不饱和聚酯树脂／大麻纤维复合材料的热氧老化

采用模压工艺制备不饱和聚酯(UP)树脂/大麻纤维复合材料,研究了105℃下热氧老化600h前后复合材料力学性能的变化;采用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对老化前后复合材料的结构进行对比分析,并通过SEM技术观察复合材料的断面形貌.结果表明,偶联剂KH570处理对复合材料力学性能的总体改善效果最佳.老化600h后,偶联剂处理复合材料具有的最佳力学性能如拉伸强度、拉伸模量、弯曲强度、弯曲模量及冲击强度分别为19.06MPa、5.78GPa、52.988MPa、1.01GPa和3.881kJ/m2.红外分析显示,偶联剂处理得到的复合材料在老化前后的红外图形变化不明显,有些吸收峰甚至得到了加强.SEM结果表明,老化600h后,偶联剂处理的复合材料中纤维仍能较均匀地分散在树脂基体中,两者间的界面粘结良好.     

Influence of interfacial adhesion on the structural and mechanical behavior of PP‐banana/glass hybrid composites

Hybrid composites of polypropylene (PP), reinforced with short banana and glass fibers were fabricated using Haake torque rheocord followed by compression molding with and without the presence maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent. Incorporation of both fibers into PP matrix resulted in increase of tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength upto 30 wt% with an optimum strength observed at 2 wt% MAPP treated 15 wt% banana and 15 wt% glass fiber. The rate of water absorption for the hybrid composites was decreased due to the presence of glass fiber and coupling agent. The effect of fiber loading in presence of coupling agent on the dynamic mechanical properties has been analyzed to investigate the interfacial properties. An increase in storage modulus (E′) of the treated‐composite indicates higher stiffness. The loss tangent (tan δ) spectra confirms a strong influence of fiber loading and coupling agent concentration on the α and β relaxation process of PP. The nature of fiber matrix adhesion was examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tensile fractured specimen. Thermal measurements were carried out through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), indicated an increase in the crystallization temperature and thermal stability of PP with the incorporation of MAPP‐treated banana and glass fiber. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1247–1257, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers     

硅烷偶联剂对玻纤/聚丙烯复合材料的影响

分别选用KH550、KH570两种硅烷偶联剂处理无碱无捻粗纱,采用挤出、注塑成型技术制备玻纤增强聚丙烯复合材料,对复合材料进行了分析和研究。结果表明：硅烷偶联剂具有提高GF/PP复合材料性能的作用。SEM显示KH570处理GF与PP基体之间形成了良好的界面,界面层起到很好的应力传递作用,达到良好的增强效果。     

Effect of chemical treatments of wood fibers on the physical strength of polypropylene based composites

Wood plastic composites attract great attention in various applications. Chemical modification of the wood fiber with NaOH and various coupling agents was performed for wood fiber composites. Wood fibers treated with NaOH, APTES, TEVS, and BC coupling agents were compounded with PP matrix for measuring physical properties. All those chemical treatments increased physical properties much compared to the untreated case because of the elimination of impurities by NaOH treatment and because of the introduction of compatible molecular structure onto the wood fiber surfaces. Especially, the TEVS case showed the best tensile strength, and it could be attributed to the chain structure having double bond of the molecules for high compatibility with PP matrix. The SEM morphology also demonstrated increased adhesion between wood fibers and PP matrix with chemical treatments. The adhesion between wood fiber and PP matrix would be a key parameter in achieving high physical properties of the composite materials.     

Surface modification of aramid fibers with CaCl2 treatment and secondary functionalization of silane coupling agents

Aramid fibers have excellent mechanical properties as the main reinforcing filler in high-performance composites. However, the adhesion properties between fibers and most polymer matrices were poor. In this study, aramid fiber (AF) was modified by KH550 through surface coating based on the treatment with CaCl₂ solution. The new surface treated with complexing agents could act as an active platform for secondary reactions for further modification. The surface morphology and composition of the treated aramid fibers were tested by scanning electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the interlaminar shear strength and the tensile strength of aramid fiber-reinforced polymer (AFRP) of were evaluated. The results showed that the silane coupling agent KH550 was successfully grafted onto the surface of aramid fibers after treatment with CaCl₂. Interlayer shear strength is greatly improved and the tensile strength of AFRP through further grafting with KH550 on the surface treated with CaCl₂ was improved by 48.7%, compared with untreated aramid fiber. In the current scenario, this study is of immense importance because it validates the possibility of secondary modification after fiber complexation modification and useful modification methods, and provides a new direction for the modification of AF.     

Effect of different compatibilizers on the mechanical and thermal properties of starch/polypropylene blends

Starch was treated with three kinds of compatibilizers (coupling agents or modifying agents), KH‐550, KH‐570, and glycerin monostearate. Blends of polypropylene (PP) and treated starch were prepared by a twin‐screw extruder. The effects of the starch before and after treatments and the kinds and contents of the compatibilizers on the mechanical and thermal properties of the PP/starch blends were investigated in this study. We found that the mechanical properties (tensile strength, impact strength, and elongation at break) of the blends were obviously improved with increasing content of different kinds of compatibilizers. Meanwhile, the most significant improvement in the mechanical properties was obtained in the samples containing just a 1 wt % loading of compatibilizers, and KH‐570 had the best improved effects among the different kinds of compatibilizers. The results of thermogravimetric analysis demonstrate that to some extent, the thermal stability of the PP/starch blends was improved after the addition of compatibilizers. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the dispersion of starch in the PP matrix and adhesion between the starch and PP matrix were obviously improved after the addition of compatibilizers. KH‐570 not only had the best improved effects among the coupling agents but also still acted as a similar plasticizer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43332.     

表面处理对可生物降解黄麻/PLA复合材料结构和性能的影响

采用注塑成型法制备了生物降解黄麻短纤维增强PLA复合材料,通过力学性能测试及SEM,探讨了碱处理、碱和硅烷偶联剂KH550同时处理对复合材料结构和性能的影响。结果表明:两种处理方法均能够增加黄麻纤维的表面粗糙度,但碱和偶联剂KH550同时处理的效果要优于碱处理,且KH550改善了黄麻短纤维与PLA树脂之间的界面黏结性能提,高了黄麻/PLA复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度。     

Influence of interfacial interactions on the properties of PVC/cellulosic fiber composites

The surface properties at the interface between thermoplastic and cellulosic fibers strongly influence the mechanical properties of plastic/cellulosic fiber composites. This paper examines the role of surface acid-base properties of plasticized PVC and cellulosic fibers on the mechanical properties of the composites. The acid-base surface characteristics of cellulosic fibers were modified by treating the fibers with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (A-1100), dichlorodiethylsilane, phthalic anhydride, and maleated polypropylene. The empirical acid (K_A) and base (K_D) characteristics (i.e., electron donor/acceptor abilities) of untreated and treated fibers, as well as plasticized PVC, were determined using inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique. These parameters were used to yield information on the acid-base pair interactions that were correlated with the tensile and notched Izod impact properties of the composites. Acid-base pair interactions have been found to be a valuable parameter in the design of surface modification strategies intended to optimize the tensile strength of the composites. By tailoring the acid-base characteristics of cellulosic fibers and plasticized PVC, a composite with equal tensile strength and greater modulus than unfilled PVC was developed. However, the acid-base factors did not correlate with tensile modulus, the elongation at break, and the notched Izod impact property of PVC/newsprint fiber composites. Aminosilane has been observed to be a suitable adhesion promoter for PVC/wood composites improving significantly the tensile strength of the composites. Other treatments (dichlorodiethylsilane, phtalic anhydride, and maleated polypropylene) were found to be ineffective, giving similar strength compared to the composites with untreated cellulosic fibers. FTIR spectroscopy results suggested that aminosilane was effective because treated cellulosic fibers can react with PVC to form chemical bonds. The resulting bond between PVC and cellulosic fibers accounts for the effectiveness of aminosilane, when compared with other coupling agents.     

Mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene/modified basalt fabric composites

Basalt fabric (BF) was first treated with silane coupling agent KH550, modified basalt fabric (MBF) was obtained. Then MBF were molded with polypropylene (PP) matrix, and polypropylene/modified basalt fabrics (PP/MBF) composites were obtained. The influence of concentration and treating time of KH550 on MBF were characterized by hydrophilicity and lipophilicity. The tensile strength and morphology of basalt fabric were tested by single filament strength tester and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of composites were measured with electronic universal testing machine and impact testing machine, and the thermal properties were tested by thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results showed that the lipophilicity of MBF is improved significantly by KH550 while the tensile is nearly damaged. The mechanical properties of composites are larger than that of pure PP, among which the impact property was improved the most, showing 194.12% enhancement. The thermal stability and dynamic viscoelasticity were better than pure PP; furthermore, the concentration of KH550 virtually had no effect on the thermal stability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42504.     

Banana/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Hybrid Composites: Fabrication and Performance Evaluation

Hybrid composites of Polypropylene (PP) reinforced with intimately mixed short banana and glass fibers were fabricated using Haake twin screw extruder followed by compression molding with and without the presence maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent. Incorporation of both the fibers into PP matrix resulted in an increase in tensile, flexural and impact strength with an increasing level of fiber content upto 30 wt% at banana: glass fiber ratio of 15:15 wt% and 2 wt% of MAPP. The rate of water absorption for the hybrid composites decreased due to the presence of glass fiber and coupling agent. The effect of fiber loading in presence of coupling agent on the dynamic mechanical properties has also been analyzed to investigate the interfacial properties. An increase in the storage modulus (E′) of the treated composite indicates higher stiffness. The tan δ spectra confirms a strong influence of fiber contents and coupling agent on the α and β relaxation processes of PP. The nature of fiber matrix adhesion was examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the tensile fractured specimen. Thermal measurements were carried out employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) which indicated a decrease in the crystallization temperature and thermal stability of PP with the incorporation of MAPP treated banana and Glass fiber.     

苎麻落麻的表面处理及其复合材料的性能研究

采用甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯腈接枝,硅烷偶联剂(A-151)偶联,聚氯乙烯(PVC)包覆等方法对苎麻落麻纤维进行表面处理;测试了处理前后落麻纤维的吸水率、单丝强度及其与环氧树脂(EP)、酚醛树脂(PF)和不饱和聚酯(UP)等的接触角;观察了偶联和包覆后落麻纤维的表面状况;选取偶联和包覆后的落麻纤维制备了UP/落麻毡和PP/落麻纤维复合材料,测试了其拉伸和弯曲性能并观察了处理前后复合材料的拉伸断面形貌。结果表明,接枝、偶联和包覆不仅降低了落麻纤维的吸水速率。而且也降低了平衡吸水量;接枝对落麻纤维单丝强度影响最大,偶联次之,包覆最小;接枝、偶联和包覆均能大幅度改善落麻纤维与EP、PF和UP的浸润性;偶联和包覆后的落麻纤维表面都比处理前粗糙;偶联使UP/落麻毡复合材料的拉伸强度、拉伸弹性模量提高了21％,弯曲强度提高了34％,弯曲弹性模量提高了40％,包覆使PP/落麻纤维复合材料的拉伸、弯曲强度提高了20％左右。     

汽车内饰用PP/黄麻纤维复合材料力学性能

采用转矩流变仪混合造粒,通过注射成型方法制备了聚丙烯(PP)/黄麻纤维复合材料,研究了对纤维表面进行处理的NaOH浓度、纤维含量和相容剂的含量对PP/黄麻纤维复合材料力学性能的影响,采用扫描电镜对纤维表面及复合材料的断面形貌进行分析。结果表明:黄麻纤维经过碱处理后PP/黄麻纤维复合材料的力学性能优于纤维未处理的复合材料的力学性能,随着NaOH浓度的提高,PP/黄麻纤维复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度增加,在NaOH浓度为16%时,其拉伸强度和冲击强度最佳;其弯曲强度随着NaOH浓度的提高先增加而后下降,在8%浓度时,弯曲强度最大。随着纤维含量的提高,PP/黄麻纤维复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度先增加后下降,在纤维含量达到20%时,PP/黄麻纤维合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度达到最大。随着纤维含量的提高,PP/黄麻纤维复合材料的冲击强度降低。相容剂的加入使得PP/黄麻纤维复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度明显增加。     

Effects of alkali and alkali/silane treatments of corn fibers on mechanical and thermal properties of its composites with polylactic acid

Different chemically modified (including treatments with alkali alone and a combination of alkali and silane coupling agent) corn fibers (CFs) have been used as reinforcements in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the CF/PLA composites. A comparative study has been made to find out how the two treatments affect the mechanical and thermal properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strengths and glass transition temperature (T_g), crystallinity, and heat deflection temperature (HDT) of the CF/PLA composites. Scanning electron microscopy analyses have been conducted to evaluate the fiber–matrix adhesion. It has been observed that the treatment with a combination of alkali and silane is more efficient in strengthening fiber–matrix bonding, and thus more significantly improving the tensile and flexural strengths, crystallinity, T_g, and HDT of the CF/PLA composites than the treatment with alkali alone. However, alkali treatment produces the optimal impact strength. Mechanisms have been proposed to interpret the observed changes in mechanical and thermal properties as a result of fiber treatments. It is inferred that the surface treatment of CFs with a combination of alkali and silane may also be applied in other CF–polymer composite systems. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:3499–3507, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers     

纳米二氧化硅颗粒表面设计及其填充聚氯乙烯复合材料的性能

利用表面原位接枝聚合在纳米二氧化硅颗粒表面引入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)高分子链段,用共混法制备了nano-SiO2/PVC复合材料,研究了不同界面特性时SiO2/PVC复合材料的力学性能.研究结果表明通过表面原位接枝聚合反应可以在纳米二氧化硅颗粒表面接枝聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯;表面接枝PMMA的nano-SiO2/PVC复合材料在力学和加工性能等方面都优于偶联剂处理和表面未处理样品.在纳米二氧化硅颗粒填充量为0%～8%(wt)时,复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度随着填充量的提高先上升后下降,并在4%～6%(wt)达到最大值.经PMMA表面接枝后SiO2/PVC具有更强的界面作用,偶联剂KH570处理的次之,表面未处理样品的最差.     

Interfacial,dynamic mechanical,and thermal fiber reinforced behavior of MAPE treated sisal fiber reinforced HDPE composites

The present article summarizes an experimental study on the mechanical and dynamic mechanical behavior of sisal fiber reinforced HDPE composites. Variations in mechanical strength, storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), and damping parameter (tan δ) with the addition of fibers and coupling agents were investigated. It was observed that the tensile, flexural, and impact strengths increased with the increase in fiber loading up to 30%, above which there was a significant deterioration in the mechanical strength. Further, the composites treated with MAPE showed improved properties in comparison with the untreated composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis data also showed an increase in the storage modulus of the treated composites The tan δ spectra presented a strong influence of fiber content and coupling agent on the α and γ relaxation process of HDPE. The thermal behavior of the composites was evaluated from TGA/DTG thermograms. The fiber–matrix morphology in the treated composites was confirmed by SEM analysis of the tensile fractured specimens. FTIR spectra of the treated and untreated composites were also studied, to ascertain the existence of type of interfacial bonds. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3306–3315, 2006     

Effect of Compound Surface Treatment on the Performance of Poly(butylene succinate)/Chemithermomechanical Pulp Fiber Composites

Chemithermomechanical pulp fiber was pretreated by alkali solution to alter the surface characteristics of fibers. The untreated and treated fibers were used to prepare poly(butylene succinate)/chemithermomechanical pulp fiber composites with or without the incorporation of cellulose fatty acid ester (hydroxyethyl cellulose lauric acid ester). X-ray photoelectron spectrum analysis shows that the O/C ratio on the fiber surface increased after alkali treatment, indicating that part of lignin was removed during alkali treatment process. Scanning electron microcopy images indicate that the fiber surface was changed to rough after alkali treatment. The modification effect of hydroxyethyl cellulose lauric acid ester reflects as the improvement of fiber order in matrix, together with the enhancement of interfacial bonding, whereas, the modification effect of alkali treatment is mainly due to the enhancement of interfacial bonding. The integrated mechanical properties of composite prepared by alkali-treated fibers are superior to those of composite prepared by hydroxyethyl cellulose lauric acid ester-treated fibers. The combination of these two modification methods favors the enhancement of tensile and impact strengths of composite. However, in comparison with the composite prepared only by alkali treatment, the flexural strength and modulus would be despaired in a certain degree. When fibers were alkali treated, the shear viscosity of composite exhibited a larger increase, whereas the shear viscosity of composite prepared fibers with hydroxyethyl cellulose lauric acid ester treatment exhibits a slight decrease.     

Influence of alkali fiber treatment and fiber processing on the mechanical properties of hemp/epoxy composites

Industrial hemp fibers were treated with a 5 wt % NaOH, 2 wt % Na₂SO₃ solution at 120°C for 60 min to remove noncellulosic fiber components. Analysis of fibers by lignin analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXRD) and differential thermal/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA), supported that alkali treatment had (i) removed lignin, (ii) separated fibers from their fiber bundles, (iii) exposed cellulose hydroxyl groups, (iv) made the fiber surface cleaner, and (v) enhanced thermal stability of the fibers by increasing cellulose crystallinity through better packing of cellulose chains. Untreated and alkali treated short (random and aligned) and long (aligned) hemp fiber/epoxy composites were produced with fiber contents between 40 and 65 wt %. Although alkali treatment generally improved composite strength, better strength at high fiber contents for long fiber composites was achieved with untreated fiber, which appeared to be due to less fiber/fiber contact between alkali treated fibers. Composites with 65 wt % untreated, long aligned fiber were the strongest with a tensile strength (TS) of 165 MPa, Young's modulus (YM) of 17 GPa, flexural strength of 180 MPa, flexural modulus of 9 GPa, impact energy (IE) of 14.5 kJ/m², and fracture toughness (K_Ic) of 5 MPa m^1/2. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Ionic interphase of glass fiber/polyamide 6,6 composites

Interfacial polymerization to polyamide 6, 6 followed by introduction of ionic groups was performed on the surface of short glass fibers. The ionic interphase-modified fibers were used with poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (DuPont Surlyn) to prepare composites with specific fiber-matrix interactions. Fiber treatment increased composite tensile and bending properties. An increase in the average fiber length was observed, which was attributed to a decrease in the fiber attrition during mixing. The effect of increasing temperature on the composite mechanical properties was studied. Different behavior was observed before and after the glass transition temperature, T_g, of the matrix. The dynamic mechanical measurements showed an increase in the T_g of the matrix after the treatments, which is attributed to a decrease in chain mobility at the interface resulting from increased interactions of the treated fiber surface with the polymer. Scanning electron microscopy of fractured composites after tensile tests revealed a smooth fiber surface with no polymer at the surface for the untreated composites. Adhered polymer was clearly observed on the surface of treated fibers, indicating better fiber wetting by the matrix. This improved adhesion was attributed to the grafted nylon molecules at the glass fiber surface.     

纳米氧化铝改性聚丙烯力学性能的研究

采用钛酸酯偶联剂NDZ401及硅烷偶联剂KH550处理纳米氧化铝,采用挤出工艺将纳米氧化铝与聚丙烯(PP)共混,研究纳米加入量及偶联剂处理对纳米氧化铝填充PP力学性能的影响。研究发现:填充适当比例的纳米氧化铝可提高PP的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、冲击强度、拉伸模量值,但弯曲模量有所下降;偶联剂处理可改善纳米氧化铝填充PP的力学性能。     

Composites based on jute fibers and phenolic matrices: Properties of fibers and composites

Composites based on phenolic matrices and both untreated and alkali and ionized air–treated jute fibers were prepared. Different fiber lengths and fiber content were used to reinforce the phenolic matrices. The jute fibers were characterized with respect to lignin, holocellulose, ash, and humidity contents and also to the crystallinity index. The mechanical properties of fibers were investigated by means of tensile analysis and the morphology by SEM. The untreated and treated jute fiber–reinforced composites were characterized as to water absorption. The mechanical property and morphological aspects of the composites were evaluated by impact strength and photomicrographs obtained from SEM. Among the jute fiber treatments considered in the present work, the treatment with a solution of 5% NaOH presented the best results because: (1) the fiber presented a higher tensile strength, and a larger percentage of elongation at break; (2) the composite reinforced with this fiber presented the highest impact strength results when this was the unique treatment (20% of fiber), as well as when it was combined with ionized air (30% of fiber); and (3) the composite that presented the lowest water uptake was that reinforced with this fiber. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1077–1085, 2004