus on the reduction of silicon in regions characterized by droplet flow of the smelting products

The influence of phosphorus on the thermodynamics of silicon reduction in Fe-Si-C melts is considered. The influence of the theoretical combustion temperature of coke in the tuyeres on the silicon content is studied in the blast-furnace smelting of low-phosphorus hot metal at AO Arcelor Mittal Temirtau.     

高铅渣还原过程渣性能及其还原特性的热力学分析

液态高铅渣的还原过程中炉渣物理化学性能变化对其还原特性至关重要。本文在分析高铅渣的主要物化性能指标及其研究方法及分析检测手段基础上,对目前铅渣物理化学性能及还原特性的研究现状进行了概述。并运用热力学软件分析计算了高铅渣还原过程的热力学特性,结果表明,在高铅渣还原反应中,从热力学角度,渣系的所有物相中,无论是和C反应还是和C0反应,Pb_8ZnSi_6O_(21)都是最容易被还原的。在温度700℃条件下,Pb_8ZnSi_6O_(21)和Pb_4SiO_6与C直接还原反应比与C0还原反应更容易进行,但是对Pb_2SiO_4和Pb0没有明显的趋势。     

Conclusions on the development of smelting reduction

The present paper summarizes the results of the US-German Symposium on “Innovative Iron and Steel Making Processes”. A survey is given on the state-of-the-art technology as well as the state and further needs of research.     

Heat transfer in an iron bath of a two-stage smelting reduction process

Mechanisms of the heat transfer by means of iron and slag drops in smelting reduction are discussed. The quantity of slag on the molten iron exists in two forms depending on the different processes: either a thin slag layer or a voluminous slag layer. In the case of a small amount of slag, iron and slag drops are spattered in the free space above the bath furnace. By smelting reduction with a high post-combustion degree, the spattered iron drops are quickly oxidized in the free space. The spattered slag drops transfer heat from the free space to the molten iron. A definition for the heat transfer efficiency in the iron bath of a two-stage smelting reduction process is presented. Experiments on heat transfer were made in an experimental EOF-furnace with 100 kg iron. The post-combustion degree and the heat transfer efficiency were on a high level, because inleaked air was used.     

氧气侧吹还原炉及高铅渣熔融还原过程研究

简要介绍了氧气侧吹炉的炉型结构,高铅渣熔融还原过程及特性。生产实践表明,采用氧气侧吹炉处理高铅渣,节能效果明显,生产清洁环保,设备运行稳定,占地少。     

Development in smelting reduction processes

Corex process is a smelting reduction process to produce hot metal of blast-furnace quality. Coal is used instead of coke, and this replacement makes production costs of hot metal decrease. Iron ore reduction and melting is separated into two steps: in a melter gasifier reducing gas is generated and melting energy is produced by coal gasification; iron ore is reduced in a shaft furnace. Due to this separation, a great variety of untreated coals can be used. The Corex process is designed to operate under elevated pressure, up to 5 bar. Reducing gas is generated in a fluidized bed by partial oxidation of coal. After leaving the melter gasifier, the gas is mixed with cooling gas to obtain a temperature suitable for direct reduction, i.e. approximately 850–900°C. The fines captured in a hot cyclone are re-injected into the gasifier. Reducing gas is fed into the reduction furnace and ascends through the iron burden according to the counterflow principle. The hot DRI having a temperature of 800–900°C is continuously charged into the melter gasifier, where further reduction is effected and melting occurs. Hot metal and slag drop to the bottom of the melter-gasifier. Analogous to blast-furnace practice hot metal and slag are discharged by conventional tapping.     

热还原法炼镁的技术现状及进展

综述了热还原法炼镁工艺的特点,分析了硅热法存在的问题,介绍了我国皮江法炼镁工艺技术的发展状况,提出了一种内热法炼镁的新思路。     

Indirect reduction in blast-furnace smelting

The influence of the intensity of blast-furnace smelting on the effectiveness of the indirect reduction of iron from wustite is considered on the basis of the Rist model, for specially prepared batch and coke of satisfactory quality. In the case of practically stable and effective reduction, broad variation in the smelting intensity in terms of oxygen is associated with acceleration of the indirect reduction, on account of increase in the concentration of reducing agents in the gas, increase in their consumption, and increase in the gas–batch contact surface. These results do not confirm the finding from the 1950s and 1960s that the dependence of the productivity and coke consumption on the smelting intensity is extremal.     

热还原法炼镁的技术现状及进展

综述了热还原法炼镁工艺的特点，分析了硅热法存在的问题，介绍了我国皮江法炼镁工艺技术的发展状况，提出了一种内热法炼镁的新思路。     

两步三段式厚渣层铁浴熔融还原炼铁工艺

针对目前熔融还原设备无法将煤气二次燃烧氧化区与铁氧化物还原区隔离而导致能耗偏高的问题,提出了一种两步三段式厚渣层铁浴熔融还原炼铁工艺,以期利用厚渣层冶炼的方法使得氧化区与还原区的梯度隔离。设计了主反应器铁浴炉尺寸与产能,并建立了工艺的整体静态模型,考察了球团金属化率与铁浴炉炉顶煤气氧化度对工艺煤耗、氧耗以及能耗的影响。在选定的适宜操作参数,即煤气氧化度55%,球团金属化率80%条件下,冶炼1t铁水,消耗球团矿1 869.83kg,煤粉674.07kg,同时得到还原度71%的改质煤气898.44kg。结合反应器的设计产能,反应器可处理球团矿3 793.66kg/(h·m2)。     

Fundamental studies related to the development of the smelting reduction of iron oxide and carbon-constant volume studies

Abstract

Today, most of the iron-making capacity of the world is still dependent upon the blast furnace process, although the production of sponge iron by direct reduction processes is gaining acceptance in many areas. Another method of making iron, known as smelting reduction, is receiving attention, and pilot-plant scale operations are being developed in Europe and possibly elsewhere. In this method, iron oxide is reduced with carbon (coal) by a fast reaction such that liquid iron is the product, heat being provided to the reaction by the exothermic oxidation of carbon monoxide by oxygen within the reaction vessel.

In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the behaviour of composite pellets of wüstite and carbon in the region of 1500°C in various gas atmospheres at constant volume. Reaction rates were followed within the constant-volume system by measuring the increase in pressure with time using a pressure transducer. Composite pellets containing slightly more than the stoichiometrically required amount of carbon were reacted to form liquid iron in an argon atmosphere; to achieve melting, good mixing of the pellets was a critical requirement. Melting conditions were also obtained in carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide mixtures between 100 per cent CO and 100 per cent CO₂ When composite pellets, surrounded by a protective layer of carbon, were introduced into an atmosphere containing free oxygen, it was again possible to obtain melting and reduction to liquid iron. The activation energy for the reaction was approximately 15 kcal/mole. Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.

Résumé

De nos jours, la réduction des oxydes de fer s'accomplit en grande partie au haut foumeau. On note toutefois une implantation graduelle des procédés de réduction directe des oxydes en fer éponge. Une autre méthode de production du fer, connue sous Ie nom de smeltage réducteur, est actuellement à l'étude. Des essais à l'échelle de l'usine pilote se font actuellement en Europe et possiblement ailleurs. La méthode consiste à produire du fer liquide en réduisant rapidement l'oxyde de fer par du carbone. L'énergie requise pour la réaction vient de l'oxydation exothermique du monoxyde de carbone par l'oxygène présént dans l'enceinte réactionnelle.

Les auteurs ont étudié le comportement de boulet1es composées de wüstite et de carbone en présence de diverses atmosphères gazeuses dans une enceinte fermée à 1,500°C. Les vitesses de réaction ont été détérminées en mesurant l'augmentation de la pression dans l'enceinte au moyen d'un transducteur de pression. Des boule1tes composées comportant un peu plus que la quantité stoechiométrique de carbone ont été réduites en fer liquide dans une atmosphère d'argon. La fusion n'avait lieu que si les constituants des boulet1es étaient intimement mélangés. La fusion de boulet1es a été réalisée dans des atmosphères constituées de melanges CO-CO₂, les proportions variant entre 100% CO et 100% CO₂. Le fer liquide a aussi été obtenu en faisant réagir des boulettes d'oxyde et de carbone entourées d'une couche protectrice de carbone, dans une atmosphère contenant de l'oxygène libre. L' énergie d'activation de la réaction était d'environ 15 kcal/mole. En fin, les auteurs discutent des mécanismes de la réaction.     

关于发展熔融还原炼铁技术的思考

近年来,不断遇到有关发展熔融还原炼铁技术的问题。为此,本文就这个问题发表个人观点,供大家研究分析。一、世界发展熔融还原炼铁技术的背景1．几十年来,为减少对炼焦煤的依赖和环境保护的需要,有不少国家的研究机构和钢铁企业开展了熔融还原炼铁技术的研究,研发了多种熔融还原炼铁工艺。如,Dios工艺、Corex工艺、Hismelt工艺等。