Integrating RFID and WLAN for indoor positioning and IP movement detection

Location awareness in an indoor environment and wireless access to Internet applications are major research areas towards the overwhelming success of wireless and mobile communications. However, the unpredictable indoor radio propagation and handover latency due to node mobility are the main challenging issues that need to be addressed. For tackling efficiently both problems of indoor localization and handover management, we propose combining key benefits of two outstanding wireless technologies, i.e. radio frequency identification (RFID) and a wireless local area network (WLAN) infrastructure. WLANs, such as IEEE 802.11 (WiFi), are now very common in many indoor environments for providing wireless communication among WiFi-enabled devices by accessing an Access Point (infrastructure mode) or through peer to peer connections (ad hoc mode). However, the small cell size of the Access Points (APs) in a WiFi-based network drives the need for frequent handovers leading to increased latency. RFID is an emerging technology consisting of two basic components, a tag and a reader, and its main purpose is the automatic identification of tagged objects by a reader. However, in the presence of multiple readers, RFID suffers from the so-called reader collision problem, mainly due to the inability for direct communication among them. In this paper, we propose a hybrid RFID and WLAN system; the RFID technology is employed for collecting information that is used for both localization and handover management within the WLAN, whereas the WLAN itself is utilized for controlling and coordinating the RFID reading process. In our system architecture, tag IDs of a RFID tag deployment are correlated with both location and topology information in order to determine the position and predict the next subnetwork of a Mobile Node (MN) with a reader attached to its mobile device. The role of the WLAN is to coordinate the readers when accessing the RFID channel for retrieving tags?? IDs, hence compensating the persisting RFID collision problem among multiple readers. Numerical results based on extensive simulations validate the efficiency of the proposed hybrid system in providing accurate and time efficient localization and reducing the IP handover latency.     

RFID技术的原理及应用

射频识别技术RFID是一种无线通信技术,它利用射频信号通过空间耦合（交变磁场或电磁场）实现无接触信息传递并通过所传递的信息达到自动识别的目的。本文介绍了射频识别技术的工作原理和技术优势,并列举了RFID常用的应用领域。     

射频识别系统中读取可靠性的分析与研究

射频识别技术是一项拥有广阔市场前景的新兴技术,它利用射频通信实现非接触式自动识别技术,实现对标签的识别和对标签内数据的处理.与无线通信一样,射频识别技术存在着由各种干扰引起的读取可靠性的问题,文中以实验的方法表现了射频识别技术读取可靠性的问题,通过分析数据,提出了提高射频识别系统读取可靠性的办法.     

一种有源RFID局域定位系统设计

提出了一种基于PIC16F877A微控制器和CC2500射频收发器芯片的低功耗、低成本RFID（Radio Frequency Identification,无线射频识别）局域定位系统设计方法,介绍了系统的定位工作原理、主要硬件电路模块及定位算法的设计和实现。采用基于序列号对时隙数运算的排序算法有效解决了多标签识别碰撞的问题,基于射频辐射强度（Received Signal Strength Indication,RSSI）和圆周定位算法实现了基于RFID多标签系统的平面定位。实验测试表明,这种射频定位方法能够实现一定精度下的无线局域定位的功能。     

An Analysis of Interference Mitigation Capability of Low Duty-Cycle UWB Communications in the Presence of Wideband OFDM System

Low duty-cycle (LDC) algorithm is interference mitigation technique, which can reduce the average interference to the existing radio systems by lowering pulse repetition interval or pulse occupation time. In this paper, the coexistence environment between low data rate ultra wideband (UWB) communication system such as wireless sensor network and the existing wideband system using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) such as 4th generation mobile cellular system (4G), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and field pickup unit (FPU) is considered. In order to analyze the interference mitigation capability of LDC algorithm with impulse based UWB (LDC-UWB) system, the frame error rate (FER) of wideband OFDM system is examined for two types of LDC-UWB system: the signal with random polarity such as binary pole signals and without random polarity such as mono pole signals. We present that LDC algorithm is an efficient interference mitigation technique for low data rate UWB communication via computer simulations regardless of definitions of transmitted energy of UWB communication system, and also that the signal with random polarity is suitable for LDC-UWB system to mitigate interference to the other radio systems. We further investigate the adequate duty-cycle of LDC-UWB system for each definition of transmitted power of UWB communication.     

基于RFID的发动机锁止防盗系统设计

射频识别技术(RFID)是从1980年代逐渐走向成熟的一种自动识别技术。针对机动车被非法启动的问题,提出了一种基于射频识别技术的发动机锁止防盗系统设计方案。系统采用134.2kHz频段无线电通信技术,通过应答器、阅读器及发动机控制单元的多级加密通信,实现了机动车发动机锁止防盗的功能。     

RFID技术在图书流通和盘点管理中的设计与实现

射频识别(Radio Frequency IDentification,RFID)技术是一种无线通信技术。当前正以其独特的性能和优势引发了一场流通化的信息化革命。本文以图书流通和盘点管理系统的设计与实现为例,对比了RFID技术与传统条码技术的不同,利用RFID的物流管理具有存储量大、读取准确和安全可靠等性能特点。采用RFID中间件技术能够较好完成物流自助流通和智能盘点管理系统的构建。     

Correction to: A Detailed Evolutionary Scrutiny of PEIS with GPS Fleet Tracker and AOMDV-SAPTV Based on Throughput,Delay, Accuracy,Error Rate,and Success Rate

Wireless Personal Communications - Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a promising and widespread wireless communication technology for entity identification or authentication. By the emerging...     

Optimization Schemes for Protective Jamming

In this paper, we study strategies for allocating and managing friendly jammers, so as to create virtual barriers that would prevent hostile eavesdroppers from tapping sensitive wireless communication. Our scheme precludes the use of any encryption technique. Applications include domains such as (i) protecting the privacy of storage locations where RFID tags are used for item identification, (ii) secure reading of RFID tags embedded in credit cards, (iii) protecting data transmitted through wireless networks, sensor networks, etc. By carefully managing jammers to produce noise, we show how to reduce the SINR of eavesdroppers to below a threshold for successful reception, without jeopardizing network performance. In this paper, we present algorithms targeted towards optimizing power consumption and number of jammers needed in several settings. Experimental simulations back up our results.     

ITPMAP: An Improved Three-Pass Mutual Authentication Protocol for Secure RFID Systems

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a wireless technology used in various applications to minimize the complexity of everyday life. However, it opens a large number of security and privacy issues that require to be addressed before its successful deployment. Many RFID authentication protocols are proposed in recent years to address security and privacy issues, and most of them are based on lightweight cryptographic techniques such as pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs), or bitwise logical operations. However, the existing RFID authentication protocols suffer from security weaknesses, and cannot solve most of the security and privacy problems. A new solution is necessary to address security and privacy issues. In this paper, an improved three-pass mutual authentication protocol (ITPMAP) for low-cost RFID tags is proposed to offer an adequate security level for RFID systems. The proposed ITPMAP protocol uses one PRNG on the tag side and heavy-weighted cryptographic techniques (i.e., digital signature and password-based encryption schemes) on the back-end server side instead of lightweight cryptographic techniques to address the security and privacy issues. The ITPMAP protocol is secure against various attacks such as cloning, spoofing, replay, and desynchronization attacks. Furthermore, as a proof of concept, the ITPMAP protocol is adopted to propose the design of three real-life RFID systems; namely: Signing and Verification of Graduation Certificate System, issuing and verification of e-ticketing system, and charging and discharging of prepaid card system. The Unified Modeling Language is used to demonstrate the design of the proposed ITPMAP protocol and systems. Java language is used for the implementation of the proposed systems. In addition, the “Mifare Classic” tags and readers are used as RFID apparatuses for the proposed systems.     

Cooperative communication based access technique for sensor networks

ABSTRACT

The collaboration of users in communication systems is defined as cooperative communication. The cognitive radio, i.e. dynamic spectrum access technique, is a wireless communication technology that provides a great chance for unlicensed users to exploit the frequency bands in an opportunistic way. A wireless sensor network is a widely used communication technology composing of spatially distributed independent sensors in order to monitor physical or environmental circumstances. In this work, a new technique that unlicensed users become a cooperative relay when they are in idle mode is proposed. Along with the proposed technique, unlicensed users help sensor nodes as a cooperative relay when they are in idle mode. Similarly, sensor nodes help unlicensed users for detecting idle frequency bands while in sleep mode. By preventing any disruption that remote users may be exposed owing to signal attenuation, the proposed cooperative relay utilises amplify and forward based cooperative communication protocol. Thanks to this approach; the overall network has greater performance than wireless sensor network that does not use cooperative communication based dynamic access technique in terms of throughput, energy, and delay.     

基于FPGA的RFID无线通信系统的实现

无线收发模块是RFID无线通信系统的关键。研究并实现了基于FPGA的RFID无线通信系统,该系统采用NRF905和XC2V1000芯片分别作为RFID无线收发模块和FPGA控制模块。利用基于Wishbone总线控制的SPI控制模块完成了XC2V1000和NRF905之间的SPI总线模式通信设计。由于采用了参数化设计,提高了其通用性和灵活性。设计通过了前仿真与布局后仿真,并在板级验证中实现了系统100 m距离通信。     

小尺寸LCD模块的抗干扰技术的研究

随着手机中LCD及相机的视频分辨率越高,数据工作的频率将超过40MHz,对抑制无线EMI与ESD而言,传统的滤波器方案已达到它们的技术极限。为适应数据速率的增加且实时显示图像信息,文章通过差分传输技术的分析,提出一种将并行传输的RGB显示信号转换为串行差分信号,抑制接口电路和手机无线EMI的方法,同时简化了接口的设计。     

面向展会园区信息服务的射频识别和无线异构组网实例

本文面向展会园区信息服务,针对复杂环境下的RFID识别和实时数据采集分析应用,基于WiMAX+WiFi联合组网,并结合Mesh网结构,提出了多种接入方式相结合的分层无线异构网络,并基于此实现了RFID信息平台和智能监控系统。通过实例详细介绍了WiFi网络规划。本文提出的无线异构网络已在示范平台上进行了业务能力验证。     

Performance Analysis of Tags Collection Time on A New Architecture of 2.4 GHz Embedded Active RFID System for Indoor and Outdoor Tracking and Monitoring Applications Based on IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

This paper focuses on the analysis of tags collection time of 2.4 GHz embedded active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system for indoor and outdoor real-time tracking and monitoring applications based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The main novelty of the system is the implementation of the communication method in order to provide Machine to Machine (M2M) communication and automated switching mechanism between indoor and outdoor location by utilizing active RFID, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Global Positioning System (GPS) and mobile communication on a single platform. In this work, GPS receiver covers outdoor location tracking, while active RFID provides identification and Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) reading for each tag holder to cover indoor location tracking especially near or inside building where location information is not detected by GPS. Several experiments were conducted on three different RFID tags which were active RFID tag embedded with GPS and GSM (ERFIDG2), active RFID tag embedded with GPS (ERFIDG) and standalone RFID tag communicating with the same active RFID reader. The experiment was done to evaluate the communication performance of the active RFID in terms of tags collection time using Transparent (AT) and Application Programming Interface (API) mode. The experiment was extended to measure tags collection time in single hop and multi hops communication for Tag Talk First (TTF) and Reader Talk First (RTF) protocols. The results show that the proposed active RFID system (ERFIDG2) is better than the standalone and ERFIDG systems. The in-depth research done in this work is to study the experience and identify the challenges that will be faced in the development and implementation of a wireless RFID-based system for tracking and monitoring applications.     

ACS-Fed e-Shaped Dual Band Uniplanar Printed Antenna for Modern Wireless Communication Applications

A printed small size (12×16.5 mm) ACS-fed e-shaped uniplanar antenna is proposed for dual band applications. The multiband operating characteristics have been achieved by integrating e-shaped radiating strips to the 50ΩACSfeed line. Two simultaneously operating wide bands have been generated by using optimized radiating branch strips for the multiband applications. For obtaining size reduction and wider impedance bandwidth, e-shaped meandered elements are chosen in the design. The proposed design features the bandwidth (VSWR < 2, reflection coefficient below–10 dB) of 100 MHz in 2.4–2.5 GHz, and 2100MHzin 4.0–6.1 GHz. The developed multiband antenna can be useful for several wireless communication applications, such as 2.4 GHz Bluetooth/RFID,WLAN(2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz), WiMAX (5.5 GHz), US public safety band (4.9 GHz), ISM band, radio frequency energy harvesting and internet of things (IoT) applications.     

基于RFID的近距离无线控制系统

提出了一种基于射频识别（RFID）技术的低功耗近距离无线控制系统,介绍了系统的工作原理和硬件结构,并对软件设计中的问题进行了说明。通过采用RFID技术,该系统可实现控制器与多个控制节点之间的高速、双向无线数据传输。     

The Optimal Traffic Information Process System by Using MIMO Algorithm

This paper presented dynamic vehicle information for wireless communication and safe systems by integrating radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The systems provied different particular and advantage between RFID and other recognition technology. The car black box is the best choice and innovates specific application. It is not only the system can guard car but differentiate the responsibility for car accident event. Furthermore, the car black box is integrated the RFID, general packet radio service (GPRS), Bluetooth, personal digital assistant (PDA) and global positioning system (GPS). The proposed system has been trending the merger goal of digitization. Therefore, it is created a tremendous amount of commercial opportunity. The car black box is also combined multiple-user with real-time navigation information system. The system is integrated the independent real-time traffic information database and Geographical Information System (GIS) through data fusion method. We adopted a traffic information system offering advanced personalized route planning, including added services for traffic jam alerting by means of Short Message Service (SMS) in Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication network. It is shown small and low-cost GSM modules for data process by using the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), Ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm, which developed a real-time software solution to help users and evaluation of user preferences for car traffic information system.     

ESPAR array design for the UHF RFID wireless sensor communication system

In this paper, in order to improve the received signal strength (RSS) and signal quality, three arrays of electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR) antennas are suggested for the ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) communication and sensing system applications. Instead of the single antenna, the array antennas have recently been widely used in many communication systems because of their peak gains, better radiation patterns, and higher radiation efficiency. Also, there are some important issues to use the antenna array like high data rates in wireless communication systems and to better understand the many targets or sensors. In this article, a wireless sensor network (WSN) is being investigated to overcome multipath fading and interference by antenna nulling technology that can be achieved through beam control ESPAR array antennas. The proposed ESPAR array antennas exhibit higher gains like 9.63, 10.2, and 12 dBi and proper radiation patterns from one array to another. Moreover, we investigate the mutual coupling effect on the performance of array antennas with different spacing (0.5λ, 0.75λ, λ) and configurations. It is found that the worst mutual coupling reduced by −28 to −34 dB for 2 × 2 array, −3 to −43 dB for 2 × 3 array, and finally −42 dB to −51 dB due to the antenna spacing from 0.5λ to λ. Thus, these suggested antennas could effectively be applied in the WSN communication systems, internet of things (IoT) networks, and massive wireless and backscatter communication systems.     

适用于RFID标签及无线传感器的射频唤醒电路

有效的功耗管理是提升有源RFID标签以及无线传感器节点电池使用寿命的重要方法,一种无源射频唤醒电路可以用来控制标签以及传感器节点的工作状态,使之在外界无线电波控制下进行唤醒状态与休眠状态的切换,与传统周期性唤醒方法相比,该方法减少了大量能量损耗.围绕着提高射频唤醒电路灵敏度的指标,对阻抗匹配网络以及整流电路进行了优化.仿真和测试结果表明该电路在-27.7dBm输入功率下可以产生220mV直流输出.该唤醒电路本身无需耗电,实践表明将其应用在RFID标签及无线传感器节点设计中可显著提升电池使用寿命.