氟硅丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液的制备与表征

将氟醇和乙烯基硅氧烷为原料合成的氟硅单体,与甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯进行乳液聚合制备氟硅丙烯酸酯共聚乳液。考察了乳液离心稳定性的影响因素;通过TEM及AFM对乳胶粒的形态和结构进行表征,发现乳胶粒呈规整的球形结构,且分布较为均一;研究了氟硅单体、乳化剂及引发剂的用量对乳胶膜吸水率的影响;采用Wilhelmy方法测定了乳胶膜对水的接触角,结果表明乳胶膜对水的抗浸润力大大提高。     

苯丙乳液的制备及其性能影响因素研究

以苯乙烯、丙烯酸丁酯为主单体,丙烯酸(AA)为功能单体,SDS/OP-10为复合乳化剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用单体预乳化、半连续种子乳液聚合工艺,制备出性能优异的苯丙乳液。采用FT-IR、DSC、GPC、Nano-ZS90等对聚合物乳液进行了表征,系统研究了单体配比、复合乳化剂、引发剂用量、聚合温度等因素对乳液成膜性、耐水性、稳定性等常规性能的影响。结果表明,乳胶粒粒径受复合乳化剂种类及用量的影响较大,同时也与引发剂用量有关;单体配比是乳液玻璃化温度(Tg)的关键影响因素。     

苯丙乳液的制备及其性能影响因素研究

以苯乙烯、丙烯酸丁酯为主单体,丙烯酸(AA)为功能单体,SDS/OP-10为复合乳化剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用单体预乳化、半连续种子乳液聚合工艺,制备出性能优异的苯丙乳液。采用FT-IR、DSC、GPC、Nano-ZS90等对聚合物乳液进行了表征,系统研究了单体配比、复合乳化剂、引发剂用量、聚合温度等因素对乳液成膜性、耐水性、稳定性等常规性能的影响。结果表明,乳胶粒粒径受复合乳化剂种类及用量的影响较大,同时也与引发剂用量有关;单体配比是乳液玻璃化温度(Tg)的关键影响因素。     

核壳型无皂含氟丙烯酸酯共聚乳液的合成

以甲基丙烯酸全氟辛基乙酯(PFEA)为含氟丙烯酸酯单体,烯丙氧基壬基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚单磷酸(ANPEO10-P1)为反应型乳化剂,采用预乳化、半连续法聚合方式合成了具有核壳结构的无皂含氟丙烯酸酯共聚乳液。研究了乳化剂用量对聚合反应以及PFEA用量对乳胶膜吸水率和接触角的影响。结果表明,当反应型乳化剂ANPEO10-P1用量为5%(质量分数,下同),PFEA用量为6%时,得到的乳液粒径分布窄,稳定性好,乳液成膜后吸水率低,达到8.8%,对水的接触角达到了109.5°,表现出优异的疏水性能。     

高固含量低粘酮肼交联聚丙烯酸酯微乳液的制备及性能

以丙烯酸类单体为聚合单体,采用种子聚合制备了高固含量聚丙烯酸酯微乳液,讨论了乳化剂用量、引发剂用量、软硬单体比例等对乳液粒径及粘度的影响,并用IR、TEM、粒径仪对共聚物进行表征,实验结果表明,随着乳化剂用量增加,乳液粘度不断增大,粒径逐渐减小;乳液粒径随引发剂用量的增大先增大后减小,而乳液粘度随引发剂用量的增大先减小后增大;随着软硬单体比例的增大,乳液粘度逐渐增大,而对粒径的影响不明显;当pH值=7.5～9时,聚丙烯酸酯微乳液具有良好的稳定性。     

细乳液聚合制备含氟丙烯酸酯无皂乳液及其性能

以甲基丙烯酸六氟丁酯(HFMA)为含氟单体,采用细乳液聚合法合成了含氟丙烯酸酯无皂乳液。利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)、差示扫描量热(DSC)和透射电镜(TEM)表征了共聚物的结构和形貌,考察了聚合温度、乳化剂用量和引发剂用量对细乳液聚合动力学的影响,通过接触角和吸水率表征了含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物乳胶膜的表面性能。结果表明,当烯丙氧基壬基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚硫酸铵(DNS-86)用量(占单体总量)为2.5%,引发剂用量为0.5%,反应温度为70℃时合成的含氟丙烯酸酯乳液稳定性好,乳胶粒平均粒径为180 nm;涂膜耐水性随氟单体含量的增加而提高。     

水性氟碳涂料的制备及其用于混凝土防腐研究

通过半连续乳液聚合法,以甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸甲酯为单体,在聚氧乙烯辛基苯酚醚-10(OP-10)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)复合乳化剂的作用下,以过硫酸氢氨(APS)为引发剂合成了水性含氟丙烯酸乳液,综合乳液性状、粒径及分布、红外光谱结果确定水性含氟丙烯酸乳液的最佳制备工艺。将水性含氟丙烯酸乳液配以功能性助剂,制备高耐候、环保的水性氟碳涂料,考察了其对混凝土耐酸碱性、吸水率、抗氯离子渗透性和耐候性的影响。结果表明:当复合乳化剂质量分数为2.1%(wt,质量分数,下同)、引发剂用量为0.4%、含氟单体用量为8.4%时,制备的水性含氟乳液离心稳定性好,固含量为48.2%,转化率为97.6%,平均粒径为136.2nm,涂装水性氟碳涂料的混凝土试块的综合防腐效果较好。     

软包装用耐水丙烯酸酯胶黏剂乳液的合成研究

通过半连续种子乳液聚合工艺,成功合成了软包装用耐水丙烯酸酯胶黏剂乳液,并考察了乳化剂、引发剂、种子乳液以及交联单体对乳液性能的影响,测定了乳液平均粒径随反应时间的变化情况。结果表明,各种功能单体、反应性乳化剂均参与了共聚,并且相应基团的红外光谱(FT-IR)特征吸收峰比较明显;当反应性乳化剂(COPS-1/AMPS=1∶1)用量(质量分数)为2.0%～2.5%,引发剂(APS)用量为0.45%,种子乳液用量为8%～10%,交联单体1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯(HDDA)用量为8%左右时,丙烯酸酯胶黏剂乳液综合性能最佳。     

TEOS/HE-12协同杂化苯丙乳液及其胶膜性能

目前,充分利用正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)的水解与反应型乳化剂协同稳定Pickering乳液,同时杂化苯丙乳液的研究鲜有报道。以TEOS为前驱体,水解产物和反应型乳化剂马来酸酐单酯协同杂化苯丙乳液,考察了乳化剂类型、反应温度和TEOS添加量对乳液固含量及胶膜吸水率、接触角的影响;通过激光粒度仪、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪对乳液及胶膜性能进行表征。结果表明:TEOS的添加提高了乳液及胶膜的综合性能;以马来酸酐单十二酯(HE-12)为乳化剂,温度为85℃,TEOS添加量为10.57%时,得到的乳液平均粒径在0.5μm左右,且颗粒度均一,胶膜吸水率为5.77%,接触角为86.16°,热稳定性能良好。     

细乳液聚合法制备聚丙烯酸/聚硅氧烷复合乳液

以聚硅氧烷为助稳定剂，采用细孔液聚合法合成聚丙烯酸／聚硅氧烷复合乳液。研究了乳化剂类型、聚硅氧烷用量、孔液固含量和甲基丙烯酸用量对细乳液聚合动力学和所得乳液性能的影响。研究结果表明：以十二烷基硫酸钠为乳化剂，聚硅氧烷用量为丙烯酸酯单体质量的3．33％～10．0％时，可获得稳定的聚合过程，所得复合乳液的数均粒径在73nm～77nm之间，乳胶膜吸水率低至4．54％～6．75％。透射电镜照片表明，复合乳胶粒内部存在一定程度的微相分离。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...