形状自适应欠驱动三关节机器人手指设计

根据欠驱动原理研制的三指10个自由度的机器人手爪具有驱动元件数量少、抓取物体范围广泛等优点．在欠驱动手爪的4个主要机构中,欠驱动手指对抓取物体具有被动柔顺和形状自适应的特性．首先对三关节欠驱动手指机构进行静力学分析,提出合理的设计目标和约束条件;然后根据设计目标,采用遗传算法得到手指机构的各个关节连杆尺寸和抓取物体时的特殊构形,使得在抓取给定物体时各关节指面的接触力达到均匀分布,得到高效的力传递和更加紧凑的机构尺寸．     

两足步行椅机器人的机构设计

主要介绍了两足步行椅机器人的整体机构设计．在踝关节和髋关节处，采用了一种新型多自由度正交关节设计，使得机器人结构紧凑，提高了步态规划的精度．利用两足步行椅机器人动力学模型，分析了各关节的驱动力矩，以此确定了驱动电机的功率．在髋关节和座椅之间设计了减震系统，并建立了减震系统模型，分析了减震系统对于步态稳定性的作用．最后，为保证乘坐者的安全，从机构的角度设计了机械式保护装置．     

一种基于空间连杆机构的蛇形机器人

提出了一种基于空间连杆机构的蛇形机器人模型．该蛇形机器人各骨节间通过万向铰链连接,每节安装两个微型伺服电机,电机带动曲柄转动,曲柄经两端为球铰的连杆驱动另一骨节运动．通过两个电机的耦合驱动,该蛇形机器人能实现蜿蜒爬行、转向、抬头等多种运动方式．文中给出了该空间连杆机构的运动学解,基于Serpenoid曲线计算得到了实际控制所需的关节转角和步数,并编程实现了上述运动方式．     

基于人机偏差模型的自对齐髋关节外骨骼解耦设计与计算

针对辅助外骨骼,分析了单自由度人机交互中的人机偏差因素,建立人机偏差变量模型,运用自对齐机构设计理论设计外骨骼机构,以提升人机耦合性能.首先,深入分析了单自由度人体生物关节,建立了人体简化模型+人机偏差变量模型的外骨骼设计模型参考.然后,运用自对齐机构设计理论和多自由度关节解耦方法,提出了自对齐人体运动的外骨骼机构设计思路与方法.最后,以下肢髋关节为对象,将髋关节外骨骼解耦为3个单自由度关节,设计了髋关节助力外骨骼的运动形式,并进行了人机耦合下的外骨骼动态静力驱动计算.结果显示,该运动设计使人机偏差交互力变得可控,从理论上证明了髋关节外骨骼机构能够跟随下肢运动并提供自适应人体的驱动助力.     

六自由度并联机器人的支链选取

提出了六自由度并联机器人的支链选取的系统方法． 并联机器人中有多种类型的支链可以用来实现末端执行器的6自由度运动， 每个支链的驱动关节应当在基座上或靠近基座的地方， 由支链所构成的整个并联机构的自由度应当为6．利用这些条件对并联机器人的支链形式进行筛选可以获得可行的支链形式． 通过这种方法可以去除很多不可行的支链形式, 得到可行的支链形式供后续设计使用．     

改进末端跟随运动的超冗余蛇形臂机器人运动学逆解

针对超冗余蛇形臂机器人运动学逆解中计算量大、超关节极限和位形偏移量大的问题,提出了一种改进末端跟随运动的逆解算法．在末端跟随法中引入蛇形臂弯曲角度的约束,调整关节位置的更新方式,使关节在蛇形臂轴线上运动．通过依次更新关节的空间位置,将超冗余多节蛇形臂的运动学逆解转化为2自由度单节蛇形臂的运动学逆解．仿真分析了蛇形臂机器人在基座移动和基座固定条件下的轨迹跟踪效果,对比了同一目标位置下不同方法的性能．结果表明,改进后的算法能保证蛇形臂的弯曲角度不超过给定范围,关节的运动量从末端到基座依次减小,机器人的运动更协调;与基于雅可比矩阵的数值法和现有启发式方法相比,该方法运算量降低,机器人整体位形偏移量减小,能用于蛇形臂机器人的实时控制．     

基于ROS的蛇形机器人基本仿生运动与自主爬台阶控制

设计了一种带正交关节和主动轮组合的蛇形机器人。该机器人不仅能够实现基本的蜿蜒运动、纵向行波运动、横向翻滚运动和横向行波运动,且针对台阶式障碍物提出了一种自主爬越台阶的控制策略。机器人通过激光测距传感器与头部关节的仰角得到台阶高度,抬起相应高度的关节将头关节搭在台阶上,控制主动轮的推进速度与关节抬起的角速度相结合的方式达到上台阶的目的,并且在运动过程中将头部俯仰关节舵机的负载反馈作为判别下台阶的条件。基于ROS （robot operating system）构建了蛇形机器人仿真模型,并通过仿真与实验验证了机器人的基本运动控制和自主爬台阶控制策略的有效性。     

含被动高副的冗余驱动并联机器人优化设计

针对具有平移和旋转混合自由度的冗余驱动并联机器人,提出一种优化设计方法.首先,介绍了仿人类口颌设计的并联机器人,由6-PUS(prismatic-universal-spherical)并联机构模拟6条主要咀嚼肌,2个被动高副模拟下颌关节.针对机构含被动高副的特点,利用末端执行器上的3点描述位姿,建立其量纲一致的雅可比矩阵.基于机器人结构和尺寸对速度误差传递性能的影响的分析,给出了该冗余驱动并联机器人的优化方法.设置性能参数对该冗余驱动并联机器人进行了尺寸优化设计,与优化前机器人机构相比全局误差标准差下降了39.83％.结果表明所提出的优化设计方法提高了并联机构的速度传递性能,并可以扩展用于其他机器人的优化设计.     

欠驱动机械手的非线性补偿控制的实现

以具有欠驱动关节的水平两自由度机械手为对象,建立了其动力学数学模型。对具有非完全约束机器人的特点进行了分析。利用解非线性方程的有效方法一平均值法对模型进行了处理,得到平均值系统,使模型得到简化。含有非驱动关节的平面二自由度机械手具有不可积分的速度和加速度束。因而是一个二阶非完整系统。通过分析系统的动力学机构,设计了一种非线性补偿控制的方法来对欠驱动关节实现控制。实验结果表明。该控制方法在控制模型、控制算法和反馈控制方法上都是十分有效的。     

四足机器人溜蹄步态动步行的研究

本文应用角速度补偿法实现了四足机器人溜蹄步态的动步行。该四足机器人是本研究室刚刚研制成功的，具有十二个自由度，关节采用滑块摆杆机构，由带有轴角编码器的伺服电机驱动，身体和脚上装有传感器，步行由计算机进行控制。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.