基于Gabor变换的欠定盲信号分离新方法

结合Gabor变换和盲信号分离的各自优点,提出了一种基于Gabor变换的欠定盲信号分离新方法.首先通过混合信号的Gabor变换系数之间的相互关系,得到了源信号个数的估计;然后对Gabor变换后的信号进行阈值处理,并进行Gabor逆变换得到新的混合信号,从而实现混合信号的升维.再利用现有的盲信号分离方法进行处理,该方法不受源信号个数的限制,因此属于一种欠定盲信号分离方法;最后,通过一组仿真信号的欠定盲分离验证了该方法的有效性.     

Blind source separation based vibration mode identification

In this paper, a novel method for linear normal mode (LNM) identification based on blind source separation (BSS) is introduced. Modal coordinates are considered as a specific case of sources that have certain time structure. This structure makes modal coordinates identifiable by many BSS algorithms. However, algorithms based on second-order statistics are particularly suited for extracting LNMs of a vibration system. Two well-known BSS algorithms are considered. First, algorithm for multiple unknown signals extraction (AMUSE) is used to illustrate the similarity with Ibrahim time domain (ITD) modal identification method. Second, second order blind identification (SOBI) is used to demonstrate noise robustness of BSS-based mode shape extraction. Numerical simulations and experimental results from these BSS algorithms and ITD method are presented.     

Separation of combustion noise and piston-slap in diesel engine—Part I: Separation of combustion noise and piston-slap in diesel engine by cyclic Wiener filtering

The main purpose of this study is to characterize the relative noise given out by a diesel engine, around the Top Dead Centre (TDC) by quantifying the proportions of “mechanical noise” originating mainly from piston-slap on the one hand and ‘thermal noise” originating from combustion on the other hand. Two different approaches are described here to solve this problem.In the first part of the paper, the cylinder pressure is measured and used as a reference in order to reconstruct the thermal noise. Next, we propose a method based on applying a cyclic Wiener filter to the measured cylinder pressure in order to separate the noises of mechanical and thermal origins. The final result is to reduce the engine resulting noise.The second part of the paper is devoted to blind source separation (BSS) methods applied on signals issued from accelerometers placed on one of the cylinders. It develops a BSS method based on a convolutive model of non-stationary mixtures and introduces a new method based on the joint diagonalization of time varying spectral matrices of the observations. Both methods are then applied to real data and the estimated sources are finally validated by several physical arguments.     

采用盲源分离的旋转机械振动仿真研究

盲源分离作为一种基于主向量分析的信号处理方法,目的是通过假设源信号之间的统计独立性,由一组观测信号恢复出源信号。研究了盲信号分离理论,尤其是盲卷积分离,采用基于交叉残余误差RCTE控制准则的盲分离算法,并针对旋转机械振动信号的特点生成仿真信号,将该方法应用于旋转机械振动信号瞬态成分与噪声卷积混合问题,仿真试验结果表明了该算法的有效性。     

Application of the blind source separation method to feature extraction of machine sound signals

As the result of vibration emission in air, a machine sound signal carries important information about the working condition of machinery. But in practice, the sound signal is typically received with a very low signal-to-noise ratio. To obtain features of the original sound signal, uncorrelated sound signals must be removed and the wavelet coefficients related to fault condition must be retrieved. In this paper, the blind source separation technique is used to recover the wavelet coefficients of a monitored source from complex observed signals. Since in the proposed blind source separation (BSS) algorithms it is generally assumed that the number of sources is known, the Gerschgorin disk estimator method is introduced to determine the number of sound sources before applying the BSS method. This method can estimate the number of sound sources under non-Gaussian and non-white noise conditions. Then, the partial singular value analysis method is used to select these significant observations for BSS analysis. This method ensures that signals are separated with the smallest distortion. Afterwards, the time-frequency separation algorithm, converted to a suitable BSS algorithm for the separation of a non-stationary signal, is introduced. The transfer channel between observations and sources and the wavelet coefficients of the source signals can be blindly identified via this algorithm. The reconstructed wavelet coefficients can be used for diagnosis. Finally, the separation results obtained from the observed signals recorded in a semianechoic chamber demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented methods.     

Application of the blind source separation method to feature extraction of machine sound signals

As the result of vibration emission in air, a machine sound signal carries important information about the working condition of machinery. But in practice, the sound signal is typically received with a very low signal-to-noise ratio. To obtain features of the original sound signal, uncorrelated sound signals must be removed and the wavelet coefficients related to fault condition must be retrieved. In this paper, the blind source separation technique is used to recover the wavelet coefficients of a monitored source from complex observed signals. Since in the proposed blind source separation (BSS) algorithms it is generally assumed that the number of sources is known, the Gerschgorin disk estimator method is introduced to determine the number of sound sources before applying the BSS method. This method can estimate the number of sound sources under non-Gaussian and non-white noise conditions. Then, the partial singular value analysis method is used to select these significant observations for BSS analysis. This method ensures that signals are separated with the smallest distortion. Afterwards, the time-frequency separation algorithm, converted to a suitable BSS algorithm for the separation of a non-stationary signal, is introduced. The transfer channel between observations and sources and the wavelet coefficients of the source signals can be blindly identified via this algorithm. The reconstructed wavelet coefficients can be used for diagnosis. Finally, the separation results obtained from the observed signals recorded in a semi-anechoic chamber demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented methods .     

Principal component analysis and blind source separation of modulated sources for electro-mechanical systems diagnostic

Under the only hypothesis of independent sources, blind source separation (BSS) consists of recovering these sources from several observed mixtures of them. As it extracts the contributions of the sources independently of the propagation medium, this approach is usually used when it is too difficult to modelise the transfer from the sources to the sensors. In that way, BSS is a promising tool for non-destructive machine condition monitoring by vibration analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) is applied as a first step in the separation procedure to filter out the noise and whiten the observations. The crucial point in PCA and BSS methods remains that the observations are generally assumed to be noise-free or corrupted with spatially white noises. However, vibration signals issued from electro-mechanical systems as rotating machine vibration may be severely corrupted with spatially correlated noises and therefore the signal subspace will not be correctly estimated with PCA.This paper extends a robust-to-noise technique earlier developed for the separation of rotating machine signals. It exploited spectral matrices of delayed observations to eliminate the noise influence. In this paper, we focus on the modulated sources and prove that the proposed PCA is available to denoise such sources as well as sinusoidal ones. Finally, performance of the algorithm is investigated with experimental vibration data issued from a complex electro-mechanical system.     

High-order and multipole aberrations by aberration integral and direct ray-tracing methods

This paper describes methods for computing high-order aberrations and multipole aberrations in electron optical systems. Two approaches are discussed – the first involves obtaining aberration integrals for the high-order aberration coefficients, in terms of paraxial rays and axial field functions, while the second method uses direct ray-tracing through fields computed accurately by finite element or finite difference methods. The methods are illustrated by several examples, including a wide-angle focusing and deflection system with fifth-order aberrations, a combined magnetic and electrostatic lens, a ‘supertip’ ion source, an electron mirror with negative spherical and chromatic aberration, and a chromatically corrected quadrupole lens.     

基于独立分量分析的潜艇振源贡献量定量计算方法

振动噪声控制对于潜艇具有重要意义。常用的振动噪声分析方法仅分析了噪声的来源,而未对振动噪声源对总振动噪声的贡献量进行定量计算。介绍盲源分离基本模型,以及基于独立分量分析理论和聚类评价方法提高盲分离性能的改进固定点算法,并基于该算法和先验信息理论提出一种定量计算振源贡献量的新方法。通过仿真试验分析基于两种不同分离准则算法的分离性能以及振源贡献量计算结果。将该方法应用于某型号潜艇缩比模型振源贡献量的定量计算中,对比分析表明该方法具有很高的计算精度。研究结论可为振动噪声的主动控制提供可靠的依据。     

多振源卷积混合的时域盲源分离算法

在机械多源振动传播和卷积混合模型的基础上,提出一种基于时域的多振源卷积混合信号的盲源分离算法.该算法以独立性为评判准则,采用反向学习和合理简化滤波器系数的方式,进行滤波器系数的学习,进而实现基于时域的多振源卷积混合信号的分离.仿真试验和多机振动源试验结果表明,该算法对于多源卷积混合信号具有很好的分离效果,可应用于机械设备多激振源卷积混合情况下机械振动源信号的有效分离.     

基于奇异值分解的欠定盲信号分离新方法及应用

提出一种利用相空间重构和奇异值分解实现信号升维,从而对欠定信号进行盲分离的新方法。选择合理的时间延迟和嵌入维数对信号进行相空间重构而得到吸引子轨迹矩阵,对该矩阵进行奇异值分解,并根据不同信号的奇异值分布特性选择合适的奇异值进行逆变换,从而可以得到源信号的新的线性组合,实现了信号升维。随后对新混合信号与原混合信号之间的关系进行讨论,分析二者之间的相关性,证明了该方法的合理性。利用该方法首先分析几种常见信号如正弦信号、调频信号、调幅信号等的奇异值分布特性,研究这些信号与白噪声混合时的欠定盲分离,并将其用于实测齿轮故障信号的盲分离,研究表明该方法能够识别齿轮系统的典型故障,取得了较好效果。     

Correlation between gas molecular weight, heating value and sonic speed under variable compositions of natural gas

A simulation study of likely uncertainties in molecular weight and heating value of the gas mixture as predicted from measured or calculated sonic speed. The sonic speed, molecular weight and heating value of natural gas were studied as a function of random fluctuation of the gas fractions. A method of sonic speed prediction was developed and used for over 50,000 computer-simulated variants of component concentrations in four- and five-component mixtures. Comparison of the obtained and the reference data on binary (methane–ethane) and multicomponent (Gulf Coast) gas mixtures under standard pressure and moderate temperatures indicates predictability of sonic speed on the basis of the binary virial coefficients, sonic speeds and heat capacities of the pure components. The results for two natural gas mixtures — with and without nonflammable components — are reported. Bivariate distribution and covariance elliptic zone plots are presented for three pairs of dependences of practical interest: molecular weight–sonic speed, heating value–sonic speed and heating value–molecular weight. The correlation coefficients, covariance, and regression equations are given for each pair of variance and mixture.     

Source location of acoustic emission in diesel engines

This paper is the third in a series developing methods of mapping acoustic emission (AE) signals and wave propagation in engines and focuses on source location techniques for the multi-source signals on relatively complex structures typical of machinery applications. Two source location techniques, a traditional wave velocity-based and an AE energy-based technique, using triangular sensor arrays, are used to locate source positions on the cylinder head of a 74 kW diesel engine using simulated sources (pencil lead break) and real sources (e.g. injectors (INJs) and exhaust valves during engine running).Source location using both techniques is demonstrated on the cylinder head of a 74 kW four-stroke diesel engine. The velocity-based technique uses AE wave speeds and time-of-flight (wave arrival time) to locate source position and is found to be most effective for single source signals with a sharp rising edge and good signal to noise ratios. The energy-based technique is based on a simple absorption attenuation model and was found to be useful for multiple source signals such as INJ signals, although structure-specific attenuation coefficients need to be measured for accurate source location.     

基于稀疏处理的多能X射线分离成像

利用独立成分分析(Independent Component Analysis,ICA)并结合多能X射线图像的丰富信息可以将二维X射线图像中重叠目标分离成像,但是海量的图像数量,以及高像素数的要求均会使内存占有量和计算速度面临挑战,因此本研究将压缩感知(Compressed Sensing,CS)与ICA相结合进行分离成像,以提高计算速度和分离成像性能。研究过程中,首先根据被拍摄物体的物质组成确定拍摄多能X射线图像数量,并选取CS技术中K均值奇异值分解(K-means SingularValue Decomposition,K-SVD)稀疏基将多能X射线图像进行稀疏表示,然后利用ICA将此稀疏表示进行盲源分离得到独立源,最后采用正交匹配追踪算法(Orthogonal Matching Pursuit,OMP)将独立源进行重构实现分离成像。研究结果表明:采用ICACS技术比仅采用ICA进行目标分离成像的运行时间减少了46.14s(23.3%)、内存占有率降低了21%、重构图像峰值信噪比(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio,PSNR)提高了2.665dB、边缘梯度提高了0.001、信息熵提高了0.09。     

Novel cyclostationarity-based blind source separation algorithm using second order statistical properties: Theory and application to the bearing defect diagnosis

Among signal processing techniques, blind source separation (BSS) and the underlying mathematical tool of independent component analysis (ICA) are of continuously growing interest in the scientific community of various research domains. Vibration analysis is a potential application field of this quite recent technique.Actually, BSS methods aim to retrieve unknown source signals from a set of their observations coming to a matrix of sensors, without necessarily having any prior knowledge about the sources. In monitoring and diagnosis purposes, bearing defects constitute a problem for manufacturers who aim at predicting those faults as well as potential engines breakdowns. These defects may be the unknown sources one wants to estimate from a set of recorded signals by a matrix of accelerometers placed close to the rotating machine.It has been shown that these vibration signals are wide-sense cyclostationary [[11] R.B.Randall, J. Antoni, S. Chobsaard, The relationship between spectral correlation and envelope analysis in the diagnostics of bearing faults and other cyclostationary machine signals, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 15 (5) (2001) 945–962]. The new algorithm of BSS proposed in this work is based, precisely, on that property. Second-order statistics of such processes led us to a new separation criterion for blind source separation. The theoretical results of this study, simulation and experimental analysis are presented in here. Perspectives for future research conclude this paper.     

Output-only modal identification based on hierarchical Hough transform

Sparse component analysis (SCA) has been introduced to the output-only modal identification for several years. This paper proposes a new method based on hierarchical Hough transform to extract the modal parameters of mechanical structures. First, the measured system responses are transformed to Time-frequency (TF) domain using Short time Fourier transform (STFT) to get a sparse representation. Then, Hough transform is applied to the TF coefficients hierarchically to identify the hyperplanes and the mixing matrix is calculated. Finally, the modal responses are recovered by using l ₁ -optimization and inverse STFT. From the recovered modal responses, natural frequencies and damping ratios are extracted. Numerical simulation of a 4 Degree-of-freedom (DOF) spring-mass system verifies the validity of the method. Free vibration of a steel cantilever beam is captured by a high-speed camera and then analyzed by the proposed method. The comparison of the estimated natural frequencies and damping ratios illustrates the good performance of the proposed algorithm.     

FREQUENCY OVERLAPPED SIGNAL IDENTIFICATION USING BLIND SOURCE SEPARATION

The concepts, principles and usages of principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) are interpreted. Then the algorithm and methodology of ICA-based blind source separation (BSS), in which the pre-whitened based on PCA for observed signals is used, are researched. Aiming at the mixture signals, whose frequency components are overlapped by each other, a simulation of BSS to separate this type of mixture signals by using theory and approach of BSS has been done. The result shows that the BSS has some advantages what the traditional methodology of frequency analysis has not.     

A subspace method for the blind extraction of a cyclostationary source: Application to rolling element bearing diagnostics

The need for blindly separating mixtures of signals arises in many signal processing applications. A class of solutions to this problem was recently proposed by the so-called blind source separation (BSS) techniques which rely on the sole knowledge of the number of independent sources present in the mixture. This paper deals with the case where the number of sources is unknown and statistical independence may not apply, but where there is only one signal of interest (SOI) to be separated, which is cyclostationary. It proposes a blind extraction method using a subspace decomposition of the observations via their cyclic statistics. This method is first developed for instantaneous mixtures and is then extended to the convolutive case in the frequency-domain where it does not suffer from the permutation problem as does classical BSS. Experiments on industrial data are finally performed and illustrate the high performance of the proposed method.     

融合小波分解与时频分析的单通道振动信号盲分离方法

针对单通道振动信号盲源分离是一个病态问题,且传统的振动信号盲源分离方法往往忽略信号的非平稳性的问题,提出了一种融合小波分解与时频分析的单通道振动信号盲源分离方法。首先利用小波分解与重构将单通道信号转化为多通道信号,解决了盲源分离的欠定问题;然后利用基于时频分析的盲源分离算法分析非平稳信号,得到源信号的估计信号,实现了非平稳信号盲源分离。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法可以有效地解决单通道非平稳振动信号的盲源分离问题。     

A thin-filter insertion machine for optical wdm transceiver modules

A machine has been developed that can automatically insert a thin-film filter into the narrow groove of an optical wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) transceiver module reliably and at low cost. The methods it uses for determining the filter orientation, handling the filter, and inserting the filter utilize the filters characteristics. These methods and an insertion-force control method were shown to be effective by testing an automated machine incorporating these methods. The average time to produce a module was 1 minute, and the average insertion loss for the assembled modules for 1.55–μm wavelength light reflected from the filter was less than 2 dB. Thus, this machine is suitable for mass production of WDM transceiver modules for future fiber-to-the-home networks.