Evaluating sites for industrial cogeneration in Chicago

Cogeneration is an industrial energy conservation technology that is suited to urban applications. Large, energy-intensive industries, as well as smaller manufacturing firms, commercial buildings, and institutional facilities with high energy demand that are located close to one another and to large firms may be suitable for cogeneration. Candidate sites in Chicago have been systematically screened and evaluated according to overall suitability for integrated industrial cogeneration systems. Primary energy use data for firms and facilities are incorporated into a multi-stage system that can be applied to any metropolitan area in the United States.     

An energy systems engineering approach to the optimal design of energy systems in commercial buildings

Energy consumption in commercial buildings accounts for a significant proportion of worldwide energy consumption. Any increase in the energy efficiency of the energy systems for commercial buildings would lead to significant energy savings and emissions reductions.     

Potential of energy and water efficiency improvement in Abu Dhabi's building sector – Analysis of Estidama pearl rating system

Energy and water infrastructure in Abu Dhabi provides a strong example of the interconnection between energy and water, where the majority of its electricity and water demand is jointly produced from cogeneration plants. The total cost of fuel used for cogeneration plants are heavily depending on the efficiency level of end-use energy and water consumption. Buildings are the major electricity and water consumers with 84.6% and 92.2% respectively from the entire demand. The aim of this study is to analyze the energy and water consumption reduction by implementing Estidama pearl regulations and compare it with Business as Usual -the normal execution of things as they always do-for three sample buildings (villa, multistory residential and office building). For energy assessment, eQUEST software was used to examine the energy performance of the chosen buildings and to evaluate the energy saving potential after applying Estidama requirements. While for water assessment; Estidama and LEED calculation tools were used to do the same. The results of energy simulation and water analysis of the chosen buildings showed a potential of electricity reduction between 31% and 38% and a potential of water reduction between 22% and 36% depending on building type and other parameters. Also, a total monetary savings of 19 Billion AED can be achieved cumulatively over ten years period (2011–2020) after Estidama regulations have been applied. In addition, a reduction of 31.4 Million ton of CO₂eq cumulatively can be achieved.     

Matching economical, energetic and environmental benefits: An analysis for hybrid CHCP-heat pump systems

The optimization of design and operation of combined heat, cooling and power systems usually leads to select different plant lay-outs and size of components, depending on the adopted optimization criterion (maximum profit or energy saving or minimum environmental impact). This occurs when the current energy prices and the normative provisions supporting cogeneration are not able to coincide with the specific customer’s interest and the overall “social interest” for a reduction in energy consumption and in pollutants’ emissions. At EU level, polygeneration is considered to have a large potential for residential and commercial buildings district network, for the tertiary sector and for industrial applications. In such applications, it is often convenient to integrate the trigeneration system with a reversible heat pump, because of a low ratio between electric demand and that for heating and cooling. In this paper, the design and operation of such hybrid systems is discussed. The results achievable through different operation modes are compared and, with reference to a 600-rooms hotel and a 300-beds hospital in Italy, the effects on plant design from an hour-by-hour optimization of plant operation are assessed. Finally, the need for a flexible support system for cogeneration plants is put into evidence and some criteria are listed for an effective regulation.     

The analysis of energy consumption of a commercial building in Tianjin,China

According to statistics and field investigation, the energy consumption situation and reality of commercial building is described in this paper. As the first step of large-scale public building energy efficiency supervision system encouraged by central government of China, the energy consumption of several typical commercial buildings and public buildings was analyzed in detail. The main contents of investigation are as follows: basic information of building, operational record of energy consumption equipment, energy consumption of indoor equipments, energy-efficiency assessment of energy consumption systems and equipments, investigation of behavior energy saving, etc. On this basis further analysis and diagnosis including indoor thermal and humid environment, operation state of air-conditioning water system, operation state of air-conditioning duct system and operation management of air-conditioning system were implemented. The results show that the most energy consumption of buildings in this city is commercial buildings, which can reach to about 240 W/m² per year. Further analysis tells that air conditioning systems play the major role of building energy consumption, and building energy saving has great potential in this city. In this paper, the ways of diagnosis work for building energy consumption are also described and discussed. Reasonable test, diagnosis and analysis are meaningful for building energy efficiency retrofit and management.     

工厂的用能分析与节能

不同的企业，因生产工艺、规模及所消耗能源的种类不同，故其能耗量也不尽相同。针对某工厂企业的能耗状况进行调查和分析，根据现场调查，并比较不同时间段的能源使用状况，分析造成各阶段能耗不同的原因，由此找出了节能方法。     

A review of renewable energy based cogeneration technologies

A major focus of the current energy debate is how to meet the future demand for electricity. Conservation in buildings and industry, and conversion of utility central station capacity to alternate fuels will play a major role in meeting this demand. But cost-effective conservation measures can only go so far, and the industrial and commercial sectors ultimately will have to seek alternative sources of energy. Moreover, electric utilities may face financial, environmental, or other constraints on the conversion of their existing capacity to fuels other than oil, or on the construction of new alternate-fuelled capacity. A wide range of alternate fuels and conversion technologies has been proposed for the industrial, commercial, and electric utility sectors. One of the most promising commercially available technologies is cogeneration. Cogeneration systems produce both electrical (or mechanical) energy and thermal energy from the same primary energy source. This paper reviews the present day cogeneration technologies based on renewable sources of energy. Study of novel methods, existing designs, theoretical and experimental analyses, modeling and simulation, environmental issues and economics and related energy policies have been discussed in this paper.     

Quantity and electricity consumption of plug load equipment on a university campus

The percent of energy consumed by plug load equipment in commercial buildings is on the rise. Research conducted in the past has included surveying plug load equipment, measuring plug load electricity consumption and equipment operating patterns, and studying plug load reduction solutions in office buildings, but plug load energy use across other building types is poorly understood. A university campus, which houses many building types, presents a unique opportunity to understand plug load profiles across building types. In this study, an equipment inventory was performed in 220 buildings on Stanford University’s campus, totaling 8,901,911 ft² of building space and encompassing lab buildings, office buildings, recreation facilities, public space, and service buildings. Within these buildings, 110,529 pieces of plug load equipment were recorded. Energy consumption estimates were developed from published values and used to evaluate the aggregate plug load energy consumption of this equipment by equipment type and by building type. In total, it is estimated that the plug loads from these buildings consume nearly 50 million kWh per year and comprise 32% of the electricity consumption of the buildings surveyed. This data can be used to better target energy conservation efforts throughout multiple sectors.     

国内外建筑能耗基准评价工具的研究与应用

介绍了建筑能耗基准评价方法和国外建筑能耗数据库的发展动态以及两个著名的建筑能耗基准评价工具。简要叙述上海市商用建筑信息数据库和商用建筑能耗预测工具的研究情况。     

Simulation of energy saving in Iranian buildings using integrative modelling for insulation

According to one survey on energy consumption in Iran, commercial and building sector consume more energy than any other economic sectors. For example, about 38% of total energy that consumed in year 2001 has been used for space heating. Insulation in external walls of buildings has an important role to reduce the environmental effects on indoor space condition. Therefore, always using insulation is an alternative to avoid from the energy loss. In this paper, the effects of the using of a proper insulation on the energy saving in Iranian buildings are studied. For this purpose, an integrative modelling is used for simulation of the energy consumption in buildings. It is shown that energy consumption per square meter of buildings can be reduced up to 35.2% when insulation is used for external walls.     

Energy efficiency outlook in China’s urban buildings sector through 2030

This study uses bottom-up modeling framework in order to quantify potential energy savings and emission reduction impacts from the implementation of energy efficiency programs in the building sector in China. Policies considered include (1) accelerated building codes in residential and commercial buildings, (2) increased penetration of district heat metering and controls, (3) district heating efficiency improvement, (4) building energy efficiency labeling programs and (5) retrofits of existing commercial buildings.Among these programs, we found that the implementation of building codes provide by far the largest savings opportunity, leading to an overall 17% reduction in overall space heating and cooling demand relative to the baseline. Second are energy efficiency labels with 6%, followed by reductions of losses associated with district heating representing 4% reduction and finally, retrofits representing only about a 1% savings.     

Government management and implementation of national real-time energy monitoring system for China large-scale public building

The supervision of energy efficiency in government office buildings and large-scale public buildings (GOBLPB) is the main embodiment for government implementation of Public Administration in the fields of resource saving and environmental protection. It is significant for China government to achieve the target: reducing building energy consumption by 11 million ton standard coal before 2010. In the framework of a national demonstration project concerning the energy management system, Shenzhen Municipality has been selected for the implementation of the system. A data acquisition system and a methodology concerning the energy consumption of the GOBLPB have been developed. This paper summarizes the various features of the system incorporated into identifying the building consumes and energy saving potential. This paper also defines the methods to achieve the real-time monitoring and diagnosis: the meters installed at each building, the data transmitted through internet to a center server, the analysis and unification at the center server and the publication through web. Furthermore, this paper introduces the plans to implement the system and to extend countrywide. Finally, this paper presents some measurements to achieve a common benefit community in implementation of building energy efficiency supervisory system on GOBLPB in its construction, reconstruction or operation stages.     

Assessment of energy savings from the revised building energy code of Thailand

The government of Thailand legislated an Energy Conservation Promotion Act (ECP Act) in 1992 and set bye-laws that identify designated buildings (DBs) and detail mandatory requirements for energy conservation for DBs in 1995. An Energy Conservation Promotion Fund (ENCON Fund) was also created to fund energy audits on 1900 DBs. Recently the requirements and procedures for energy conservation in buildings have been revised where system performance requirements for building envelope, lighting, air-conditioning, and hot water generation are adopted. Moreover, the new building energy code (BEC) distinguishes different categories of DBs, provides credit for use of solar energy, and introduces a new option of whole building energy compliance. The authors develop building models from data obtained from energy audit reports and use them to estimate savings on energy and peak demand from future new buildings using forecasted energy and peak demand data from the Load Forecast Subcommittee, a panel tasked to forecast future electric load of Thailand. From a modest level of energy saving in the first year that the code is expected to be enforced, the level of saving rise to over 10% and 20% annually of requirement of target buildings in 6 and 12 years respectively.     

完善公共建筑节能低碳绩效评价考核制度的几点建议

公共建筑用能量和用能强度不断攀升,强化公共建筑节能低碳绩效评价考核制度不仅是实现能源消费总量和强度“双控”目标的需要,更是国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的需要.针对公共建筑节能低碳考核中缺少能源消费量化目标,难以分解到各地区,主管政府机构间缺乏协同合作的工作机制,目标责任与政策、措施间缺少互补互促等问题,建议把强化能源消费计量和统计工作放在突出位置,推动建立多方协调合作、建筑能耗数据共享的工作机制,加快推动能耗限额管理、能效测评和能耗公示等节能减碳措施的落实,尽快修订《民用建筑节能条例》,为完善公共建筑节能低碳绩效评价考核制度提供法律依据.     

合同能源管理在医院建筑节能改造中的应用

既有建筑开展节能改造是我国现阶段落实节能减排目标、实现可持续发展的关键工作内容之一。合同能源管理作为一种新兴的节能改造商业模式,可以充分调动用能单位开展节能改造的积极性,并充分利用市场资源,最终有效落实节能减排目标。对合同能源管理的概念内涵、发展现状、扶持政策、改造技术以及常见的商业模式进行概述,并以实际的医院建筑改造项目为案例,对其采用合同能源管理的改造方案、商业模式以及风险管控进行介绍,旨在为我国的公共建筑特别是医院建筑的节能改造提供参考依据。     

Turkey's Renewable Energy Facilities in the Near Future

In this work, renewable energy facilities of Turkey were investigated. Electricity is mainly produced by thermal power plants, consuming coal, lignite, natural gas, fuel oil and geothermal energy, and hydro power plants in Turkey. Turkey has no large oil and gas reserves. The main indigenous energy resources are lignite, hydro and biomass. Turkey has to adopt new, long-term energy strategies to reduce the share of fossil fuels in primary energy consumption. For these reasons, the development and use of renewable energy sources and technologies are increasingly becoming vital for sustainable economic development of Turkey. The most significant developments in renewable production are observed hydropower and geothermal energy production. Renewable electricity facilities mainly include electricity from biomass, hydropower, geothermal, and wind and solar energy sources. Biomass cogeneration is a promising method for production bioelectricity.     

Optimal option of distributed generation technologies for various commercial buildings

With the development of distributed generation (DG) technologies and the implementation of policies to encourage their applications, building combined heat and power (BCHP) is expected to play a greater role in the commercial buildings in the future. BCHP is a promising efficiency improvement and carbon mitigation strategy, but careful selection of technology and operation mode is required to achieve a reasonable system performance according to energy consumption characteristics of buildings and technical features of equipments. This paper analyzed energy consumption characteristics of four typical commercial buildings in Japan and simulated the energy system performances of four mostly widely adopted DG technologies under different operation mode conditions for the four buildings studied. Various scenarios were evaluated and compared regarding energy utilization efficiency, energy saving and environmental effects, as well as economic efficiency. Results show that the hotels and hospitals are more attractive for BCHP because of their stable thermal load demands and a favorable heat-to-power ratio, which is the most compatible match with available DG technologies. Furthermore, some DG technologies are more suitable for a certain type of building than others because of their technical features more matching with the building’s energy consumption characteristics, as well as the user’s motivation of selecting BCHP. In Japan, during selecting DG technologies, the prior order is gas turbines (GT), gas engines (GE), diesel engines (DE) and phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) for the hotels, PAFC, GE and GT, DE for the hospitals, PAFC, DE, GE and GT for the stores, as well as DE, PAFC, GE and GT for the offices.     

Comparative study of commercial building energy-efficiency retrofit policies in four pilot cities in China

The energy efficiency of existing commercial buildings is more challenging to regulate and improve than the energy efficiency of new constructions. In 2011 and 2012, the Chinese Government selected four cities- Shanghai, Tianjin, Shenzhen, and Chongqing- to implement pilot commercial building energy efficiency retrofit program. Based on site surveys and expert interviews in these pilot cities, this research conducted a comparative analysis on incentive policies of local city level. The analysis results show that policy designs of existing commercial buildings should be further improved. The aspects that influence the implementation effect in the future, such as subsidy level, installments, and business model promotion, should be specified in the policy clauses. Referring to the technical solution and cost-benefit in Chongqing, we found that lighting system is the most common retrofit objects while envelope system is the least common one. And the subsidy incentive is greatest for educational buildings, followed by office buildings. In the end, we further discussed the problems and obstacles in commercial building retrofit market, and provided a series of recommendations.     

建筑能耗的综合性指标

鉴于建筑能耗的综合特性,本文提出了用对应于实际建筑物的标准建筑物的能耗量作为建筑物能耗的指标,并大致介绍了标准建筑物的构成,以此来探讨民用建筑物节能标准的制订方法。