美国、日本和中国香港典型公共建筑空调系统能耗差异及原因分析

介绍了近年来对美国、日本和中国香港的公共建筑空调系统实际调查研究的部分成果,分别选取了各1栋办公建筑作对比分析.数据表明,三者虽然都采用电制冷加变风量全空气系统,但空调系统和总建筑能耗密度差异巨大,除气候差异和运行时间不同外,设计中的几个关键因素也对运行能耗造成了很大影响.     

定西地区供暖通风和空调设计室外气象参数

通过对３０ａ的气象资料的搜集，整理和分析，给出了定西地区各县供暖通风和空调设计的室外气象参数。     

Cooling energy evaluation for high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong

Based on the design of a typical high-rise public housing block in Hong Kong, the dependence of space cooling loads of residential flats on the constructions of external walls and partitions, and the location of thermal insulation layer in the walls and partitions, was studied by detailed simulation. The results show that insulating the envelope and the partitions would be effective in reducing the yearly space cooling load, by up to 38%, but could either increase (by up to 19%) or reduce (by up to 16%) the peak cooling demand, depending on the number and positions of insulation layers in the walls. Reducing the thermal capacity of the envelope and partitions (e.g. by reducing their thickness) would lead to large increases in the peak cooling demand, by more than 60% in the extreme case.     

Benchmarking Hong Kong and China energy codes for residential buildings

Mandatory energy codes to curb energy use of residential buildings have been formally launched in China for more than two decades but little has been publicized in literature. Similar codes are not available for residential buildings in Hong Kong, but most residential buildings in Hong Kong, especially public housing estates, are HK-BEAM certified to demonstrate their compliance with regulatory and basic design requirements. Given HK-BEAM is internationally recognized and there are doubts about the effectiveness of the China codes, how the energy efficiency of the HK-BEAM certified buildings compare with buildings in compliance with the China codes is of interest to most building designers and policy makers. This paper describes how the energy efficiency of a case study building in compliance with the China codes compare with the one in compliance with HK-BEAM. The energy simulation by HTB2 and BECRES reveal that the case study building in compliance with the China codes is 51.1% better in energy use. In the study, the relative impact of each compliance criterion on energy use and cooling load has been quantified by sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity values indicate that energy use is most sensitive to air-conditioning operation hours, indoor design temperature, coefficient of performance (COP) of the room air-conditioners (RAC) units, and the envelop characteristics. The results of this study indicate that a HK-BEAM certified building cannot satisfy the China codes requirements. This provides good reference to the policy makers, the building owners, and to the China and Hong Kong Governments when considering reciprocal recognition of building energy codes.     

大学建筑暖通空调设计探讨

结合大学建筑设计实例,分析了这类建筑暖通空调系统的共性及特点。总结了设计工作中的一些经验并加以探讨。     

食用菌厂房空调设计探讨

介绍了食用菌厂房建筑热工性能及室内设计参数.探讨了生产原料发热量和CO<,2>散发量、通风量的计算方法,空调末端系统形式,并举例进行说明.阐述了冷源参数和选择的方法.介绍了洁净设计的范围、标准和系统形式,并叙述了节能设计相关内容.     

铁路建筑暖通空调设计综述

选择铁路建筑中具有代表性的三类建筑,即公共建筑中的铁路客站、工业建筑中的动车段及数据中心,对其暖通空调系统的使用特点及冷热源形式、空调形式等进行了总结和分析,并指出了存在的问题。介绍了工程设计实例。     

上海高层建筑建设与空调系统的设计

介绍了当前上海高层建筑建设和暖通空调系统的现状，以及能源与环境的有关情况，介绍了对２００从幢高层建筑的空调系统包括冷热源等的实际调查结果，指出了目前高层建筑建设和管理中存在的一些问题。     

京港携手共促建筑节能--记第9届北京-香港经济合作洽谈研讨会建筑节能专题研讨会

第9届北京-香港经济合作洽谈研讨会于11月28日在北京隆重召开，京港两地的政府官员、工商业人士就加强经济合作进行了广泛交流。会议分别就城市规划、交通、环保、建筑节能、环卫管理和防洪减灾控制5个方面进行了专题研讨。其中建筑节能专题是京港合作的新领域，因而受到了广泛关注。在此项专题研讨会上．京港两地代表在正在编制以建设资源节约、环境友好型社会为重要目标的“十一五”规划的背景下，对城市建设与管理中的建筑节能问题进行了充分交流。     

HVAC system strategies for energy conservation in commercial buildings in Saudi Arabia

In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in energy consumption in Saudi Arabia. The building sector being the largest consumer of electric energy represents a major potential contributor for reducing energy consumption. Due to their functional and operational characteristics, commercial buildings relatively consume more energy (per unit area) than other types of buildings. The heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system (HVAC) is one of the largest end-users of energy in these buildings, particularly in harsh climates. Energy efficient design and operation of HVAC systems in commercial buildings can offer major opportunities for reduced energy consumption and contribute to sustainable development. However, improper utilization of energy conservation measures can result in reduced environmental quality. This in turn exposes the occupants to thermal discomfort and health risks, and consequently diminishes the economic value of the facility. Therefore, a well assessed and balanced energy conservation strategy is required to achieve energy efficiency while maintaining desired level of thermal comfort. In this study, major design and operational parameters for different types of HVAC systems influencing energy consumption are investigated utilizing the Visual-DOE program. Results indicate that energy savings of up to 30% can be obtained while maintaining acceptable level of thermal comfort when HVAC systems are properly selected and operated.     

A study of energy efficiency of private office buildings in Hong Kong

A benchmark study of the energy efficiency of private office buildings in Hong Kong was conducted in 2002 because energy efficiency was declining. In the study, private office buildings were divided into five user groups. For each group, a multiple regression model was developed to find the relationship between Energy Use Intensities (EUIs) and other factors, such as operating hours, for normalization and benchmarking purposes. In this paper we make use of the regression results to study the energy efficiency of private office buildings by different grades. In Hong Kong, office buildings are divided into three grades (A, B, and C) based on the quality of the facility, which is reflected in rental values; a Grade A office building denotes expensive luxury. We found that the EUI of Grade A office buildings is the highest, consuming over 50% of the total energy used in office buildings. Recently, the annual EUI of office buildings has improved even though Grade A floor space is increasing. This may be due to the promotion of the energy efficiency program launched in the last decade.     

Drivers of moderate increase in cooling energy use inresidential buildings in Hong Kong

Increase in cooling energy usage of the residential sector in Hong Kong has been moderate in the most recent ten years(2004-2013).Factors and drivers responsible for this are of interest to policy makers in search of performance improvement but such information is not available in extant literature.This paper reviews the policy instruments introduced in Hong Kong during this period of time and examines the different engineering factors contributing to improvements in cooling energy efficiency.Whether the policy instruments have been instrumental in bringing about changes in engineering design and thus improvement in cooling energy efficiency is evaluated on the basis of the equipment and building envelope characteristics of 64 residential developments in Hong Kong.Different statistical analyses reveal that the use of more energy efficient room air-conditioning units(COP),smaller window-to-wall ratios(WWR)and walls with higher U-values are the engineering factors(WallU)that have contributed to moderation of growth of energy consumption;these were driven by policies introduced by the Hong Kong Government.Regarding the sensitivity of the three engineering factors,it was found that COP was the highest amounting to 0.455,followed in descending order by Wal-1U and WWR.Their sensitivities were 0.289 and 0.006,respectively.     

A survey of the health and safety conditions of apartment buildings in Hong Kong

A high-density built environment poses challenges to the idea of sustainable development in respect of health (e.g. SARS outbreak) and safety (e.g. fire and structural problems). To examine the seriousness of the high-density problem, this study aims to survey the health and safety performance of apartment buildings in a densely populated city, Hong Kong, using a simplified assessment scheme. An assessment scheme based on a hierarchy of building performance indicators concerning the quality of: (a) architectural design, (b) building services design, (c) the surrounding environment, (d) operations and maintenance, and (e) management approaches was developed. One hundred forty (140) apartment buildings were surveyed and assessed through site inspections, desk searches, and interviews. A performance analysis was conducted to examine and compare the overall health and safety performance of the buildings. We found that there were considerable variations in health and safety conditions across buildings, even though they are located within a single district. Most of the variations in building health and safety conditions were attributed to differences in building management systems rather than building design. Enhancing strategic management approaches (e.g. a better delineation of owners’ rights and duties) appears to be the most critical factor that underperformers should consider in order to improve their buildings.     

大型综合医院建筑暖通空调系统设计中的一些问题

分析了大型综合医院的建筑与功能特点,认为医院HVAC系统是医疗的一个环节,是提高疗效的手段,所以医院HVAC系统设计应有别于舒适性空调.从设计标准把握与系统设计理念两方面总结了存在的问题,并提出了建议与措施,指出HVAC系统是污染源.     

航空配餐楼暖通设计

介绍了航空楼的配餐工艺流程、食品生产流程和温度控制要求,结合三个工程实例着重介绍了航空配餐楼空调系统、通风系统、自控系统设计。     

民用建筑暖通空调设计体会

介绍了民用建筑暖通空调设计中需要了解的问题,公共建筑的分区和常用的空调方式,民用建筑空调系统选用时的注重点及设备间布置的基本要求;分析了制冷空调设备机房、风道、管井与建筑的关系。     

有关建筑暖通空调系统节能方案设计的探讨

随着社会的进步,人们对建筑节能环保的要求也越来越高,节能已成为当今建筑设计行业追求的主旋律,而暖通空调系统节能方案的设计又是整个建筑节能设计的主要环节。从分析建筑暖通空调系统耗能高的原因出发,分析了我国暖通空调节能方面存在的问题,并提出了一些节能设计方面的新技术、新方法,以供同行之间相互学习和交流。     

Life cycle design and prefabrication in buildings: A review and case studies in Hong Kong

Prefabrication has been increasingly used in buildings. It is recognised as a solution to reduce waste arising during design and construction phases. However, there is little emphasis on life cycle design issues for prefabricated buildings located in dense high-rise building environments. The purpose of this paper is to review the application and identify benefits and impediments of design for deconstruction and Industrialised, Flexible and Demountable building systems when applied to precast concrete construction. The paper presents the results of a comprehensive literature review, and two case studies of recently completed institutional buildings using prefabrication. The literature review shows that, so far, design for deconstruction is not a common practice in the building industry. The case studies showed some limitations such as the dense urban environment conditions and limited site area. The promotion of a closed-loop material cycle is critical to contribute to sustainability thus minimising CO₂ emissions, natural resources consumption.     

民用建筑暖通空调节能经济原理探讨

引入了民用建筑暖通空调节能经济原理的概念,分别对节能的外部经济性、暖通空调用能价格以及节能建筑产品生产的规模经济等方面进行了理论探讨,并分别提出了相应的经济及管理措施。