新能源电动汽车节能减排促进低碳经济效应及发展机制方向研究

在节能减排的大形势下,对新能源电动汽车的研究应用有重要意义。在这方面,我国由于起步迟,技术尚不成熟,与世界总体发展水平还有很大差距。本文在对我国实际状况多方综合研究后,就影响新能源电动汽车发展的制约因素和如何促进其产业发展格局及机制做出论述。     

加州花园前史及其对现代园林的影响

加州花园及加州学派是美国现代风景园林设计实践和理论的重要起源之一,并深刻影响了世界风景园林的发展方向.追溯加州现代花园的前史,在分析加州的气候、地理及其植物区系的基础上.梳理了从加州原住民时代、修道院时代、墨西哥时代、淘金热时代、博览会时代、乡村时代到大萧条时代的花园变迁史,并结合加州的植物园发展体系,指出加州花园从前...     

Impacts of motor vehicle inspection and maintenance on emission reductions in Southern California

The effectiveness of a proposed California mandatory annual vehicle inspection/ maintenance (I/M) program in reducing reactive hydrocarbon (RHC) and oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) emissions is evaluated in this report. Emission factors are derived from California in-use light duty passenger vehicle data by simple linear regression analysis for pre- and post-maintenance conditions. Percentage reductions in emissions are calculated, based on assumed vehicle fleet mixes, and compared with estimates from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the California South Coast Air Basin Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP). Future year estimates of RHC and NO_x emissions predict smaller RHC reduction than the CARB in both 1982 and 1987. NO_x reduction is underpredicted by the CARB in 1987. A comparison of reductions determined in this study with the South Coast Air Basin AQMP shows that the RHC reductions expected are equivalent; the AQMP NO_x reduction is significantly lower. These results have significance in meeting future air quality goals for Southern California, and point out the effectiveness of an I/M program in reducing total RHC and NO_x emissions from light duty passenger vehicles.     

The Air is Always Cleaner on the Other Side: Race,Space, and Ambient Air Toxics Exposures in California

Abstract: Environmental justice advocates have recently focused attention on cumulative exposure in minority neighborhoods due to multiple sources of pollution. This article uses U.S. EPA's National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) for 1996 to examine environmental inequality in California, a state that has been a recent innovator in environmental justice policy. We first estimate potential lifetime cancer risks from mobile and stationary sources. We then consider the distribution of these risks using both simple comparisons and a multivariate model in which we control for income, land use, and other explanatory factors, as well as spatial correlation. We find large racial disparities in California's “riskscape” as well as inequalities by other factors and suggest several implications for environmental and land use policy.     

Acid pits and birth defects: a case study of the Stringfellow acid pits dump site and congenital anomalies

This paper examines the relationship between a toxic waste site and congenital anomalies. The Stringfellow acid pits dump site (SAP) located near the City of Riverside, California, is the focus of this study. Congenital anomalies are examined in relation to various demographic and socioeconomic variables. Our analyses suggest that hydrological and geological proximity to the dump site has a significant relationship to birth defects. An analysis of infant mortality rates showed that the death rate for congenital anomalies was higher in Riverside County than California, while the state's rate was higher than the national average. In order to substantiate a causal nexus, there is a need for longitudinal follow‐up studies. Without an adequate longitudinal study, the long term impact of SAP on children born in the SAP area and its impact on subsequent generations will remain a subject of continued speculation.     

R. M. Schindler's theory of space architecture and its theoretical application to his Space Development of 1945

Rudolph Michael Schindler has been known as the first and foremost space architect, in his own words, whose devotion to space as defining architecture remained vital and remarkably consistent throughout his professional career. The purpose of this article is systematically to interpret Schindler's theory of space architecture, and then to discuss his theoretical project: Space Development. The first part investigates Schindler's underlying forms of conception. For Schindler, forms of architecture begin with the space architect's process of thinking, shaping, and feeling the building in the mind. Using a recently uncovered series of Schindler's 1916 lecture notes, from the Schindler archive at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), the investigation presents a new and critical examination of his theory. The second part interprets his theoretical project, Space Development, to strengthen the understanding of Schindler's notion of space architecture. Along with Space Development, Schindler also evolved two related projects in the same year, sharing the same compositional logic. This article further examines the spatial paradigm pertinent to his Space Development, investigates its relationship to two other designs, and demonstrates how his design theory became further clarified and strengthened through it in the final phase of his career.     

The process of setting appliance standards

The California Energy Commission was the first government agency in the United States to develop Appliance Efficiency Standards. This article describes the origin of that agency and gives details of the successes and shortcomings of its twenty-year history in this field. Many of the California Energy Commission's standards have been copied in legislation and regulations of numerous other states, Canadian provinces, and the United States government. It is the author's hope that by sharing details of some of the good things and some of the not-so-good things that have happened, those who follow may be more successful than the author. The article concludes with a ‘report card’ that identifies several successful programs that the author would like copied, and a few pitfalls that he hopes will be avoided.     

Keeping it simple? A case study into the advantages and disadvantages of reducing complexity in mega project planning

There are many articles discussing time and cost overruns in mega projects. This research, however, looks at a case that was successful in managing these aspects: a metro extension in the Rotterdam Region in the Netherlands. The literature identifies several causes for overruns and the question thus becomes what prevented these causes from occurring? The answer in Rotterdam's case seems to be a strict focus on reducing complexity, or in other words to keep it simple. Therefore, the main focus in this article is on the reduction of complexity and its effects on the planning of mega infrastructure projects. Are there only advantages to this approach or do certain facets of this approach have negative consequences? Using a case study method with interviews, this article shows the conditions under which the reduction of complexity is beneficial or detrimental.     

Epistemic Mediation: Aligning Expertise across Boundaries within an Endangered Species Habitat Conservation Plan

This paper uses videotaping and discourse analysis to study participants' dialogue and conduct during preparation of the Coachella Valley habitat conservation plan in southern California. The research uses social worlds analysis to reveal that the plan's technical advisors did not find facts through the collective discovery of scientific truths with unitary meanings, but instead constructed facts by aligning professional visions of space, time, and agency. The validity of the resulting plan relied on its ability to be a “boundary object”, meaning different things to different groups, while simultaneously laying claim to universality and objectivity. However, its subsequent failure to satisfy an unexpected scientific peer review demonstrates the importance of anticipating downstream reception and use when developing such documents. This case study shows that planners can be epistemic mediators, creating and stabilizing technical knowledge claims that project authority by showing a responsive face to many audiences.     

Improvement and Application of a P-Wave Measurement System for Laboratory Specimens of Sand and Gravel

A compression (P-) wave velocity measurement system was improved to evaluate vertical small strain Young's modulus of sand and gravel specimens. The wave was generated using a multi-layered piezoelectric actuator attached to the top cap of a triaxial cell specimen and received with two piezoelectrical accelerometers at two different positions on the specimen's side. This system includes use of a peak to peak travel time based on excitation records that were triggered by single pulse or sinusoidal wave and stacked for 128 times. The vertical Young's moduli (E_d) obtained by using this dynamic measurement were then compared with the statically measured vertical Young's moduli (E_s) that were evaluated by conducting small unloading/reloading cycles on the same specimen. Two series of tests using medium and large size specimens, respectively, were conducted on three kinds of material namely Toyoura sand (D₅₀=0.23 mm), sieved Chiba gravel (D₅₀=3 mm) and original Chiba gravel (D₅₀=6 mm). No significant effect of specimen size was observed on E_s and E_d of Toyoura sand. E_d was found larger than E_s in all three types of materials while the difference between the two was not the same. Combined effects of the dry density and the wavelength in the dynamic measurement were then discussed.     

Outdoor sources of indoor air pollution

Conservation measures that seal a building, such as storm window installation, can significantly reduce its energy requirements. These measures also protect its occupants from air pollutants having outdoor sources but amplify any harmful effects of those generated indoors. Which effect is greater?Since it is inadequate to consider pollution levels constant, we assume that they follow daily cycles and can thus be well represented by Fourier series. We conclude that the indoor concentration of any pollutant generated solely outdoors also follows a daily cycle but its maximum lags behind and is lower than the outdoor maximum to an extent depending in an inverse manner on v, the air exchange (ventilation + infiltration) rate. A simple measure of the daily variation of pollutant concentrations and indoor production rates can be derived from their Fourier series and used to test whether these quantities can be assumed constant.Although average daily indoor and outdoor pollutant concentrations of any pollutant are the same if there are no indoor sinks, lowering v will still protect a building's occupant if: (1) the outdoor peak or variation above its average is much greater than its average, and (2) the peak is short-lived.Lowering v probably raises indoor average and peak pollutant concentrations from all indoor sources by at least as much as it lowers only peaks from just one outdoor source, rush hour traffic, thus increasing indoor pollutant levels.     

Carsharing and Car Ownership at the Building Scale

Problem, research strategy, and findings: A number of studies across the world have established the potential of carsharing to reduce vehicle ownership and parking demand at the citywide or neighborhood scale; however, few North American cities have formally adopted reduced minimum parking requirements for developments with carsharing services onsite (i.e., dedicated carshare vehicles). This reflects the lack of evidence regarding the impacts of carsharing on individual developments, as well as the implementation and enforcement challenges associated with adopting more flexible parking requirements.

This article investigates the case for developing and implementing a reduction in the parking requirements for residential buildings that provide dedicated carshare vehicles. We use surveys of residents of buildings with and without dedicated carshare vehicles in Toronto, Canada, to develop a regression model of vehicle ownership. This analysis suggests that the presence of dedicated carshare vehicles is associated with reduced vehicle ownership and parking demand at the building level. This is the first study, to the authors’ knowledge, that quantifies this relationship at the scale of individual developments.

Takeaway for practice: This article provides recommendations for developing a parking reduction ratio for carsharing that is compatible with existing parking requirements. It also considers approaches to promote the long-term financial viability of dedicated carshare vehicles. Overall, this study provides a starting point for those considering if and how to relax parking requirements for developments with access to carsharing services and illustrates some of the challenges with adopting flexible parking requirements.

Research support: The City of Toronto.     

Modified teaching-learning-based optimization by orthogonal learning for optimal design of an electric vehicle charging station

The provision of a safe environment has led to the growth of electric vehicles (EVs), whose propagation in the market depends on features such as price, battery technology, economy, and improvement of charging stations. This paper proposes a charging station for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) connected to the distribution system, along with the energy storage system's batteries, diesel generator, and photovoltaic panels. The charging facilities are also designed and optimized at three levels of fast, medium, and slow speeds. Since this model integrates many decision variables and cannot be accurately solved by traditional mathematical methods, a new modified optimization algorithm is presented. The modified teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) based on orthogonal learning (OL), or OLTLBO, is proposed to solve the optimization problem. The results confirm that the model successfully uses all the available options to design the EVCS.     

住宅建筑电气设计浅析

随着我国经济的迅速发展,以及城市化建设步伐的加快,使得人们的生活质量得到了有效提高。由此,人们对于电气的需求性也在一定程度上得到了增加。住宅建筑的电气设计好坏,直接关系着居民居家的舒适性和安全性。本文就对住宅建筑电气设计进行了探讨。     

Estimating general threshold traffic levels of typical build,operate, and transfer toll road projects in Indonesia

Applying the adjusted present value method enables the estimation of the general minimum traffic levels for the first year of operation required to make typical Indonesia's build, operate and transfer (BOT) toll road projects financially feasible. To determine the level, both average business risk as reflected by the opportunity cost of capital in the country's toll road industry, and project‐specific risk as reflected by traffic risk in terms of ramp‐up scale, ramp‐up duration and catch‐up extent are taken into consideration. Pessimistic and optimistic estimates reveal, respectively, that 18?000 vehicles per day (vhd) and 18?100?vhd are the minimum traffic levels under a low traffic risk scenario. This level increases particularly for optimistic estimate if traffic risk rises. To relax these high traffic requirements, the government should attempt to minimize traffic risk and average business risk or to provide financial supports. Sensitivity analysis results demonstrate that the threshold traffic levels are very sensitive to base tolls and construction cost.     

The panopticon prison as a “social condenser”: The study of the project for De Koepel prison by Rem Koolhaas/OMA (1979–1988)

Rem Koolhaas/OMA carried out the study for De Koepel prison throughout a decade (1979–1988). However, only its initial stages (1979–1980) were disclosed and have been investigated. The hypothesis presented in this article suggests that Koolhaas implemented his —then— recent thesis present in Delirious New York (1978) on “life in the metropolis” and the “Culture of Congestion” in the conception and design of this project. Thus, this article has the aim of examining —by means of the documents compelling the entire period of the study— how the project suggested transforming the domesticity of De Koepel prison into a “social condenser” of the contemporary metropolis. By doing so, it makes it possible to consider the role of this project within the first decade of Koolhaas' career as an architect (1978–1989), and to establish that Delirious New York is, in fact, the theory on which it was based on when first conceived. This project anticipated the strategy and the methodology he implemented, at a later time, in other projects, offering a different perspective. On this occasion, this diagrammatic investigation took place in Bentham's Panopticon; reason why, he was then able to develop the reflections on heterotopias and prisons carried out by Foucault.     

Analysis of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle for the smart grid of Canada

The conventional electricity grids, which are supposed to supply the electricity to the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), need to adapt to overcome the problems of reliability, security, economics and environmental concerns. Accordingly, electric utilities in several countries are exploring the possibilities of implementing more robust interactive smart grids. This article analyses salient features of a smart grid in the Canadian perspective, and discusses PHEV and its role in the future smart grid. A simulation tool has been used to assess the impacts of charging of PHEV on the future electricity grid of Canada under different penetration rates. The article indicates the associated environmental benefits of PHEV.     

Sustainability-oriented configurational analysis of the street network of China's superblocks: Beyond Marshall's model

The duality in China's traffic planning has given rise to the basic unit of urban form and function called the superblock, which is defined and bound by an arterial street network. The street network of China's superblock underpins the coexistence and interaction of global and local movement, the public and daily space, and affects place diversity and local characteristics. However, its configuration remains to be articulated because of the lack of a systematic representation method, and the associations between configuration and performance, cognition and design cannot be determined. This study proposes an improved representation method for the street network of China's superblocks based on Marshall's route structure analysis to explore the configurational characteristics and sustainability of the network. To fit local conditions, this study improves Marshall's route structure analysis from four perspectives, namely, the judgement of relative hierarchy, the node construction principle, and the deletion and addition of the original indicators. The improved method is then applied to calculate and compare the depth, connectivity, and complexity of the street networks of 10 sample superblocks in Nanjing, which are classified into six types by construction backgrounds, each having two scenarios differing by the level of publicity. Results indicate that the types formed in accordance with the “The Capital Plan” of the Republic of China, which presents a combination of fine orthogonal grids and radiations, and by the renewal of the traditional street-and-lane network, which has the “characteristic structure” defined by Marshall, perform best in terms of configurational sustainability. The analysis also reveals that the addition of semipublic streets formed mainly from the bottom up narrows the sustainability gap among the samples. This study provides a tool for elaborate urban study and design and provides insights into the cognitive and practical aspects of China's urban planning and design.