Design of optimal process parameters for non-isothermal forging

This paper presents a state space model and an optimal design scheme for non-isothermal metal forming processes. By selecting nodal velocity and temperature as the state variables, a non-isothermal state equation with coupled deformation and thermal terms is established. Based on this state space model, a control design scheme is developed to obtain the optimal die velocity and initial die temperature which will ensure that the effective strain-rate and temperature satisfy the design requirements. A titanium alloy engine disk forging is used to demonstrate two design examples. The results show that the proposed model and design scheme behave well for different design requirements.     

大直径带毂直齿轮冷精密成形数值模拟及工艺分析

目的研究大直径带毂直齿轮冷精密成形新工艺。方法根据大模数大直径带毂直齿轮结构特点,提出了冷精密成形的难点和解决基本方法。基于分流减压和多工步成形原理,提出了3种可行工艺方案。采用Deform软件对工艺方案进行数值优化模拟,分析了方案二锻件成形过程的速度矢量、温度、应力和模具应力,阐述了成形原理。结果采用优化的新工艺可以减小载荷降低模具应力,齿形金属充填饱满。结论巧妙的分流面设计使大直径带毂直齿轮冷精密成形成为可能,新工艺能够为生产实践提供指导意义。     

局部加载约束分流冷锻直齿轮工艺研究

针对直齿轮冷锻过程中齿腔充填困难、成形载荷大、模具寿命低的特点,提出了基于局部加载-约束分流冷锻圆柱直齿轮新工艺。在浮动凹模基础上,利用有限元软件对新工艺进行数值模拟。对工艺成形过程中速度场、成形载荷等规律进行了分析,并对比分析了多种成形工艺。结果表明:局部加载-约束分流终锻成形工艺可以较好地成形大模数圆柱直齿轮,能避免齿轮成形时产生的折叠缺陷,同时可以显著地降低成形载荷,为此类齿轮冷锻工艺的应用与生产实践提供了理论依据。     

Plasma-Jet Forming of Sheet Metal Shapes

Plasma-jet forming is a newly proposed flexible sheet metal forming process. A non-transferred arc plasma torch is used as a controllable heat source to produce internal stress in sheet metals, causing plastic deformation without the necessity of hard tooling. This method has potential for rapid prototyping of sheet metal parts by reducing development costs and lead times. A robotic system has been used to perform simple linear bends in several different alloys. In order to develop a controllable process and to improve the forming accuracy, the effects of various process parameters on the obtained shape changes and ton the resulting structure and properties have been studied. The overall goal is to understand the roles of the forming parameters and their inter-relationship in optimizing the forming procedure-a high forming speed without damage to the material structure or properties.     

一种深孔钻成形工艺设计及数值模拟

目的 根据深孔钻的结构特点,进行零件工艺分析和成形工艺方案设计,通过工艺试验结果验证深孔钻成形工艺的可行性。方法 首先,利用高温热压缩试验得到不同形变条件下深孔钻所用材料42CrMo合金钢的真应力-真应变曲线,并加以分析。其次,将试验数据导入Deform-3D材料库中,利用Deform-3D有限元模拟软件对深孔钻热挤压成形工艺方案进行数值模拟,分析成形过程中冲头的载荷-行程曲线以及形变过程中金属的流动规律、应力场分布、温度场分布和最终锻件的金属流线分布情况。最后,优化模拟结果进而得到成形工艺参数,进行深孔钻模具结构设计及工艺试验。结果 试验模拟得到的深孔钻充填饱满,金属流线分布合理,与实际金属流线分布基本一致。在成形过程中,上冲头的最大载荷为4.43×10³ kN,工艺试验得到的锻件尺寸一致性较好,没有锻造缺陷。结论 提出的深孔钻成形工艺是可行的,模具结构设计合理,可对该类型锻件的实际生产提供指导。     

Reduction of springback using simultaneous stretch-bending processes

Springback due to the elastic material behaviour can lead to shape errors that cause geometrical and dimensional inaccuracies in sheet metal forming processes, especially in bending operations. In order to reduce springback, the technique of integrating stretching with bending in sheet metal forming processes has been investigated. The object of this paper is to explain how to reduce the effect of the elastic component in the material behaviour using simultaneous stretching and bending so that a method is established for applying plastic forming during the main process, without changing the tool design. This study focuses on three main points: the stretching method, the stretching direction and the stretching length. In regard to swing- and v-bending processes, the springback factor is used as the standard evaluation to investigate these effects using Finite Element simulation. The springback factors are compared for four processes: Bending process without stretching (WS), pre-stretching and bending process (PB), pre-stretching plus simultaneous stretching and bending (PSB) and simultaneous stretching and bending (SB). The simulation results are then verified through experimentation. Based on the validated results, simultaneous stretching can then be subsequently applied to the existing stretch-forming process, which consists of pre-stretching and bending. Using this process, springback was successfully reduced which confirms the efficiency of SB process.     

汽车轻量化连接用自流钻螺钉挤压成形工艺研究

目的 针对自流钻螺钉现有工艺生产效率低、易产生晶粒粗大等问题,提出了一种新的多工步冷挤压成形工艺——利用模腔控制螺钉尾部形状,并验证了该工艺的可行性。方法 利用有限元软件DEFORM- 3D对提出的3种不同冷挤压方案成形过程中的金属流动规律、材料填充情况、成形力进行了数值模拟,讨论了方案一和方案二中锻造缺陷产生的原因,最后根据方案三的模拟结果设计了相应模具并进行了试验验证。结果 根据方案三成形出的自流钻螺钉充填饱满,第一道工序是将圆棒坯料一端直接挤压成螺钉特定的尾部形状,该工序所需成形力为42.4 kN。第二道工序是将螺钉头部镦粗,该工序所需成形力为58.2 kN。第三道工序是终锻成形,该工序所需成形力为287.4 kN。结论 通过有限元模拟,确定了自流钻螺钉三工步冷挤压成形工艺,提出了能够避免折叠产生的预制坯形状和模具结构,实现了自流钻螺钉尾部的可控成形。通过试验验证,形成了稳定的成形工艺窗口和可靠性较高的模具结构,实现了该产品的批量生产。     

Improving a Laser Machine for Laser Forming of Metals

1 IntroductionLaser manufacturing techniques have been involved in a series of engineering processes due to their technological and economic advantages; typical applications include the welding of dissimilar metals, the cutting of complex shapes, drilling on curved surfaces, etc. Correspondingly, laser machines are rapidly developed all over the world.In recent years, laser forming which utilizes the thermal stresses induced by laser irradiation to form structural elements into different shape…     

汽车万向节叉热挤压成形的数值模拟分析

采用刚粘塑性有限元法对万向节叉热挤压成形过程进行数值模拟分析,综合考虑了变形、热传导、变形生热、摩擦生热等多个因素,得出了成形过程中金属流动变化的3个阶段。研究了摩擦条件和终锻温度对成形力的影响,得出良好的润滑条件和给模具进行预热,能够有效的控制成形力,有利于金属的流动及提高模具寿命。     

On the modelling of complex 3D bulk metal forming processes via the pseudo‐concentrations technique. Application to the simulation of the Mannesmann piercing process

The modelling of complex 3D metal forming processes using the flow formulation, implemented via the pseudo‐concentrations technique, requires the development of robust computational strategies for dealing with the velocity and pseudo‐concentration boundary conditions in the zone where the blank–tools contact is developed. A new algorithm, designed to fulfil those requirements, is presented in this paper. The Mannesmann piercing process is a metal forming operation used in industry for manufacturing metal seamless pipes. The results of the Mannesmann process finite element simulation are particularly dependent on the accuracy and stability of the algorithm used to describe the contact boundary conditions between the forming tools and the blank. The validation of the finite element model is performed by comparing the numerical predictions obtained using the new algorithm with the results of industrial tests. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

动物骨折治疗用金属骨板局部增量成形新工艺

目的目前动物骨折常用的锁定骨板内固定技术(Point-contact Reconstruction Compress Locking, PRCL)需要采用多个工具配合手动完成骨板成形,针对该过程中精度不可控、效率低等问题,提出一种弯扭复合成形模具,发展一种局部增量成形金属骨板的方法。方法 PRCL骨板固定治疗中,为了贴合受伤骨骼,治疗前骨板需经过面内弯曲、弯曲以及扭转3类变形。通过调整弯扭复合成形模具的空间位置及模具不同组成部分的相对位置,实现不同区域内不同变形量的面内弯曲、弯曲或扭转。应用数值方法分析验证弯扭复合成形模具及成形方法的适用性,基于DEFORM软件建立工业纯钛TA2骨板局部增量成形过程有限元模型,分析具有两个成形区的TA2骨板局部增量成形特征。结果塑性变形仅发生在复合模具附近,对已变形区无影响,会引起未成形区的刚性位移;骨板长度方向受力小于其宽度和厚度方向受力,面内弯曲需要较大的成形载荷。结论所发展的模具和方法可实现预期的骨板成形,也适用于其他PRCL金属骨板的成形。     

十字轴零件模锻工艺的数字化设计

目的设计十字轴零件模锻工艺流程。方法运用模锻工艺及模具设计系统,对一种典型十字轴零件的模锻工艺进行数字化设计。结果设计证明,采用该系统,仅需少量的人机交互,大幅提高了设计效率,满足产品低成本、短周期、高质量要求,设计效率达到了传统设计方法的3倍以上。结论模锻成形工艺与模具智能设计系统在辅助设计上产生了显著的优越性,同时还提供了可供参考的极具价值的数据共享平台。     

Optimisation of process parameters in flanging operation in order to minimise stresses and Lemaitre’s damage

The objective of this work is modelling and optimisation of sheet bending process by means of numerical simulation. One of the problems to be solved in the sheet metal forming processes of thin sheets is the taking into account of the effects of technological process parameters so that the part takes the desired mechanical characteristics. Accordingly, it has been a crucial research subject for designing bending tools guaranteeing an optimal performance of products in terms of mechanical properties and good rigidity. In this paper, we propose a numerical procedure allowing the definition of the optimal values of process parameters in flanging operation, which minimises the residual stresses and the material damage at the end of the bending phase. The concept of continuum damage mechanics fully coupled with elasto-plasticity has been retained to describe the progressive damage accumulation into the sheet metal. According to parametric investigation on the maximum stress and calculated damage values, it has been found that the punch-die clearance and the die radius have significant effects on mechanical behaviour of parts. An application of design of experiments was developed as a preliminary step for the optimisation of the process parameters by using response surface methodology. This model allows the identification of the influential parameters of an optimisation problem and the reduction of the number of evaluations of the objective function.     

浮动凹模主动径向加压的筒形件拉深研究

提出了一种浮动凹模主动径向加压的工艺方法,分析了凸凹模夹紧坯料在拉深过程中的力学特点,说明了该方法能提高板料成形能力的技术关键,以带法兰的筒形件拉深为研究对象,运用LS-DYNA对采用该工艺方法和常规拉深进行有限元模拟并比较,结果表明,该工艺方法的拉深效果是显著的。     

变速箱长柄法兰轴工艺分析及模具关键结构设计

目的 根据长柄法兰轴的结构特点,制定一套产品的成形工艺方案并投入到生产中。方法 法兰轴是双离合器变速器输出端与差速器连接的重要零件,其形状复杂,成形难度较大,根据产品的特点,制定温锻–冷锻联合成形的工艺方案。针对温锻工序中锻件内腔难以充满的问题,利用DEFORM对工艺中的关键步骤进行模拟仿真,并根据模拟结果对模具进行补偿设计,使锻件内腔底部与模具之间的间隙降至0.3 mm以下。考虑到金属的剧烈流动会加重模具的磨损,设计一套模具润滑系统,以提高模具的使用寿命。而锻造过程中模腔内形成密闭空间,压缩的空气会阻碍金属充填型腔,因此,在凹模与凸模上设计出一套模具排气系统,以避免塌角缺陷的产生。结果 实现了长柄法兰轴工件的工业化生产,生产效率可达每分钟12.5只。结论 根据数值模拟的结果对模腔面进行优化,设计了一套模具的润滑结构与排气结构,避免了锻造缺陷的产生,为双离合器变速箱长柄法兰轴产品的温冷锻工艺生产提供了经验依据。     

喷油器体锻模优化设计

目的以喷油器体模锻成形为研究对象,对锻模结构与尺寸进行分析和优化设计。方法通过优化锻模设计(尤其是优化锁扣、终锻模膛、飞边槽、钳口、滚挤模膛等结构与尺寸设计以及根据滚挤模膛高度尺寸优选原材料下料规格),克服原锻模设计的缺点。结果有效改善了喷油器体的模锻工艺性,减小了难变形区,减小了变形力,减少了原材料消耗0.15 kg/件,提高了合格品率,提高了锻造效率(减少打击次数3~5锤次/件),提高了锻模使用寿命至少1倍,以及降低了锻模与锻件成本等。结论最终获得的喷油器体锻模,结构高紧凑又强度足够,使用性能优越,可为类似锻模设计和实际生产提供了有力的参考依据。     

HPRODIE: Using feature modelling and feature mapping to speed up progressive die design

For various reasons, the advances in progressive die design remain too slow compared with the increasing importance of progressive dies in modern industry. Aimed at speeding up the design process, HPRODIE, an integrated CAD/CAM system for progressive dies, was developed. In HPRODIE, three featuresthe product feature for the representation of sheet metal parts, the stamping process feature for the strip layout, and the die design feature for building the die assembly modelare introduced respectively to represent three life-cycle aspects of sheet metal parts. Feature mapping methods are employed to transfer the design information between different design stages at high-level semantics. With feature modelling and feature mapping, most of design processes can be carried out automatically. The testing results have shown that the design cycle has been cut down significantly by using this system.     

高强度钢板U形件热冲压凹模结构拓扑优化

为降低热冲压凹模的生产成本和使用成本,基于板料热冲压数值模拟对凹模结构进行了拓扑优化设计.运用有限元软件ABAQUS建立热力耦合有限元模型,对高强钢板U形件的热冲压成形和淬火过程进行了数值仿真.提取凹模与板料间关键工况下接触应力作为凹模拓扑优化的外在载荷,建立约束凹模结构关键区域节点位移的体积最小化拓扑模型,对热冲压凹模结构进行拓扑优化设计,最终实现结构减重20%,且优化后凹模的变形和应力与优化前的结果相差甚微.研究内容对热冲压过程数值模拟和模具结构拓扑优化研究具有一定参考价值.     

基于知识的板料冲裁工艺与模具设计支持技术

为了提高板料冲裁工艺与模具设计的质量和效率,实现知识的重用和共享,对板料冲裁工艺与三维模具设计的智能化、参数化设计技术进行了系统地研究,提出了以数据库、框架、规则、面向对象和数学模型等混合方法表示工艺设计知识,以几何模型/数据库混合表示法描述结构设计知识;提出了面向工程的动态设计方法,将实际设计知识记录到动态知识库中,成为半标准化的知识,支持系统的智能设计.根据提出的方法,基于Ⅰ-DEAS软件平台,利用宏命令与API接口函数相结合的方法,建立了冲裁工艺与三维模具设计支持系统,具体设计实例表明所建立的系统大大提高了设计的质量和效率.     

An integrated design methodology for components produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is an additive manufacturing (AM) process that allows to build full dense metal complex part. However, despite the obvious benefits of L-PBF process, it is affected by specific technological drawbacks and it suffers from issues regarding design support tools. In order to fully exploit the advantages of L-PBF, it is necessary to know the technological constraints, such as material availability and the need to minimise the support structures. In this paper, an integrated design procedure that involves topology optimisation, design for laser powder bed fusion rules and finishing requirements is presented in order to define practical guidelines for successful AM of metal parts. The procedure is tested using a case study to prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach.