麦芽对啤酒质量的影响及控制

麦芽作为啤酒酿造的主要原料，对啤酒生产、成本和产品质量有比较重要的影响。本文论述了啤酒工厂在外购麦芽和制定麦芽质量标准时需要掌握的原则和建立外购麦芽评价体系要遵循的程序，以便在此基础上，完善从大麦到啤酒的全面质量管理工作。     

利用煮沸色度检验麦芽质量指导啤酒生产

利用煮沸色度检验麦芽质量指导啤酒生产李英伟仲白莹张春滨（哈尔滨啤酒有限公司）随着市场的不断扩大，产品越来越供不应求，我厂近年来不断扩大生产能力，由五万吨扩建到二十万吨。而本厂自产麦芽却越来越供应不上生产的需要，外购的商品麦芽越来越多。这就要求我们在原...     

优化低质麦芽糖化工艺的探讨

许多啤酒生产厂家经常遇到麦芽质量问题，特别是外购麦芽质量很难控制，给糖化带来很多困难。对于质量较差的麦芽，在糖化工艺上如何采取相应措施，以获得高质量麦汁，最终制取高质量啤酒，成为很多啤酒厂家所思虑的课题。下面就麦芽质量缺陷及相应糖化工艺措施谈一些看法。1．α-氨基氮含量低     

加强生产过程控制、提高啤酒口感一致性、风味稳定性的具体措施

啤酒是连继生产过程,优质啤酒生产管理的重点应该在于过程控制,每个环节都按照工艺标准去做,前后上下协调,才能酿造出优质啤酒.我认为应该从以下几方面加强控制来提高啤酒口感一致性和风味稳定性. 1 对原料质量的控制 从麦芽、大米，啤酒花的各项指标检测中，去判断原料的稳定性，才能保证啤酒质量的稳定性。①麦芽：如果制麦时麦芽焙焦温度不足，出炉水分高于5％，在麦芽贮存及糖化过程中就会产生过多的氧化前驱物质。     

特种麦芽及其对啤酒特性的影响综述

啤酒是世界上广受欢迎的酒精饮料。随着经济收入增加和生活水平的提高,消费者对于啤酒品质的追求也在提高,除了常见的商业啤酒以外,各式各样独具特色的精酿啤酒逐渐被人们所熟知。随着精酿啤酒在全球兴起,特种麦芽日益成为了新的研究热点。特种麦芽通常用于改善啤酒的风味、香气以及色泽,丰富啤酒的多样性。因此,文章将从特种麦芽制麦过程、特种麦芽风味成分以及特种麦芽对啤酒特性的影响3个方面进行综述,以期为后续的特种麦芽及其对啤酒特性影响的研究提供帮助。     

有色特种麦芽

有色特种麦芽赋予啤酒特征性的色度和风味,其应用满足了消费者对不同风味啤酒的需求,论述了有色特种麦芽的种类,风味特征及生产的啤酒风味特征,阐明了其焙烤工艺,成品有色麦芽的分析指标和在啤酒中的应用.     

精酿啤酒专用麦芽的研究进展

在工业啤酒日趋饱和的大背景下,精酿啤酒在中国受到越来越多消费者的喜爱,并呈现出广阔的成长空间。麦芽作为精酿啤酒重要原料之一,其品质优劣决定了啤酒品质的好坏。该文结合当前精酿啤酒专用麦芽的应用研究,总结、归纳了精酿啤酒酿造用麦芽的基本种类、制麦工艺、麦芽风味物质及麦芽主要成分对啤酒品质的影响,最后阐述了精酿啤酒专用麦芽对麦芽加工工业和精酿啤酒制造业的重要意义,并对精酿啤酒专用麦芽的前景进行了展望。     

啤酒中挥发性化合物的生成控制及其在低麦芽啤酒发酵中的应用

低麦芽啤酒,即麦芽用量小于2／3常规啤酒麦芽用量的啤酒,流行于日本市场,低麦芽啤酒的风味与常规啤酒相似,价格却低于常规啤酒。低麦芽啤酒和常规啤酒的生产工艺存在很多相似点,如低麦芽啤酒发酵使用的酵母与常规啤酒是相同的。此外,对于常规啤酒的许多研究都适用于低麦芽发酵。在本文综述中,我们集中于挥发性化合物的产生及适用于常规啤酒和低麦芽啤酒的研究,特别讨论了发酵过程中酵母细胞内挥发性化合物代谢的信息,挥发性化合物的测定和评估方法以及对挥发性化合物产生的控制。     

啤酒特色麦芽的工艺风味特点

<正>麦芽,做为啤酒酿造主要的原料,直接影响啤酒的香气和口味,决定啤酒的风格,特别是特色麦芽能赋予啤酒更强烈的麦芽香气、风味和特殊的颜色。从颜色上,特色麦芽能够赋予啤酒以黄色、金色、铜色、栗色、琥珀色、红色、棕色、黑色等不同颜色,从香气上,特色麦芽能够赋予啤酒以焦糖、面包、饼干、丁香、蜂蜜、醋栗、咖啡、黑巧克力、可可、焦苦、热带水果、烤坚果、烤肉烟熏等各种烘焙香气,所以特色麦芽在啤酒酿造过程中的作用非比寻常。     

麦芽出炉水分高对啤酒生产和质量的影响

麦芽是啤酒生产最主要的原料,目前国内啤酒厂所使用的麦芽有的是自产,有的是从专业麦芽厂采购来的.采购进厂的商品麦芽质量参差不齐,质检部门虽按QB1686-1993啤酒麦芽标准进行检查,很难全部合乎标准要求.特别是麦芽出炉水分这个指标,因为麦芽生产后需在麦芽厂仓储一段时间进行麦芽回潮,这期间麦芽水分升高,啤酒厂家在入库检查时很难判断该水分是麦芽焙焦时出炉水分偏高,还是麦芽回潮水分自然升高.若是麦芽干燥时焙焦温度不够,时间较短而引起的出炉水分偏高,即使麦芽其它重要指标如糖化力、浸出物、α-氨基氮较高,色度较低,这种麦芽在啤酒生产过程中,往往使用效果并不理想.     

不同种类麦芽对下面发酵啤酒酿造风味的影响

为了从源头控制下面发酵啤酒的发酵生产并提高其品质,通过啤酒发酵模拟体系,系统评价英国麦芽（Eng）、加拿大麦芽（Can）和德国麦芽（Ger）对下面发酵啤酒酿造风味的影响。分别测定了3种麦芽的品质指标及所酿啤酒的理化指标;并采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）和气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）法检测了所酿啤酒中风味物质组成和含量上的差异。结果表明,加拿大麦芽的库尔巴哈值（45%）、浸出率（≥77%）、糖化力（414 WK）和α-氨基酸态氮（118 mg/L）等品质指标和酒精度（2.97%vol）、原麦汁浓度（8.63 °P）、实际浓度（2.76%）、外观浓度（1.17%）、实际发酵度（67.97%）和外观发酵度（86.41%）等所酿啤酒的理化指标适中,啤酒中风味物质种类多样（75种）、相对含量丰富（271.82%）、比例协调,是最适合酿造Lager啤酒的麦芽种类。该结果可为高品质啤酒的工业化生产提供理论依据。     

THE CAMBRIDGE PRIZE LECTURE 1995: INDIRECT AND DIRECT CONTRIBUTIONS OF BARLEY MALT TO BREWING

The suitability of barley malt as a raw material for brewing is determined by an amalgamation of “indirect” and “direct” contributions to the beer produced. Indirect contributions are considered as those which affect the quality of the brewing process performance whereas direct contributions are considered as those which affect the quality of the product. As a potential indirect contribution of malt to brewing quality evidence is presented that barley malt contains a flocculent which influences mash filterability. As a potential direct contribution of barley malt to beer quality evidence is presented that the mineral silicate found in beer may have a role in moderating dietary aluminium.     

Optimised quantification of the antiyeast activity of different barley malts towards a lager brewing yeast strain

The brewing of beer involves two major biological systems, namely malted barley (malt) and yeast. Both malt and yeast show natural variation and assessing the impact of differing malts on yeast performance is important in the optimisation of the brewing process. Currently, the brewing industry uses well-established tests to assess malt quality, but these frequently fail to predict malt-associated problem fermentations, such as incomplete fermentations, premature yeast flocculation (PYF) and gushing of the final beer product. Antimicrobial compounds, and in particular antiyeast compounds in malt, may be one of the unknown and unmeasured malt factors leading to problem fermentations. In this study, the adaptation of antimicrobial assays for the determination of antiyeast activity in malt is described. Our adapted assay was able to detect differing antiyeast activities in nine malt samples. For this sample set, malts associated with PYF during fermentation and gushing activity in beer showed high antiyeast activity. Both PYF and gushing are malt quality issues associated with fungal infection of barley in the field which may result in elevated antimicrobial activity in the barley grain. Also, two more malts that passed the normal quality control tests were also observed to have high antiyeast activity and such malts must be considered as suspect. Based on our results, this assay is a useful measure of malt quality as it quantifies the antiyeast activity in malt which may adversely impact on brewery fermentation.     

微生物对麦芽品质的影响

大麦作为啤酒酿造的主要原料，其表面或外源的微生物在制麦过程中会影响麦芽的品质，并最终影响成品啤酒的质量。近年来研究发现在制麦过程中添加启动子培养物，既能作为微生物控制剂，抑制有害微生糖的生长；同时又能利用微生物分泌的水解酶系来提高麦芽的品质和安全性。本文介绍了麦芽中的微生物种类及其对麦芽质量的影响，并对添加不同启动子培养物对麦芽品质的改善及其工业化应用的可行性进行了探讨。     

Wheat Variety and Barley Malt Properties: Influence on Haze Intensity and Foam Stability of Wheat Beer

Laboratory wheat beers were brewed with different wheat varieties of different protein content (8.7–14.4%) and with five different barley malts, varying in degree of modification (soluble protein: 3.9–6.9%). In a first series of experiments, it was investigated whether wheat positively influences the foam stability, a major characteristic of wheat beers. NIBEM and Rudin (CO₂) foam analyses revealed that the effect of wheat on foam stability depended on the barley malt used for brewing. When using malt with high foaming potential, wheat exerts a negative influence. However, wheat added to over‐modified malt with less foam promoting factors, ameliorates beer foaming characteristics proving that wheat contains foam active compounds. In addition, Rudin (N₂) values suggested that wheat positively influences foam stability by decreasing liquid drainage, probably caused by a higher beer viscosity and/or a finer foam bubble size distribution. Furthermore, the haze in wheat beers, which is another important quality characteristic of these beers, was investigated. Permanent haze readings of the 40% wheat beers were lower than 1.5 EBC haze units. For 20% wheat beers, an inverse relation between the permanent haze (9.4–19.3 EBC haze units) and the protein content of the wheat was established. The barley malt used for brewing also influenced permanent haze readings. A positive correlation between the modification degree of the malt and the permanent haze intensity was found. It was concluded that the choice of raw materials for wheat beer brewing considerably influences the visual properties of the beer.     

Suitability of unmalted quinoa for beer production

BACKGROUND

This study provides the first detailed investigation into the effect of partially substituting barley malt with quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) on the characteristics of wort and beer. Quinoa seeds and flakes were compared in terms of their suitability for brewing. The benefits of applying a commercial enzyme mixture during beer production with quinoa were also investigated.

RESULTS

These findings show that quinoa is a good starchy raw material for brewing. Even without exogenous enzymes, it is possible to substitute barley malt with up to 30% quinoa. The form in which quinoa is used has a negligible influence on the quality of the wort and beer. The foam stability of beer made with quinoa was better than that of all‐malt beer, despite there being a lower level of soluble nitrogen in quinoa beer in comparison with all‐malt beer and more than twice the amount of fat in quinoa in comparison to barley malt.

CONCLUSION

The addition of unmalted quinoa does not give unpleasant characteristics to the beer and was even found to have a positive effect on its overall sensory quality. This offers brewers an opportunity to develop good beers with new sensory characteristics. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

利用大麦芽根酿造酱油的研究

以啤酒厂和麦芽厂废弃的大麦芽根提取磷脂酶后的残渣为主要原料,以沪酿3.042米曲霉为菌种,采用低盐固态发酵生产酱油,酱油中的氨基酸态氮为1.14%左右。为开发新的蛋白质资源,综合利用废弃的大麦根,减少环境污染开辟了一条新的途径。     

The Impact of Malt Derived Proteins on Beer Foam Quality. Part II: The Influence of Malt Foam-positive Proteins and Non-starch Polysaccharides on Beer Foam Quality

Pilot (50 litre) and small scale (700 mL) brewing trials conducted using, similar brewing protocols with 25 different malts, indicated that differences in malt quality influenced foam stability (Rudin head retention value) by up to 24%. In addition to conventional measures of malt quality, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to measure the level of the putative foam-positive proteins, BSZ4 (protein Z4), BSZ7 (protein Z7), BSZ7b and lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1). Regression analysis performed on the combined pilot and small scale data sets identified that malt BSZ4, wort β-glucan and wort viscosity, and beer protein, β-glucan and arabinoxylan were positively correlated with foam stability, while malt Kolbach index (KI), and beer FAN were negatively correlated with foam stability. Potentially foam-positive proteins such as BSZ7 and LTP1 were not correlated with foam stability. The negative correlation of BSZ4 level with KI suggested an additional role for BSZ4 in influencing protein modification. Step-wise multiple regression indicated that up to 82% of the variation in foam stability could be predicted from the malt and beer characteristics measured, demonstrating that there are a number of inter related malt derived factors that influence beer foam stability.     

浅谈辅料不使用大米,全部使用糖浆的啤酒生产工艺

研究探讨辅料不使用大米,全部使用糖浆的啤酒生产工艺。对大米、小麦芽和糖浆作了重点分析,制定了试验工艺,并得出结论：糖浆完全可以代替大米作为啤酒生产辅料,生产出的啤酒是合格的。对全部使用糖浆产生的节约价值作了重点介绍,对啤酒企业来说又找到了一条降低生产成本、提高盈利空间道路。     

ADJUNCTS

Although not essential in brewing, adjuncts are used in most countries and brewing regions and provide benefits in extract cost and beer qualities. Brewing sugars and caramel syrups may be used to adjust wort and beer characteristics with little capital investment. The incorporation of caramel malts can contribute to beer quality and stability. On a world-wide perspective, cereal-based adjuncts are dominant in the brewing of beer, and are the only adjuncts used in the production of Scotch grain whisky and the whiskeys of other countries, and in malt vinegar produced in the United Kingdom. The cost of adjuncts often depends on local availability, the added value of by-products and the utilisation of the maximum amount of starch or sugar from the agricultural source.