Indonesian residential high rise buildings: A life cycle energy assessment

This study evaluates the effect of building envelopes on the life cycle energy consumption of high rise residential buildings in Jakarta, Indonesia. For high rise residential buildings, the enclosures contribute 10-50% of the total building cost, 14-17% of the total material mass and 20-30% of the total heat gain. The direct as well as indirect influence of the envelope materials plays an important role in the life cycle energy consumption of buildings. The initial embodied energy of typical double wall and single wall envelopes for high residential buildings is 79.5 GJ and 76.3 GJ, respectively. Over an assumed life span of 40 years, double walls have better energy performance than single walls, 283 GJ versus 480 GJ, respectively. Material selection, which depends not only on embodied energy but also thermal properties, should, therefore, play a crucial role during the design of buildings.     

天津市办公建筑能耗调研及分析

对天津市552个办公建筑进行了调研,获得了建筑概况、耗电量等基础数据,筛选确定了24个样本建筑。分析计算得出,样本建筑2010年单位面积年总耗电量为26.79～125.45kW.h/(m2.a),平均值为64.25kW.h/(m2.a);2010年供暖期单位供暖面积耗热量为0.21～0.37GJ/(m2.a),平均耗热量为0.27GJ/(m2.a)。调研结果表明,天津市办公建筑存在较多问题,建筑能耗较大,具有较大的建筑节能空间。     

长沙市居住建筑能耗调查及偏相关分析

对长沙市70户具有代表性住户的居住建筑概况、生活方式、对热环境的评价及能耗情况进行了调查统计,采用SPSS统计分析软件对长沙市居住建筑能耗的影响因素进行了分析。长沙市居住建筑能耗具有明显的季节性,上一年12月至2月和6月至8月是能耗的高峰期。偏相关分析表明居住建筑总能耗、单位建筑面积能耗与家庭年收入、家庭常住人口密切相关,与建筑面积、建筑总层数、住户所在楼层、建筑朝向、供暖方式、空调方式不显著相关。     

Contrastive analyses on annual energy consumption characteristics and the influence mechanism between new and old residential buildings in Shanghai, China, by the statistical methods

The purposes of this research are to contrast the energy use characteristics of old residential buildings and new residential buildings in Shanghai, China, to look into influence factors of residential energy consumption, and to further analyze the reasons which result in the differences of energy consumption quantities between high-energy use family group and low-energy use family group. 1610 families in Residential District A and 819 families in Residential District B were chosen to trace their monthly energy consumption data in the whole year of 2006. Buildings in District A were all constructed in the 1980s, while those in District B were built in the 2000s. 300 families in each district were further selected from all above investigated families to do questionnaires in the year of 2007, so as to understand building characteristics, the possession and utilization of space heating and cooling appliances, and energy-saving consciousness. Annual energy consumption of the two kinds of buildings is contrasted and energy consumption quantities of spacing cooling and heating are also calculated. Influencing factors of residential energy consumption are analyzed by Quantification Theory I. Quantification Theory III is used to classify all the families into different categories based on the differences in their energy consumption amounts, and to further find out the reasons leading to the different energy consumption between different groups. Conclusions are as follows: (1) the average annual energy consumption quantity is 23.27 GJ/household for new buildings and 14.40 GJ/household for old buildings. The ratio of space heating and cooling to total annual energy consumption is just 16% and 11.6% for new buildings and old buildings respectively; (2) energy consumption and its variance lie on the integration of many factors, such as the floor area, materials of window frames, the number of family members, operation months of space heaters in winter and air conditioners in summer, and energy-saving actions; (3) all the families in the two districts can be classified into two categories: Household Region M of much energy use, and Household Region N of little energy use. Adopting the aluminum window frames, large floor areas and the large number of family members (above 4 person) are the main reasons leading to more energy use in Household Region M, while the small number of family members (1-2 persons/household) and small floor areas are the main reasons resulting in the less energy use in Household Region N; the long period of space heating, using illumination as little as possible are also the reasons causing the differences in energy consumption quantities between the two categories, but their influences on the samples clustering are smaller than the main reasons above; (4) compared with the energy consumption in some developed countries, the ratio of space heating and cooling to total residential energy use is much smaller in Shanghai. Indoor thermal environment is very poor besides that. With the growth of economy and the improvement of living standard, people will have the higher requirement for good-quality indoor thermal environment, and hence space heaters and coolers will be used much more frequently, so the residential energy consumption in China will still continuously increase rapidly, if few energy-conservation strategies are adopted; (5) considering current little prevalence of energy-saving actions with low efficiency, more effective energy-saving actions should be fully adopted in China.     

Bauliche Konzeptentwicklung für eine 3‐Liter‐Reihenhauszeile im Rahmen von Modernisierungsmaßnahmen in Mannheim‐Gartenstadt

Structural concept and detailing of a 3‐litre‐terraced houses on the occasion of modernization measures. Between 2001 and 2008, extensive refurbishment measures including partial renovation, complete modernisation, demolition works and subsequent new building development are scheduled for the residential area of Mannheim‐Gartenstadt. A total of 10 two‐storey residential houses built in the 1930s and the 1950s (comprising about 230 flats) are going to be refurbished. The flats are in a poor condition, not meeting nowadays standards regarding construction and technical installations. By conducting these structural measures, the GBG Mannheim housing society also follows the aim of improving the residential quarter’s attractiveness. Three buildings, including 68 flats, were to be modernised by the end of 2003. So far, refurbishment measures merely complied with the statutory requirements stipulated in the German regulations on energy conservation (EnEV), but future retrofitting measures for a terrace with 6 dwelling houses are to achieve a level of energy which will exceed these requirements by far. The energy performance of these buildings is to be substantially improved, with the aim of turning them into ’3‐litre houses’. Though this concept has been successfully implemented in new residential buildings, it is still a challenge for construction in existing buildings. Low‐energy buildings with an annual primary energy demand for heating of less than 34 kWh/m²a (inclusive of auxiliary energy) are referred to as ’3‐litre houses’. This corresponds to the primary energy content of 3 litres of heating oil.     

改造砖混结构,发展大开间灵活住宅

我国多层和低层住宅中，砖混结构建筑占８０％以上，存在与农业争地，烧砖耗能大，抗震差等问题，其改造方法除改善抗震性能，采用新型墙体材料和用混凝土代替部分砖砌体形成新的混合结构外，发展带混凝土筒大开间灵活住宅体系是一条符合国情的途径。     

The estimation of energy consumption and CO2 emission due to housing construction in Japan

Basic sector classification Input/Output Tables of Japan (Research Committee of International Trade and Industry, Tokyo, Japan, 1988) were applied to quantify the total energy consumption and CO₂ emission including direct and indirect effects due to the construction of various types of houses. As a result, energy consumption for construction is calculated as 8–10 GJ per square meter of floor area for multi-family SRC (steel reinforced concrete) houses, 3 GJ for wooden single-family houses, 4.5 GJ for lightweight steel structure single-family houses. CO₂ emission resulting from construction is 850, 250 and 400 kg/m², respectively.     

高校类建筑能耗特点及能源审计研究

高校在校学生人均能耗和单位建筑面积能耗均高出全国人均水平和全国居民建筑单位面积能耗,高校建筑节能势在必行;研究目前高校类建筑用能特点和用电能耗数据的分析方法：分析高校类建筑用能规律。     

新建居住建筑采暖节能小议

阐述了新建居住建筑采暖的两种基本形式：双立管水平串联式散热器采暖系统和低温热水地板辐射采暖系统,介绍了居住建筑采暖节能的主要方向和措施,以实现节约能源的目的。     

重庆市居住建筑能耗调查与分析——以某高校住宅能耗为例

本文通过对重庆市某高校住宅楼居住热环境和运行能耗的调查,并与同期调查的重庆市某花园小区建筑能耗数据对比,得到了该校住宅建筑平均能耗水平及用能特点,预测了当前及今后一段时期内重庆市居住建筑用能的总体趋势。能耗调查数据对开展既有居住建筑节能改造和制定该地区居住建筑低能耗标准的能耗基数具有参考价值。     

浅谈住宅建筑节能优化设计

对建筑屋面、建筑位置及朝向、围护结构墙体、太阳能等方面的节能优化设计进行了详细阐述,指出优化设计不仅可以缓解国家的能源问题,同时也可以促进建筑技术和建筑产业的发展,对合理利用资源,保护生态环境等方面起到一定的作用。     

底层商用六层住宅楼采用粘弹性阻尼器的设计研究

介绍了按 9度抗震设防 ,底层为大开间 ,上部为 5层住宅的商柱楼采用粘弹性耗能支撑的结构方案。阐述了粘弹性阻尼器及耗能支撑的减震设计 ,给出了主要计算结果     

国家会议中心结构工程综合施工技术

国家会议中心总建筑面积27万m2,是奥运工程中单体面积最大的场馆工程。地下两层,地上8层,框架剪力墙结构、钢结构。结构施工中,针对不同部位和施工难点,在基坑支护、降水、基础桩、地下防水、钢筋、模板、混凝土、钢结构等方面分别采取多项施工技术措施,保证了奥运工程的顺利施工,提高了结构工程施工技术水平,为同类工程提供了经验和方法。     

北京住宅建设活动的物质流分析

基于物质流分析方法,对北京市1990~2002年新建和拆除的住宅建筑的物质流进行了分析,并对2010年北京市住宅建筑的物质流进行了估计,揭示了北京市住宅建设活动的物质消耗现状和对环境的潜在压力。结果表明:北京市住宅建设活动的直接物质投入已经达到了7 253.7×104t/年,物质产出达到了4 137.8×104t/年;万元产值的物质投入量和物质产出量在1993年后基本保持不变;住宅建设活动的能耗已经占到北京市总能耗的15%,而这其中,生产建筑材料的能源消耗就占到了89%。最后提出了改进建材的生产工艺,加强建筑垃圾的再循环利用对减少能源消耗能起到积极的推动作用,并能促进住宅建筑的可持续发展。     

钢-混凝土组合扁梁楼盖承载性能有限元分析

钢 混凝土组合扁梁楼盖的采用可以降低结构层高,改善钢结构的防火性能,形成无柱大空间与“无梁楼盖”的建筑效果;组合扁梁楼盖具有良好的力学性能,在多高层结构中,既能做框架梁受力,又能承载楼面的作用荷载;同时深肋压型钢板的采用可以降低楼板自重同时可作为永久模板使用,大大提高施工速度,带来很好的经济效益,在多高层钢结构建筑中有广阔的应用前景。论文采用有限元软件ANSYS建立钢－混凝土组合扁梁整体楼盖三维实体模型。对组合扁梁楼盖在竖向荷载作用下的承载性能、变形特点以及楼板自振频率进行了分析,同时对组合扁梁的有效宽度及肋部混凝土的影响进行了计算分析。分析结果表明：钢－混凝土组合扁梁楼盖具有良好的承载性能并能较好地满足正常使用的要求;肋部混凝土及配筋对楼盖的承载力有较大的影响;楼盖主梁的有效宽度分析应建立在整体模型和试验的基础之上。     

城市集合住宅建设现状思考

本文通过从城市中心区的住宅规划谈控制;从招投标制度谈好设计;从推广标准构件谈提高建设效率和质量;从物业管理水平淡容积率控制,并结合装修,立面控制共六个方面分析目前集合住宅建设中出现的矛盾,提出相应解决方案,提高住宅建设水平。未雨绸缪,希望在问题尚为大面积暴露及时作出修正,避免朱来付出沉重代价,以致影响社会和谐稳定。     

Energy consumption and conservation in the Russian apartment building stock

Energy consumption of buildings in Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union has typically been reported in very coarse terms, as annual energy use normalized by weather and floor area. Reported figures, based on estimates derived from available energy-delivery data, have shown that Russian residential buildings consume on the order of twice as much primary energy for space-heating as those in some developed Western countries. Reports have been accompanied with qualitative assertions that higher levels of insulation, reduced air infiltration, and better control of heating systems could reduce energy use. However, there has been a dearth of data that first distinguish Russian buildings by construction type and insulation level, and second attempt to quantitatively pinpoint causes for the relatively high energy use. Such data are needed to focus contemporary energy-conservation efforts in Russia on the most promising areas. This paper presents a preliminary set of information that illuminates these areas, concentrating on the city of Moscow. The analysis breaks down Moscow's district-heated apartment building stock by type and year of construction and by the required thermal standards in force at the time of construction. It aggregates these buildings into three classes according to the type of external wall construction — brick or large block, single-layer panel, and three-layer panel — and estimates overall annual energy use for space-heating via a steady-state model. It then compares predicted and measured energy use, for the aggregation and, more accurately, for a single building for which detailed energy-use data are available. In both cases there is a large discrepancy, with actual space-heating energy use exceeding design predictions by at least 60%. Analytical efforts to reconcile the excess energy consumption for the metered building strongly suggest that the most important cause of relatively high space-heating energy use in the building is poor control of heat delivery from the district heating system.     

夏热冬冷地区高层住宅建筑内保温设计的研究

本文根据夏热冬冷地区气候特点和人们建筑审美的习惯，提出这一地区高层住宅建筑适合使用EPS板外墙内保温做法的建议，从节能效果、建筑构造、建筑防火和施工造价等方面分析论证了这一做法的合理性，为高层住宅建筑建筑的节能设计做法提供了新的参考。     

寒区农村节能住宅设计及热工测试

针对严寒地区农村节能住宅问题,设计了一种适合农村建设1~2层住宅的节能预制墙板,墙板具有节能和承重的双重功能,可替代农村使用粘土砖建设住宅;通过样板工程实践进行了工程应用,具有良好的节能效果,并且缩短建设周期,实现了工业废料的合理利用。