含N,N-二硝基哌嗪无烟改性双基推进剂的燃烧性能

以CMDB推进剂为基础,用N,N-二硝基哌嗪(DNP)替代推进剂中的RDX,研究了DNP含量、燃烧稳定剂(CaCO3、TiO2、MgO及Al2O3)、燃烧催化剂(铅盐、铅盐/铜盐、铅盐/铜盐/炭黑)对DNP-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,DNP可明显降低无烟CMDB推进剂的燃速,当DNP完全替代RDX时,在18MPa压强下推进剂的燃速降低约68%;铅盐/铜盐/炭黑燃烧催化剂复配体系能够有效降低DNP-CMDB推进剂的燃速压强指数,使其出现平台燃烧效应。     

含CL-20改性双基推进剂的燃烧性能

设计了两组不同含量CL-20或RDX改性双基(CMDB)推进剂配方,研究了CL-20或RDX含量对两组CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,在2～20MPa,CL-20改性双基推进剂的燃速高于RDX改性双基推进剂的。CL-20含量越高,CMDB推进剂压强指数变大。现有的铅、铜盐和炭黑催化剂可用于调节含CL-20改性双基推进剂的燃烧性能。     

纳米有机金属盐对RDX/CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响

制备了含纳米3-硝基邻苯二甲酸铅、纳米对氨基苯甲酸铜和炭黑复配催化剂(NPAC)的RDX/CMDB推进剂,用靶线法测试了推进剂的燃速,用热重分析(TG)、常压和高压DSC、微型热电偶、单幅彩色摄影和SEM-EDS联用分别测试了热分解性能、燃烧波火焰温度分布、熄火表面形貌和熄火表面的元素。结果表明,与普通3-硝基邻苯二甲酸铅、对氨基苯甲酸铜和炭黑复配催化剂(PPAC)相比,NPAC催化剂可提高RDX/CMDB推进剂中、低压段的燃速,降低其压强指数,拓宽其燃烧平台范围;NPAC可使推进剂低温分解放热峰向低温方向移动,而使高温放热峰向高温方向移动,并使推进剂热分解的放热量增大。NPAC可使推进剂的表面反应区、嘶嘶区和暗区的厚度增大,并使各区温度升高;含NPAC的推进剂的熄火表面碳骨架上的铅、铜元素聚集体的平均粒径小于加入PPAC复配催化剂的推进剂。     

高效含能燃烧催化剂对双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响

研究了含能有机铅、铜盐即3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5酮(NTO)和4-硝基咪唑铅、铜盐及其复配体系对双基推进剂燃烧性能和燃烧残渣率的影响.结果表明,NTO和4-硝基咪唑铅、铜盐及其复配体系均可明显提高双基推进剂的燃速,降低推进剂的压强指数;NTO和4-硝基咪唑铅、铜盐与炭黑形成的铅/铜/炭燃烧催化剂复配体系使双基推进...     

双金属有机化合物对星型聚叠氮缩水甘油醚推进剂燃烧性能的影响

研究了甲撑双水杨酸铅铜(PbCuDS)、β-雷锁辛酸铅铜(β-PbCu)、铅铜双金属复盐(PbCuMu)、4-硝基咪唑铅铜(PbCuNI)、没食子酸铋铅(BiPbGA)和没食子酸铋铜(BiCuGA)等双金属有机化合物及其与炭黑复配混合物对星型GAP(S-GAP)推进剂在2～20MPa燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,双金属有机化合物及其与炭黑的复配体系均明显地提高S-GAP推进剂的燃速,PbCuNI和BiCuGA与乙炔炭黑的复配体系使S-GAP推进剂在2～10MPa的燃速压强指数降至0.30以下。     

纳米催化剂对无烟改性双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响

用均匀设计和多元回归分析方法研究了纳米含能有机铅盐n-ONPP、纳米有机铜盐n-PAC和炭黑复配对无烟改性双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响,并建立了多元回归数学分析模型.结果表明,n-ONPP和n-PAC复配或n-ONPP和炭黑的复配,对提高无烟改性双基推进剂2～6MPa的燃速效果显著,而对提高该推进剂在6～22MPa的燃速效果不明显.但一定量且比例适当的n-ONPP、n-PAC和炭黑复配,能显著提高无烟改性双基推进剂在中低压下的燃速,且在中高压段使推进剂出现平台燃烧,但平台燃烧的压强范围随着催化剂比例的不同而不同.理论分析表明,在2～4MPa,对无烟改性双基推进剂燃速起决定作用的是n-PAC和炭黑;n-ONPP、n-PAC和炭黑三者之间的相互作用对燃速也有一定的作用.在6MPa以上,n-ONPP和n-PAC对燃速起决定作用,炭黑起辅助作用.     

燃烧催化剂对含CL-20无烟NEPE推进剂燃烧性能的影响

采用靶线法测试了2~15MPa下含CL-20无烟NEPE推进剂的燃速,通过调节不同种类燃烧催化剂(铅盐、铜盐和炭黑)及其复配催化剂,研究了催化剂对含CL-20无烟NEPE推进剂燃烧性能的影响。分析了含CL-20和催化剂的无烟NEPE推进剂的催化作用机理。结果表明,随着CL-20含量的增加,推进剂的燃速明显增大,当CL-20质量分数为30%时,15 MPa下推进剂的燃速可提高68%。与单组分催化剂和多组分催化剂相比,复配后的双组分燃烧催化剂对推进剂燃速的催化效果最明显,含NTO-Pb/AD-Cu复配催化剂的推进剂在15MPa下的燃速增至25.66mm/s。φ-Pb/乙炔炭黑燃烧催化剂使推进剂在10~15MPa出现平台燃烧,燃速压强指数降至0.22,在2~15MPa下降至0.52。     

低燃速低燃温双基推进剂燃烧性能的调节

为调节低燃速燃温双基推进剂的燃烧性能(燃速及压强指数)，探索铅、铜盐和碳黑等燃烧催化剂在该类推进剂中的催化效果，从理论燃温在900～1700K的低燃速双基推进剂中选出4种作为基础配方，分别加入不同种类的铅盐、铜盐及碳黑等燃烧催化剂，改变催化剂的加入量及搭配关系，进行了一系列试验研究。同时还研究了辅助增塑剂对推进剂燃烧性能的影响。结果表明，常规的铅、铜盐和碳黑等催化剂在低燃速低燃温推进剂中仍能发挥催化作用，作用效果与催化剂的品种及加入量相关，特别是使用复合催化剂时，对燃烧性能的调节更为有效。不同品种的辅助增塑剂对燃烧性能也有影响。     

还原型锡酸铅粒度对Al/HMX/CMDB推进剂燃烧性能及安定性的影响

为研究还原型锡酸铅粒度对Al/HMX/CMDB推进剂燃烧性能及安定性的影响,采用干筛法筛选6种不同粒度的还原型锡酸铅,制备了含不同粒度还原型锡酸铅体系的推进剂;通过燃速靶线试验、甲基紫试验与热加速老化试验得到推进剂的燃速、压强指数、甲基紫变色时间和贮存寿命。结果表明,随还原型锡酸铅粒径由7.0μm减至2.5μm,Pb²⁺及SnO₂的催化活性逐渐增大,活化中心愈多,该体系推进剂在15~20MPa范围内的燃速逐渐增加,压强指数由0.30减至0.17;同时还原型锡酸铅粒度的减小加速了该体系推进剂的自催化作用,造成其安定性下降,当还原型锡酸铅的粒径为2.5~3.5μm时,推进剂的安定性显著降低。     

PNI对RDX/Al-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响

采用吸收-压延方法制备了含4-硝基咪唑铅盐(PNI)的RDX/Al-CMDB推进剂样品,用靶线法测试了其燃速,研究了PNI与炭黑组成的二组元催化剂,PNI、炭黑和安定剂组成的三组元催化剂,PNI与不同种类铅盐组成的多组元催化剂对RDX/Al-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,PNI是一种有效的含能燃烧催化剂;PNI与炭黑或β铅盐的混合物可使推进剂出现平台或麦撒燃烧;当PNI的质量分数为4.0%时,推进剂的压强指数降至0.07;1.0%PNI和2.5%β-Pb的混合物使推进剂的压强指数降至-0.13。含PNI改性双基推进剂的燃速可调,出现平台或麦撒区间。     

Ballistic Modification of RDX-Based CMDB Propellants

The effect of lead and copper salts and certain metallic oxides was studied on the burning rates of RDX-based CMDB propellants in the pressure region 35–105 [kg/cm²]. Lead methylene disalicylate (LMDS), basic copper salicylate (BCS). cobaltic oxide and lead stannate produced higher burning rates by 10%–16%. However, these additives were comparatively more effective with nitramine-based CMDB propellants than AP-based CMDB propellants. Fluorides of iron, lead and chromium were ineffective as burning rate catalysts. Inclusion of carbon black along with lead salts or metallic oxide gave only marginally higher burning rates. None of the ballistic modifiers studied produced plateau/mesa effect.     

有机铋铜复盐对DNTF/HMX-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响

研究了有机铋铜复盐(Gal-BiCu)与炭黑、不同芳香族铜盐(Cu1和Cu2)及金属燃烧功能助剂(NB)复配对DNTF/HMX-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响。分析了Gal-BiCu与其他催化剂复配后影响DNTF/HMX-CMDB推进剂燃烧行为的原因。结果表明,Gal-BiCu能有效调节DNTF/HMX-CMDB推进剂的燃烧性能,提高推进剂燃速,显著降低压强指数;当Gal-BiCu与炭黑、Cu1、NB复合时,催化性能更佳;NB质量分数为0.5%时,推进剂在8~20MPa较宽区间内出现平台燃烧,压强指数n≤0.2;8~15MPa区间内压强指数降至0.11。     

Ballistic Modification of Composite Modified Double-Base Propellants containing ammonium perchlorate

The effect of certain lead and copper salts of organic acids and metallic oxides was studied on the burning rates and heat of explosion of CMDB propellants containing AP. Among lead and copper salts, basic lead salicylate gave increased burning rates, whereas lead methylene disalicylate and basic copper salicylate did not produce catalytic effect. In the case of metallic oxides, ferric oxide and cobalt oxide gave better catalytic activity than copper and chromium oxides. On crosslinking of nitrocellulose with an isocyanate, catalytic activity of ballistic modifiers was reduced. Burning rates obtained in a rocket motor (2-kg propellant) were higher by about 15%-20% than by strand burner (Crawford Bomb) method.     

碳物质在固体推进剂中的功能及其作用机理

综述了碳黑（CB）、富勒烯烟炱（FS）、C60（Buckmister Fuller）、碳纤维（CF）及碳纳米管（CNTs）在固体推进剂催化燃烧中的作用、作用规律及作用机理。在双基系推进剂中加入碳黑和C60可富集催化剂,阻滞催化剂凝聚,使双基推进剂产生平台或麦撒效应,推进剂压力指数降低,低压下的燃速大幅度提高。碳纤维改善了推进剂燃烧表面的导热,增加了推进剂基体强度,可提高其燃速,预防复合推进剂的破裂。推进剂中的碳纤维、碳纳米管能加速含能材料的分解,提高推进剂的燃速。展望了固体推进剂中碳物质的发展方向。     

The energy and pressure exponent of composite modified double-base propellant

The paper describes an analysis on the energy and pressure exponents of composite modified double-base (CMDB) propellants. The evaluation of the energy was conducted by means of a thermodynami- cal program. Propellant burning rates were determined by the strand burner method. In the AP-based composition, the energy is enhanced and the pressure exponent reduced with increasing AP content. When AP is partially or entirely replaced by the nitramines HMX or RDX, Isp is improved, and the pressure exponent is inevitably increased. A mixture of lead salicylate or lead o-amino benzoate and copper 2,4- or 3,5-dihydroxy benzoate produces a remarkable effect on the burning nature of the CMDB propellant. It was noted that the pressure exponent decreases from 0.66 to 0.48 with lead and copper salts added at 3.0% in AP-Al, 0.82 to 0.60 at 2.0% in RDX-Al and 0.72 to 0.54 at 2.5% in RDX-AP-Al compositions, respectively.     

内弹道稳定剂对中高燃速RDX-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响

以一种中高燃速改性双基推进剂配方为基础配方,添加不同粒度的Al_2O_3及不同品种的内弹道稳定剂,研究了6~20MPa下推进剂燃速和燃速压强指数的变化规律,并对其燃烧机理进行了分析。结果表明,添加Al_2O_3后推进剂的燃速降低,且随着压强的升高,燃速降低的幅度减小;不同品种的内弹道稳定剂对燃速及燃速压强指数降低和提高的幅度不同,TiO2提高了推进剂高压段的燃速,MgO几乎不影响推进剂燃速,而Al_2O_3、ZrO_2均降低了推进剂的燃速。添加不同粒度的Al_2O_3后,均使燃烧表面的催化剂含量(浓度)降低,改变了催化剂的催化效率,从而导致添加芳香铅A催化剂的推进剂中Al_2O_3粒径分别为10μm和2.5μm时,燃速相应降低0.25mm/s和1.25mm/s。不同品种的内弹道稳定剂对燃烧表面催化剂含量、分散均匀性、催化活性的影响不同,TiO_2、MgO的活性高于Al_2O_3和ZrO_2,从而表现出添加TiO_2、MgO的推进剂燃速高于添加Al_2O_3、ZrO_2的推进剂。     

含相稳定硝酸铵CMDB推进剂的机械感度和燃烧性能

通过测试撞击感度、摩擦感度和燃速,研究了含相稳定硝酸铵(PSAN)的改性双基(CMDB)推进剂的燃烧性能和机械感度。结果表明,PSAN可改善CMDB推进剂的机械感度;用PSAN作氧化剂,其推进剂的燃速低于RDX作氧化剂的燃速,压强指数高于后者的压强指数;1～5MPa压力范围内随PSAN在配方中含量的增加,推进剂的燃速降低,压强指数升高。     

Ballistic Modification of Nitramine Propellants with Special Reference to NG‐PE‐PCP‐Based High Energy Propellants

The burning rate pressure relationship is one of the important criteria in the selection of the propellant for particular applications. The pressure exponent (η) plays a significant role in the internal ballistics of rocket motors. Nitramines are known to produce lower burning rates and higher pressure exponent (η) values. Studies on the burning rate and combustion behavior of advanced high‐energy NG/PE‐PCP/AP/Al‐ and NG/PE‐PCP/HMX/AP/Al‐based solid rocket propellants processed by a conventional slurry cast route were carried out. The objective of present study was to understand the effectiveness of various ballistic modifiers viz. iron oxide, copper chromite, lead/copper oxides, and lead salts in combination with carbon black as a catalyst on the burning rate and pressure exponent of these high‐energy propellants. A 7–9 % increase in the burning rates and almost no effect in pressure exponent values of propellant compositions without nitramine were observed. However, in case of nitramine‐based propellants as compared to propellant compositions without nitramines, slight increases of the burning rates were observed. By incorporation of ballistic modifiers, the pressure exponents can be lowered. The changes in the calorimetric values of the formulations by addition of the catalysts were also studied.