Preparation and characterization of Fe‐Tetranitro phthalocyanine/polyurethane blends

In this article, Fe‐Tetranitro phthalocyanine (Fe‐TNPc)/polyurethane (PU) blends were prepared by solution blending. The mechanical properties of the samples were studied by tensile tests. The results showed that the tensile strength and the elongation at break of the samples increased with increasing Fe‐TNPc content. The improved mechanical properties for the samples containing Fe‐TNPc was attributed to the increased microphase separation degree of PU, which was further investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The lower T_g of the soft segments and the higher T_g of the hard segments for the samples containing Fe‐TNPc indicated an increase of microphase separation degree of PU. The increased hydrogen bonded carbonyl groups in the samples with increasing Fe‐TNPc content also proved the conclusion. Quantitative evaluation of the interaction between Fe‐TNPc and PU was also investigated by analyzing the physical crosslinking density of the samples. The results indicated that the physical crosslinking density of the samples increased with increasing Fe‐TNPc content. The antibacterial properties of the samples were investigated. The results showed that the percentage bacterial inactivation toward S. aureus and E. coli of the samples were 98.9% and 90.9%, respectively, when Fe‐TNPc was added to 1%. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41284.     

Functionally modified,melt‐electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane mats for wound‐dressing applications

The electrospinning of a polymer melt is an interesting process for medical applications because it eliminates the cytotoxic effects of solvents in the electrospinning solution. Wound dressings made from thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), particularly as a porous structured electrospun membrane, are currently the focus of scientific and commercial interest. In this study, we developed a functionalized fibrillar structure as a novel antibacterial wound‐dressing material with the melt‐electrospinning of TPU. The surface of the fibers was modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and silver nanoparticles (nAg's) to improve their wettability and antimicrobial properties. TPU was processed into a porous, fibrous network of beadless fibers in the micrometer range (4.89 ± 0.94 μm). The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results and scanning electron microscopy images confirmed the successful incorporation of nAg's onto the surface of the fiber structure. An antibacterial test indicated that the PEG‐modified nAg‐loaded TPU melt‐electrospun structure had excellent antibacterial effects against both a Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus strain and Gram‐negative Escherichia coli compared to unmodified and PEG‐modified TPU fiber mats. Moreover, modification with nAg's and PEG increased the water‐absorption ability in comparison to unmodified TPU. The cell viability and proliferation on the unmodified and modified TPU fiber mats were investigated with a mouse fibroblast cell line (L929). The results demonstrate that the PEG‐modified nAg‐loaded TPU mats had no cytotoxic effect on the fibroblast cells. Therefore, the melt‐electrospun TPU fiber mats modified with PEG and nAg have the potential to be used as antibacterial, humidity‐managing wound dressings. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40132.     

Self‐curable system of an aqueous‐based polyurethane dispersion via a ring‐opening reaction of azetidine end groups

An azetidine (AZT) containing compound, 3‐azetidinyl propanol was synthesized from methyl acrylate with 3‐amino‐1‐propanol in a four‐step reaction. It was introduced into an isocyanate‐terminated carboxylic acid containing polyurethane (PU) prepolymer as the end group. A single‐component, AZT‐terminated self‐curable aqueous‐based PU dispersion was obtained from the water dispersion process after it was neutralized with triethylamine. Its carboxylic groups served not only as the internal emulsifier stabilizing the aqueous PU dispersion but also as PU self‐curing sites toward its AZT end groups via a ring‐opening reaction. The curing reaction took place on drying and resulted in polymeric network structure formation among the polymers. The performance properties of this self‐cured PU were evaluated in this study. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 4383–4393, 2006     

Halogen‐free flame‐retardant waterborne polyurethane with a novel cyclic structure of phosphorus−nitrogen synergistic flame retardant

A novel phosphorus?nitrogen flame retardant, octahydro‐2,7‐di(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐1,6,3,8,2,7‐dioxadiazadiphosphecine (ODDP), with bi‐phosphonyl in a cyclic compound, was synthesized by the reaction of POCl₃, NH(CH₃)₂·HCl with OHCH₂CH₂NH₂ in CH₂Cl₂ solution, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrum. ODDP has been successfully reacted with polyurethane (PU) as a chain extender to prepare phosphorus–nitrogen synergistic halogen‐free flame‐retardant waterborne PU (DPWPU). Limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy suggest the excellent flame retardancy of the DPWPU polymer. When the content of ODDP was 15 wt %, the LOI of DPWPU was 30.6% and UL‐94 achieved a V‐0 classification. Compared with the unmodified WPU, the thermodecomposition temperature of the DPWPU was reduced and the amount of carbon residue was increased to 18.18%. The surface of carbon residue was shown to be compact and smooth without holes, which would be favorable for resisting oxygen and heat. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41288.     

Performance of flame retardancy silk modified with water‐soluble vinyl phosphoamide

In this article, a water‐soluble flame retardant monomer dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl)phosphoramidate (DMMEPN) was synthesized and applied onto silk fabric via graft copolymerization technique initiated with potassium persulfate (KPS). The results of attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) indicated that DMMEPN was successfully grafted onto silk fiber surface. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that grafting process didn't change the crystalline structure of silk fibers and the reaction mainly occurred at the amorphous region of silk fibers. DMMEPN grafted silk fabric exhibited self‐extinguish property when ignited with a candle like fire with LOI of 32.38% and could pass vertical flammability test with char length of 42 mm. Thermal gravimetric analysis showed that grafted silk fibers had different thermal decomposition mode with control silk fibers and tended to produce more char after combustion. This article also investigated the physical properties like whiteness index, hygroscopicity, and tensile strength of grafted silk fabrics. The results showed that physical properties had some loss but had no negative effect on final uses. Laundering durability test demonstrated treated silk fabrics still showed flame retardancy after enduring 30 hand wash cycles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Novel biocompatible waterborne polyurethane using L‐lysine as an extender

Polyurethane (PU) prepolymers based on isophorone diisocyanates, dimethylolpropionic acid, and polycaprolactone were prepared and chain‐ extended in water using L ‐lysine (PU–L), ethylenediamine (PU–E), and their mixture (PU– L–E) as extenders, respectively. The produced emulsion exhibited satisfactory freeze/thaw stability. Films cast from emulsions exhibited excellent mechanical properties and good antiblood coagulation character. Although the water‐swelling ratio for 24 h for PU–L was higher than those of PU–L–E and PU–E, it possessed the smallest hydrolysis rate among the three samples. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2474–2480, 2002     

Adsorption of salicylic acid in aqueous solution by a water‐compatible hyper‐cross‐linked resin functionalized with amino‐group

On account of the high toxicity of nitrobenzene, 1,2‐dichloroethane was used as solvent. A novel water‐compatible hyper‐cross‐linked resin functionalized with amino‐group (denoted as GQ‐04) was synthesized to remove salicylic acid (SA) in aqueous solution. The maximum adsorption capacity of SA onto GQ‐04 was observed at pH of 1.88. The adsorption capacity increased with the increasing salt concentration. The adsorption kinetic data obeyed the pseudo‐second‐order rate equation and the adsorption isotherms can be characterized by Freundlich model. The intraparticle diffusion was the main rate‐controlling step. The saturated adsorption quantity of SA was up to 119.9 mg·mL‐1 according to the dynamic adsorption at 293 K. The resin could be regenerated by the 6 BV mixed solution of 80% ethanol and 0.5 mol/L NaOH. The size matching and hydrogen bonding between GQ‐04 and SA and the micropore structure resulted in the larger adsorption capacity in comparison with XAD‐4 and H103 resin. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Preparation of novel hydrophobic magnetic Fe3O4/waterborne polyurethane nanocomposites

Magnetic Fe₃O₄/waterborne polyurethane nanocomposites were synthesized based on waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and amino-functionalized Fe₃O₄ by in situ polymerization. The Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle was found to be uniformly distributed in Fe₃O₄/WPU nanocomposites with linear or crosslinked structure. In addition, the formation mechanism and magnetic conduction mechanism of stable inorganic–organic nanocomposites were discussed. The experimental results showed that the thermal stability, magnetic, and mechanical properties of magnetic Fe₃O₄/waterborne polyurethane nanocomposites were improved by amino functionalized Fe₃O₄. Furthermore, the defoaming property of the emulsion and the hydrophobic property of magnetic Fe₃O₄/waterborne polyurethane nanocomposites were improved by the 1-hexadecanol-terminated prepolymer. What more, polycaprolactone (PCL)-based Fe₃O₄/WPU nanocomposites have excellent mechanical properties (The tensile strength is over 30 MPa, the elongation rate is above 300%.) and magnetic properties. Magnetic Fe₃O₄/waterborne polyurethane nanocomposites will be used in the field of hydrophobic and microwave absorbent materials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48546.     

Synthesis and characterization of polyhydroxylated polybutadiene binding 2,2′‐thiobis(4‐methyl‐6‐tert‐butylphenol) with isophorone diisocyanate

A macromolecular hindered phenol antioxidant, polyhydroxylated polybutadiene containing thioether binding 2,2′‐thiobis(4‐methyl‐6‐tert‐butylphenol) (PHPBT‐b‐TPH), was synthesized via a two‐step nucleophilic addition reaction using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as linkage. First, the ? OH groups of PHPBT reacted with secondary ? NCO groups of IPDI to form the adduct PHPBT‐NCO, then the PHPBT‐b‐TPH was obtained by one phenolic ? OH of 2,2′‐thiobis(4‐methyl‐6‐tert‐butylphenol) (TPH) reacting with the PHPBT‐NCO. The PHPBT‐b‐TPH was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H‐NMR), ¹³C‐NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis, and its antioxidant activity in natural rubber was studied by an accelerated aging test. Influences of reaction conditions on the two nucleophilic reactions between ? OH group and ? NCO group were investigated. In addition, catalytic mechanism for the reaction between PHPBT‐NCO and TPH was discussed. The results showed that the adduct PHPBT‐NCO could be obtained by using dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as catalyst, and the suitable temperature and DBTDL amount were 35°C and 3 wt %, respectively. However, triethylamine (TEA) was more efficient than DBTDL to catalyze the reaction between PHPBT‐NCO and TPH because of steric hindrance effect. In addition, it was found that the thermal stability and antioxidant activity of PHPBT‐b‐TPH were higher than those of the low molecular weight antioxidant TPH. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40942.     

Cure efficiency of dodecyl succinic anhydride as a cross‐linking agent for elastomer blends based on epoxidized natural rubber

Blends of a highly epoxidized natural rubber (ENR50) with unmodified natural rubber (NR) and ethylene propylene elastomers (EPDM) were produced to evaluate the mixing and curing characteristics. Dodecyl succinic anhydride was used to cross‐link the ENR50 component and the reactivity was assessed by monitoring the evolution of the torque in an oscillatory co‐axial cylinder rheometer, as well as by DSC thermal analysis. A physical model was used to obtain a single parameter for the reactivity of the system, which corresponds to the rate constant for first order curing reactions. Although the blends were thermodynamically immiscible, displaying no significant change in T_g, the components were well dispersed at microscopic level. Better mechanical properties were obtained for blends with EPDM. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41448.     

Preparation of cationic exchange membranes based on organo‐montmorillonite/poly(vinylidene fluoride) by two‐step chemically induced grafting method

In this research, OMMT/PVDF‐based cationic exchange membranes were prepared by two‐step chemically induced grafting method. The various preparation conditions, such as alkaline treatment, initiation, and grafting conditions, and the relationship between the preparation conditions and the cationic exchange membrane performance, such as area resistance and cationic permselectivity, were investigated. The chemical and crystal changes on the membrane surface were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Surface morphological changes were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results reveal that the OMMT/PVDF‐based cationic exchange membrane was successfully prepared by this method. The OMMT/PVDF‐based cationic exchange membrane doped 8.5% OMMT prepared using optimum preparation parameters showed excellent basic properties. The area resistance was measured as low as 1.8 Ω cm², while the cationic permselectivity was as high as 93.4%. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2753–2763, 2013     

Application of recycled polyol and benzimidazole to the enhancement of antifungal activity of polyurethane

Recycled polyol and benzimidazole were both grafted onto polyurethane (PU) to enhance the surface hydrophilicity and antifungal activity, respectively. The two grafted groups affected the viscosity, crosslink density, soft segment glass transition, breaking stress, flexibility at freezing temperature, shape recovery at ?10 °C, surface hydrophilicity, and antifungal activity. The glass transition temperature increased from ?67.5 °C for plain PU up to ?60.8 °C after the grafting of polyol. The breaking stress and shape recovery of the grafted PU increased up to 425% and 200%, respectively, relative to plain PU because of the chemical linking by the grafted polyol. The hydrophilicity of PU, evaluated by the water contact angle and water swelling ratio, increased with increasing polyol content. A PU sample demonstrated excellent low‐temperature flexibility in comparison to plain PU and control sample. Finally, the PUs modified with grafted polyol and benzimidazole completely suppressed fungal growth. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46600.     

Preparation of water‐compatible molecularly imprinted polymers for caffeine with a novel ionic liquid as a functional monomer

Water‐compatible molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for caffeine were synthesized in aqueous medium with a new functional monomer, 1‐(α‐methyl acrylate)‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide (1‐MA‐3MI‐Br), which had π–π and hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Caffeine‐imprinted polymers were prepared in suspension polymerization with 1‐MA‐3MI‐Br and methacrylic acid (MAA), which only had hydrogen bonding, as a functional monomer. For the specific binding characteristics of the new functional monomer 1‐MA‐3MI‐Br, the adsorption capacity and relative separation factor (β) of MIPs for caffeine were significantly enhanced. The maximum adsorption capacities of 1‐MA‐3MI‐Br–MIP and MAA–MIP imprinted microspheres for caffeine were 53.80 and 28.90 μmol/g, respectively. Moreover, the relative separation factors were measured by comparison of the separation characteristics under competitive adsorption conditions. The results showed that the β of MAA–MIP for caffeine relative to theophylline was only 1.65; this showed a very poor recognition selectivity for caffeine, but β of 1‐MA‐3MI‐Br–MIP for caffeine with respect to theophylline was remarkably enhanced to 3.19; this showed an excellent recognition selectivity and binding affinity toward caffeine molecules in an aqueous environment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Maleic anhydride‐grafted‐polybutadiene as a controlled defibrillating and dispersing agent for short aramid fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composite with improved mechanical properties

The reinforcing effect of resorcinol formaldehyde latex (RFL) coated short aramid fiber on an ester‐based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was investigated on the basis of mechanical properties. Short fibers having different fiber length were used for the reinforcement. The exceptionally high Young's modulus and low strain modulus indicate the reinforcing effect of this fiber on to the TPU matrix. It has been observed that fibers of 3 mm length at 10 phr loading and 6 mm length even at a loading of 5 phr start to exhibit severe fibrillation: the longitudinal splitting of fiber having larger diameter into thinner fibrils during processing. Fibrillation favorably affects the mechanical bonding with the matrix because of the large surface area as well as surface irregularities provided by the fibrillated fiber. However, fibrillation adversely affects the fiber dispersion by enhancing the fiber aggregation. This leads to a greater disturbance in the strain hardening behavior of the TPU matrix and subsequently reducing the tensile strength and elongation at break especially at high fiber loading. Therefore, to control the degree of fibrillation a pre‐treatment has been applied on the aramid fiber surface with maleic anhydride‐grafted‐polybutadiene (PB‐g‐MA) prior to mixing it with the TPU matrix. A good quality of fiber dispersion with improved tensile strength and elongation at break has been achieved even with 6 mm short fiber at a loading of 10 phr with the treatment of only 5 phr of PB‐g‐MA. The tensile fractured surface morphological analyses of PB‐g‐MA coated fiber filled TPU composite strongly advocate these results. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2205–2216, 2013     

Superhydrophobic polyurethane and silica nanoparticles coating with high transparency and fluorescence

A superhydrophobic surface was prepared by spin‐coating trimethylsiloxane functionalized SiO₂ (TMS‐SiO₂) solutions onto a precoated polyurethane (PU) layer. The superhydrophobic coatings showed high stability with time, and the prepared coatings remained superhydrophobicity even after 6 months. Furthermore, the as‐prepared surface showed high transparency with a transmittance above 70% in visible light region (400–800 nm). The transition of the composite surface from superhydrophobicity to hydrophilicity can be achieved by increasing the drying temperature. More interestingly, the surface showed excellent fluorescent property by the incorporation of fluorescent Europium (Eu) complex into the surface and without deteriorating the superhydrophobic and transparent properties. It was believed that the superhydrophobic surface with multifunction would broaden the applications of superhydrophobic materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Cotton‐fabric‐grafted poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) initiated by ammonium peroxydisulfate

In this article, we report that thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) was successfully grafted onto a cotton fabric (CF) surface by free‐radical solution grafting polymerization; we obtained a thermoresponsive CF‐grafted PNIPAAm. This reaction system only contained four constituents: the monomer, solvent, initiator, and CFs. Ammonium peroxydisulfate was chosen as the initiator, and water was chosen as the solvent. A series of initiator concentrations and grafting polymerization temperatures were used in the experiments, and their effects on the grafting ratio (G) were also studied. Also, the effects of the G of CF‐g‐PNIPAAm on their corresponding thermoresponses was studied further. The structure of CF‐g‐PNIPAAm was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–attenuated total reflectance analysis and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The G of CF‐g‐PNIPAAm was measured by a gravimetric method. The thermoresponse of CF‐g‐PNIPAAm was characterized by modulated differential scanning calorimetry, water contact angle measurements, and wetting time measurements. The experiments manifested the following results: (1) the initiator concentration and grafting polymerization temperature both influenced G, (2) the grafted PNIPAAm covered the CF surface, (3) the CF‐g‐PNIPAAm showed thermoresponsive hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, and (4) a relationship existed between the thermoresponse of CF‐g‐PNIPAAm and the corresponding G. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41193.     

Polyglycidyl nitrate (PGN)‐based energetic thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers with bonding functions

PGN‐based ETPUEs were synthesized using mixture of chain extenders including 1, 4‐butanediol and Diethyl Bis(hydroxymethyl)malonate (DBM). Through the special chain extenders DBM, the –COOR was introduced into the energetic thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (ETPUEs) and further enhances the adhesion between ETPUE and nitramine solid ingredients in propellants. From the analysis, with the percentage of DBM increasing, the work of adhesion (W_a) between nitramine solid ingredients and ETPUEs increased and the maximum stress (σ_m) of ETPUEs decreased on the other hand. In order to test the bonding functions of different ETPUEs, the RDX/ETPUE propellants were prepared and the stress–strain curves of all propellants were tested. The results showed that the ETPUE‐75 with 75% DBM can prevent the dewetting and improve the mechanical properties of propellants. The ETPUE prepared with chain extender including 1, 4‐butanediol and DBM were valuable for application in propellants. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42026.     

Bending‐electrostrictive response of polyurethane films subjected to a reversed electric field

This study dealt with the bending‐electrostrictive response of a polyurethane film, which was a promising candidate for a material to be used in polymer actuators. The film bent under an electric field (2.5 MV/m). However, when the field polarity was reversed, the bending direction curiously did not change. To clarify the mechanism of this behavior, we measured the space charge distribution in the film. The measurement showed a pair of charges (induced charge on an electrode and space charge in the film) on one side of the film during the application of the field. However, when the field polarity was reversed, the location of the charges did not change. The charges were assumed to be the cause of the bending. Therefore, we concluded that the bending direction did not change despite the reversed field because the location of the charges did not change. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3644–3650, 2004     

Self‐healing polyurethane nanocomposite films with recoverable surface hydrophobicity

It is a great challenge for self‐healing materials to recover their mechanical property and surface hydrophobicity simultaneously after being damaged severely, such as deep and wide surface scratches. In this work, a series of hydrophobic films were prepared by mixing perfluoroalkyl‐loaded SiO₂ nanoparticles with thermally self‐healing polyurethane. The Diels–Alder reaction of furan groups with bismaleimides endowed the polyurethane with self‐healing property, and the introduction of perfluoroalkyl chains gave surface hydrophobicity. When being heated, the low surface energy compounds could gradually move onto the surface to make the surface hydrophobicity recoverable. The self‐healing mechanical property and recoverable hydrophobicity would improve the durability and expand the application of polyurethane nanocomposites as self‐cleaning and self‐healing coatings/surfaces. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46421.     

Synthesis and characterization of main‐chain,second‐order,nonlinear optical polyurethanes with isolation moieties and zigzag structures

In this study, two main‐chain second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) polyurethanes were successfully prepared with indole‐based chromophores. The introduced phenyl isolation group and the continuous zigzag polymer backbone were found to be helpful for effectively decreasing the intermolecular dipole–dipole interactions and enhancing the NLO properties of the resulting polymers. The studied polymers exhibited good optical transparency, high thermal stability, and excellent NLO effects; this indicated that the nonlinearity–stability trade‐off and nonlinearity–transparency trade‐off could be alleviated by this newly designed polymer system. Poly{4‐anilinocarbonyl[N‐ethoxyl‐5‐phenyl‐3‐azo(2′‐oxyethylene‐4′‐nitrobenzene)indole]carbonylimino} with a zigzag backbone showed a large second harmonic generation coefficient (d₃₃) value of 88.4 pm/V. However, poly{5‐naphthyliminocarbonyl[N‐ethoxyl‐5‐phenyl‐3‐azo(2′‐oxyethylene‐4′‐nitrobenzene)indole]carbonylimino} (PUAZN) with a continuous zigzag structure exhibited a higher d₃₃ value of 116.2 pm/V, which was attributed to the unique rigid and zigzag linkage of 1,5‐naphthalene as the isolation spacer. The enhanced NLO efficiency and relatively longer term temporal stability made PUAZN as a promising candidate for practical applications in photonic devices. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 42974.