规划的变革与变革的规划——上海城市规划与土地利用规划"两规合一"的实践与思考

城市总体规划与土地利用总体规划的冲突与矛盾是近年来城市规划实施中遇到的突出问题之一。本文分析了两规在指导思想、工作内容、发展规模、空间布局等方面的矛盾冲突,总结了上海"两规合一"实践中关于战略引领、城乡统筹、生态优先、转型发展、管理创新的基本做法,并对"两规合一"后城市规划在管控能力、配给能力、政策能力和实施能力等方面的新变革进行了探讨。     

Of mice and madness: questions of occupation interpreted through Disneyland and Parc de la Villette

The question of the occupation of architecture inherently places architecture in a temporal space as opposed to the timelessness of the conceptual design. Occupation is critical to the ideologies of Tschumi's Parc de la Villette and Disneyland, and the contrast of the two provides an insight into the role of the construction of the body through the ideological paradigms manifested in the spatial texts and its reciprocal role as transgressor and/or participant. Tafuri's discourse on Utopia unites the two parks as they struggle between compliance and revolution.     

Grand designs down under: utopias and urban projects in mid-nineteenth century New Zealand

Identified by utopian writers from the seventeenth until the nineteenth centuries as one of the last territories on Earth capable of being a potential paradise, the islands of New Zealand became the setting for a number of utopian schemes subsequent to their European discovery. The European colonization of the country in the mid-nineteenth century embodied many of the progressive ideals expressed in post-Enlightenment utopian texts, but followed an expedient capitalist settlement process honed during 300 years of British colonization practice. Late Victorian utopian writers challenged colonial reality with alternative ideas on land tenure systems, technological progress, governance and urban planning models. This paper will explore the dialogue between the utopian text and the planted community, to better understand the utopian influences on the design of colonial cities in nineteenth century New Zealand.     

Architecture is the pattern of human mind in space: Claude F. Bragdon and the spatial concept of architecture

‘Space’ has held a central position within the architectural discourse throughout the twentieth century and a number of twenty-first-century publications suggest interest in this notion is not to be diminished any time soon. Seen from our contemporary perspective, the association between architecture and space could therefore seem ordinary and self-evident. However, existing scholarship has dated the adoption of the term ‘space’ in architectural vocabulary—as a fundamental category of architecture—no earlier than the 1890s. This early phase has been strongly associated with the German language and nineteenth-century German aesthetic philosophy, whereas, by contrast, the adoption of the term in architectural discourse in the English language is considered to have followed several decades later. This paper discusses the largely unknown case of the American Claude Fayette Bragdon (1866–1946), an English-speaking architect who adopted the notion of ‘space’ as early as the 1890s: concurrently with his German contemporaries. Through analysis of existing scholarship, archival material and Bragdon's published writings mainly up to the appearance of his book The Beautiful Necessity in 1910, it throws light on the main sources of Bragdon's ‘spatial’ concept of architecture and demonstrates connections to transcendental aesthetics and ground-breaking advances in nineteenth-century mathematics.     

身体经验与时空想象—— 基于场地、场景、场域的景观建构原型研究

Contemporary landscape is an important medium that resists the environmental homogeneity and diversifies the cultural imagery. The neglect of physical experience would intensify the perception contradiction and separation between people and the site. This paper proposes to use the prototype of the interactions between the body, time, and space to build an abstract discourse to study the design dimensions of site, sight, and insight based on different elements—the three dimensions are represented as perception, conception, and live. It then focuses on how to employ design methods (including the arrangement of spatial sequence and direction, the design of thresholds in the space, the creation of texts and syntaxes, and the stimulation of events and social imagery) to form the push-pull movement in the material space, the abschattung and gestalt of ideographic texts in the meaning space, and the apperception of the social field, so as to enhance people’s perception of the landscape. This paper studies physical experience and spacetime imagery to extract and deduce the thinking of landscape design within varied dimensions, and argues that a profound and intimate relationship between man and the site can be established by organizing different elements under the ternary system of site, sight, and insight.     

A happy confluence of planning and statistics: Bombay and Calcutta in the 1901 census

In India in 1901, a rare statistical event occurred. A confluence of interests gave a group of nascent planners new influence over the conduct of a census, with the result being a rich body of published information for Bombay and Calcutta. Useful in its day, this material now offers exceptional insights into social conditions, and the concerns of planners, in two great colonial cities. Having sketched the confluence of interests, this research note outlines the nature of the evidence that it produced and illustrates how it may be used by historical scholars, with particular reference to Bombay. The 1901 census can provide documentation of land use, living conditions, and the social geography of the city at a geographical scale that is finer than that of any other published census of the period.     

近百年来大连居住空间分异特征及其形成机制

通过对大连近百年来城市居住空间分异特征变化过程的分析,归纳得出自1899年以来大连居住空间分异特征可分为三种类型：一是殖民统治背景下的居住空间分异：二是消除阶级、阶层的社会政治背景下的居住空间分异;三是市场经济背景下的居住空间分异。通过对大连居住空间分异特征的形成机制分析,改革开放以来大连居住空间分异特征的形成机制主要可分为五大层面社会制度、市场经济,技术变革、城市管理、居住心理。     

从云霄燕翼宫论文物建筑的年代判定

文物建筑的年代判定,既要依据文献、志书、碑刻乃至古老传说,更要从文物建筑本身的空间尺度、分体特征、细部手法以及装修技艺入手,加以对比与类推,以得出更为准确全面的结论。云霄燕翼宫的年代判定以实地调查为主线,结合以文献与志书族谱材料等,正是对文物建筑各个年代属性的准确诠释。     

首都地区城乡建设用地空间格局与增长趋势——基于2000-2010年数据

新型城镇化过程中城乡建设用地的永续利用和合理扩张是社会各界关注的热点问题,也是空间规划改革的重要内容.现有的研究往往从城镇扩张、土地非农化等角度分析建设用地的整体演变规律,对于用地结构、空间特征的关注往往不够.考虑到我国特殊的城乡二元土地制度,城镇和农村建设用地扩张相对独立,需要将两者统筹起来,分析城镇、农村和工矿建设用地各自空间格局和增长趋势的特征.选取我国城镇化较为迅速的首都地区作为研究对象,以2000-2010年间的空间数据为基础,从城乡建设用地的规模分布、结构比例、增长趋势、内部结构变化等几个方面总结其演变规律,并从空间管理、内部转换、政策工具三个方面给出建议.     

论防范城市灾害的城市形态优化——由SARS引发的对当前城市建设中问题的思考

由SARS病毒的防治反思当前城市规划建设中存在的误区。城市防灾问题必须从宏观战略的角度出发 ,化被动为主动 ,在城市整体形态研究的一开始就关注城市发展用地、城市规模与环境容量、城市空间结构和城市用地形态等方面 ,从而在根本上有利于城市的防灾与减灾     

The experience and legacy of French colonial urban planning in sub‐Saharan Africa

This paper examines the activities of French colonial authorities in the urban planning arena in sub‐Saharan Africa. It reveals that, despite the dearth of information on these activities, especially in the relevant English language literature, the French were very active in the planning field before and during their colonial era in the region. While these activities might have been intended to do no more than facilitate the attainment of French colonial development objectives, they have far‐reaching implications for contemporary development efforts. It is argued that French colonial urban designs, schemes and legislation have negative implications for urban transportation, housing, land tenure and the growth and development of urban centres vis‐à‐vis the rural areas. Problems in these areas are aggravated by the fact that post‐colonial authorities in the region have opted to inherit and vigorously enforce the planning legislation and schemes crafted by their colonial predecessors.     

轨道交通与城市空间发展协同的时空响应研究——以北京为例

中国正处于城市轨道交通大规模建设期,从城市空间发展视角需要关注平衡问题。轨道交通与城市空间发展的失衡,主要反映在空间错位、时间异速和功能失配上,亟需揭示二者协同规律。本文通过影响模型、模拟模型与反馈模型构建协同分析框架,以北京为例,探究轨道交通与城市空间发展在不同尺度上的时空响应规律。研究结果显示,在大都市圈尺度,城市形态中的职住空间关系会影响到轨道交通客流量,就业中心和居住中心都可能对轨道站点产生强客流压力。在城市尺度,轨道交通可达性较高的站点,会产生集聚效应而吸引更多的就业,增加周边就业岗位的密度。在站点尺度,轨道交通线路开通会带动站点周边土地利用转变。研究表明,轨道交通与城市的协同发展核心是空间上匹配、时间上同步和功能上整合,研究旨在对中国城市应对轨道交通快速集中建设时期的挑战起到理论借鉴作用。     

近代殖民商业中心区的城市形态

通过对区位特征、用地布局、街廓肌理、街道交通等城市形态基本要素的分析,总结我国近代殖民商业中心区的典型结构模式和形态,包括优势明显的地段区位、片状发展的用地布局、规制清晰的街廓肌理、便捷合理的街道规划等.旨在为殖民商业街区的再开发利用提供基础性的城市形态理论研究.     

River eutrophication: irrigated vs. non-irrigated agriculture through different spatial scales

The main objective of this study was to determine how spatial scale may affect the results when relating land use to nutrient enrichment of rivers and, secondly, to investigate which agricultural practices are more responsible for river eutrophication in the study area. Agriculture was split into three subclasses (irrigated, non-irrigated and low-impact agriculture) which were correlated to stream nutrient concentration on four spatial scales: large scale (drainage area of total subcatchment and 100 m wide subcatchment corridors) and local scale (5 and 1 km radius buffers). Nitrate, ammonium and orthophosphate concentrations and land use composition (agriculture, urban and forest) were measured at 130 river reaches in south-central Spain during the 2001-2009 period. Results suggested that different spatial scales may lead to different conclusions. Spatial autocorrelation and the inadequate representation of some land uses produced unreal results on large scales. Conversely, local scales did not show data autocorrelation and agriculture subclasses were well represented. The local scale of 1 km buffer was the most appropriate to detect river eutrophication in central Spanish rivers, with irrigated cropland as the main cause of river pollution by nitrate. As regards river management, a threshold of 50% irrigated cropland within a 1 km radius buffer has been obtained using breakpoint regression analysis. This means that no more than 50% of irrigation croplands should be allowed near river banks in order to avoid river eutrophication. Finally, a methodological approach is proposed to choose the appropriate spatial scale when studying river eutrophication caused by diffuse pollution like agriculture.     

山水图绘中的园林模式与空间转换——以三幅北宋立轴为例

针对山水图绘与园林空间之间多重结构性关联,通过路径、构图与视觉3组模式解析搭建兼顾绘画与造园的分析框架。以北宋时期3幅经典山水立轴为例,系统梳理其形式结构与文本素材,总结出提示性路径、层化的山体、连续运动视点3组绘画中的模式,并与园林实例进行关联性验证,提出迂回编织布局、空间分隔与渗透、“反衬式”布景3种“绘画-园林”的空间转换方法。在概念层面,并置引介中西方绘画与空间分析法,形成2种话语体系间的互证与互补;在认知层面,重构绘画-空间解读的视角;在方法层面,论述由绘画映射至空间的设计手法。     

Landscape of time and immobility

ABSTRACT

This paper sheds a light on the ephemeral landscape of Palestine. Under a deliberate process of ‘erasing, peeling, cutting and pasting’, the physical and mental maps of Palestine today are rapidly changing with the Palestinians being pushed out of the scene. This colonial project has been best represented by Sari Hanafi as ‘spacio-cidal’ as it targets the landscape and consequently the narrative of those who shape it.

Stemming from the need for an alternative discourse to narrate and redraw the map from a local lens, I use the village of Beit Iksa as an example to portray the spatial restructuring of the landscape. I show how ‘greening’ casts a shadow on the Israeli colonial strategies that lie beneath to alienate and ‘reinvent’ the rural scene. And yet, because for every strategy of control there is a tactic to resist, I show how through spatial interventions, I tried to rethink the rural and challenge its ideological transformation into a void; a leftover landscape shaped by time and immobility and yet is loaded with spatial potentials and open to change.     

Puerto Rico '98: Architecture and Empire at the Fin de Siècle

This paper presents a project for the construction of an architectural installation designed to challenge the regime of terror that exiles the colonial subject to the space of disappearance. Puerto Rico '98 is an attempt to derive the poetics of space from a spatial practice that is necessarily political. It is an architectural movement through a “broken memory” that, at a point and however precariously, engages the colonial subject as an active body in space. Puerto Rico '98 is a countermonument, a sort of apostate aedile that violates and condemns the colonial city for its past and present crimes.