残余应力集中及其对疲劳极限和短裂纹扩展的影响

缺口根部的残余应力存在应力集中效应,应力集中值不仅取决于缺口几何形状而且和材料的屈服强度有关。残余应力集中系数是一个分布值,其数值甚至可超过理论应力集中系数。软试样喷丸后缺口处的残余应力易于松弛及喷丸时的表面损伤使其对疲劳极限的贡献小。残余压应力使缺口处裂纹闭合力增大甚至可出现非扩展裂纹。     

残余压应力场中疲劳短裂纹扩展模型及实验

结合实验讨论了残余应力对裂纹扩展作用的模型及其存在的问题。指出用公式△Ｋｅｆｆ＝（Ｋｍａｘ＋λＫｒ）－Ｋｏｐ中较准确地计算出残余压应力场中裂纹的扩展速率。残余压应力既使裂纹闭合力提高，又使最大应力强度因子降低，两者均使裂纹扩展驱动力△Ｋｅｆｆ减少，因而降低了裂纹的扩展速率。     

应力比和频率对GC－4钢CF裂纹扩展特性的影响

研究了五种应力比和四种频率对ＧＣ－４（４０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＭｏＶＡ）钢在３５％ＮａＣｌ中性溶溶液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展（ＣＦＣＧ）特性的影响．结果表明，在高应力比时，ＣＦＣＧ的ｄα／ｄｔ－Ｋｍａｘ曲线存在两个平台区ＰⅠ和ＰⅡ，且（ｄａ／ｄｔ）ＰⅡ＜（ｄａ／ｄｔ）ＰⅠ．ＣＦＣＧ的ｄａ／ｄＮ－△Ｋ曲线的平台区起始值面△Ｋｐ随频率升高呈幂函数关系而降低．从表面电化学反应动力学、裂尖表面形变动力学以及裂尖材料内部氢的扩散动力学三个方面综合考虑，导出了△ＫＰ－ｆ的理论函数关系．该函数关系与ＣＦＣＧ试验数据所显示的函数关系十分一致．     

应力比和频率对低合金钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展机理的影响

在理论分析裂尖局部应变、应变速率及溶解速度的基础上、实验测定了低合金钢ZG20SiMn,SM50B—Zc的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率,并随着裂纹的扩展测定了裂纹内和裂纹尖端的pH值和金属电极电位、指出降低频率和增加应力比所导致的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的增加部分主要来自于氢脆的加速作用     

应力比和频率对GC-4钢CF裂纹扩展特性的影响

研究了五种应力比和四种频率对ＧＣ－４（４０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＭｏＶＡ）钢在３５％ＮａＣｌ中性溶溶液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展（ＣＦＣＧ）特性的影响．结果表明,在高应力比时,ＣＦＣＧ的ｄα／ｄｔ－Ｋｍａｘ曲线存在两个平台区ＰⅠ和ＰⅡ,且（ｄａ／ｄｔ）ＰⅡ＜（ｄａ／ｄｔ）ＰⅠ．ＣＦＣＧ的ｄａ／ｄＮ－△Ｋ曲线的平台区起始值面△Ｋｐ随频率升高呈幂函数关系而降低．从表面电化学反应动力学、裂尖表面形变动力学以及裂尖材料内部氢的扩散动力学三个方面综合考虑,导出了△ＫＰ－ｆ的理论函数关系．该函数关系与ＣＦＣＧ试验数据所显示的函数关系十分一致．     

残余应力和表面形态对60Mn疲劳性能的影响

喷丸产生的表层残余压应力使中温回火弹簧钢60Mn的疲劳极限从930提高到1010MPa,而心部的高残余拉应力又会使疲劳极限从1010降至940MPa,严重的喷丸表面损伤可以使疲劳极限从1010降至800MPa。裂纹在计入残余应力的Mises等效应力超过材料局部强度的部位萌生。喷丸产生的残余压应力可以增强裂纹闭合效应,从而降低裂纹扩展率。     

EFFECTS OF STRESS RATIO AND FREQUENCY ON CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH MECHANISM IN LOW ALLOY STEELS

Based on theoretical analysis about local strain,strain rate and dissolving rate at crack tip,the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate of steels ZG20SiMn and SM50B-Zc in fresh waterand 3.5% NaCl solution were measured experimentally,and the PH and electrode potentialwithin crack were also measured continuously along with crack propagating.It showed thatthe increase of crack growth rate,caused by both decreasing frequency and raising stressratio,was mainly accelerated by hydrogen embrittlement.     

EFFECT OF SUBSTRUCTURE AND RESIDUAL STRESS IN STRENGTHENED LAYER ON FATIGUE STRENGTH OF STAINLESS OR LOW CARBON STEEL

In the strengthened layer of stainless steel after shot peening,there are a great amount ofdeformation microtwins which may act as structural strengthening factor and prevent thegradual relaxation of surface residual stress during fatigue,so as to keep its rather high levelof bending fatigue strength.However,in the strengthened surface layer of low carbon steel,dislocation cell structure is so unstalbe during fatigue that its surface residual stress relaxationcannot be retarded.Therefore,the bending fatigue strength of the low carbon steel can not beimprored by shot peening.     

INFLUENCE OF RESIDUAL STRESS AND SURFACE MORPHOLOGY ON FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF STEEL 60Mn

Influence of residual stress and surface morphology induced by shot-peening on fatigue behav-ior of a medium temperature tempered spring steel 60 Mn has been studied.The compressiveresidual stress induced in the near-surface region may improve fatigue limit from 930 to 1010MPa,and the very high tensile residual stress in the interior may reduce it from 1010 to 940MPa,whereas the severe surface damage may cause a drop-off of it from 1010 down to 800MPa.Fatigue cracks initiated in such position where the equivalent Mises stress,includingresidual stress,exceeded the local strength of the material.The compressive residual stress,induced by shot-peening,may intensify the effect of crack closure,so as to decrease the crackgrowth rate.     

表面层亚结构和残余应力对不锈钢和低碳钢疲劳强度的影响

透射电镜分析结果表明,不锈钢表面强化层内存在大量显微变形孪晶。变形孪晶不仅起到了组织强化的作用,而且还可防止表面残余应力在疲劳过程中逐渐衰减,使不锈钢弯曲疲劳强度维待在较高的水平。低碳钢表面强化层中的胞状位错组态在疲劳过程中稳定性较差,不能阻止表面残余应力的松弛,因此表面机械强化不能提高低碳钢的弯曲疲劳强度。     

STUDY ON FATIGUE DAMAGE BELOW THE FATIGUE LIMIT AND THE COAXING EFFECTS

ＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＦＡＴＩＧＵＥＤＡＭＡＧＥＢＥＬＯＷＴＨＥＦＡＴＩＧＵＥＬＩＭＩＴＡＮＤＴＨＥＣＯＡＸＩＮＧＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＷＵＺｈｉｘｕｅ;ＬＵＷｅｎｇｅａｎｄＸＵＨａｏ１）（ＦｕｓｈｕｎＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ,Ｆｕｓｈｕｎ１１３００１,...     

谱载荷下的短裂纹扩展规律及疲劳损伤的研究

本文研究了一种谱载荷作用下的短裂纹扩展规律，并对谱载荷下的疲劳损伤进行了预测与分析，实验发现；谱载荷下的单边穿透短裂纹和缺口短纹都能够在长裂纹的槛植以下以国高的速率扩展，表现出与常幅下短裂纹相似的扩展规律。     

SHORT FATIGUE CRACK PARAMETER BASED ON THE TOTAL CRACK AREA

1. Introduction The initiation and propagation behavior of short cracks occupies a significant fraction of the fatigue life of unflawed material[13]. For this reason an understanding of the basic characteristics of short cracks in a smooth specimen is very important. There have been some studies concerned with the multiplication of cracks during fatigue in carbon steels[3~1 and a stainless steel1~J. In particular Goto reported that there is a continuous formation of microcracks during the en…     

SHORT FATIGUE CRACK BEHAVIOUR IN ISO-STRESS SPECIMENS

Fatigue tests were made on a vibration machine using specially designed specimens to investi-gate the initiation and propagation features of short fatigue cracks in a weld metal.The spec-imens were triangular in shape so that when loaded as a cantilever beam the surface tensilestress is constant.Test results show that short fatigue cracks mainly originate from slip bandswithin ferrite grains.The development of short fatigue cracks is marked by a gradual increasein crack density with fatigue cycles.Coalescence of short cracks leads to crack propagationand the crack path is predominantly transgranular.     

EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT AND ENVIRONMENT ON CRACK PROPAGATION RATE IN STEEL GC-4 UNDER CORROSION FATIGUE AND STRESS CORROSION

Comparative investigations were carried out of the effect of heat treatment regimes Jor steelGC-4(40CrMnSiMoVA)on its crack propagating rates,from corrosion fatigue,(da/dN)_(CF),or stress corrosion cracking,(da/dt)_(SCC),in media with various constituentsand pH values.Both(da/dN)_(CF) and(da/dt)_(SCC) accelerate with the increase of yield stressof the steel,yet the former is far less than the later.In comparison with media,the(da/dt)_(SCC) in distilled water is slightly greater than that in 3.5% NaCl solution,and the(da/dN)_(CF) in distilled water is far less than that in 3.5% NaCl solution.With the pH valueincreasing in 3.5% NaCl solution,the(da/dN)_(CF) lowers down and the(da/dt)_(SCC) speedsup.An explanation was also proposed with concept of the cyclic hardening and softening atcrack tip,as well as the crack closure and occluded cell effect.     

纯铜和黄铜喷丸强化的组织效应SCIEI

通过分离残余应力效应及表面滑移带和显微亚结构的观察，探讨了喷丸形变组织对纯铜及黄铜疲劳裂纹萌生的阻碍作用，指出虽无残余压应力的作用，试件表层的喷丸组织亦可阻碍心部位错滑移出表面，并使形变层的位错运动限定在胞状位错和栅栏状孪晶内，从而有效地减小滑移带在材料表面造成的挤出挤入损伤．     

管线钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率与疲劳寿命关系的研究

通过对管线钢表面缺陷的断裂力学分析,建立了用管线钢的疲劳裂纹扩展数据估算含初始缺陷的管道在运行条件下的疲劳寿命的数学计算方法．用该方法计算了6种管线钢在给定运行条件下的疲劳寿命,并进行了模拟实际条件的疲劳实验,表明管线钢疲劳寿命的计算值与实验值之间存在良好的线形关系,即在疲劳裂纹扩展实验结果的基础上,计算管线钢在实际运行条件下的疲劳寿命是可行的．同时讨论了管线钢的组织对其疲劳性能的影响．     

PD3钢轨钢接触疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

从滚动-滑动接触应力场出发,考虑残余应力和裂纹面间的摩擦力,对PD3钢轨钢提出了一个简单实用的接触疲劳裂纹扩展模型.计算结果表明,裂纹扩展的有效驱动力随残余压应力及裂纹面间摩擦力的增大而减小,实验结果与理论计算结果基本吻合.     

FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION FOR BIAXIAL STRESS CYCLING

Based on the experimental study of complex biaxial mode Ⅰ fatigue crack growth and thediscussion on Von Mises'theory,a new approach is proposed for correlating crack propaga-tion rate under both in-phase and out-of-phase biaxial stress cycling.The results emphasizethe contribution of plasticity to fatigue crack growth.     

双轴加载条件下疲劳裂纹扩展的研究

在双轴加载条件下对Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹扩展进行了研究。载荷范围从0.08σ_s到0.71σ_3,包括比例加载和非比例加载。基于对Von Mises理论的讨论,提出一个新的力学参数。双轴加载条件下的弹塑性参数P成功地描述了双轴比例加载和非比例加载下的疲劳裂纹扩展。