钛合金激光焊接稳定性计算模型

钛合金激光焊接过程的不稳定性并不是由于焊接工艺参数波动而引起的偶然现象,而是激光焊接方法所固有的一种规律性,其特征表现为,在一定的焊接工艺区间,焊缝熔深和熔宽无规则剧烈波动,焊接模式在稳定热导焊和稳定深熔焊之间来回跳变,因此,钛合金的激光焊接应具有上下两个能量监界点。在小孔形成的临界条件附近,光导致等离子体对激光能量吸收的波动与钛合金材料汽化过程的非平衡特性是产生钛合金激光焊接过程不稳定性的根本原因。本文在深入分析钛合金激光焊接过程不稳定性产生机理的基础上,结合激光焊接过程能量传输的特点,提出钛合金激光焊接稳定性临界条件的计算模型。     

A356合金的低周疲劳行为及塑性应变能

采用电解低钛铝合金、工业纯铝与Al-10Ti中间合金,制备了具有不同钛含量的电解加钛A356合金(EA356合金)和熔配加钛A356合金(MA356合金),研究了加钛方式和钛含量对A356合金的应变能密度和低周疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:4种合金均表现为明显的循环硬化行为;具有较高钛含量的E14、M14合金的循环硬化能力高于低钛含量的E10和M10合金;合金的塑性应变能密度受应变幅的影响且具有循环相关性;高应变幅时,塑性应变能较高但随循环周次变化较小;当应变幅较低时,合金的塑性应变能较小但变化较大,特别是塑性较好的E10和M10合金;无论是电解加钛还是熔配加钛,钛含量为0.1%的E10和M10合金的的塑性应变能密度和疲劳寿命均优于钛含量为0.14%的E14和M14合金;合金的疲劳寿命对加钛方式不敏感,在相同钛含量下,两种加钛方式的合金具有相近的低周疲劳寿命。     

The effect of post-heat treatment on the ion dissolution behavior of nanotubular titanium alloys

Recently, nanoscale tubular oxide layers on titanium alloys have attracted considerable research interest due to their potential application in various fields such as implant engineering, solar energy conversion, etc. In the present study, we have investigated the ion dissolution behavior of titanium alloys coated with a layer of nanotubular oxide in Ringer’s solution as a function of post-heat treatment temperature. The results of the study showed that post-heat treatment had significant influence on the ion dissolution behavior of nanotubular titanium alloys.     

钛合金超音频直流脉冲GTAW焊缝组织性能

基于1.5 mm厚Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)钛合金平板对接试验,研究分析了超音频直流脉冲氩弧焊焊缝金相组织及焊接接头力学性能.结果表明,与常规直流钨极氩弧焊(gas tungsten arc welding,GTAW)相比,由于超音频直流脉冲方波电流的作用,气泡逸出速度增大,Ti-6Al-4V钛合金焊缝的气孔敏感性降低,熔池高温液态金属流动性增强,电弧能量集中,焊缝晶粒细化明显,其亚晶组织以短棒状a’马氏体组成的网篮状组织或a’片状组织与短棒状a’相交织的状态为主,焊接接头断后伸长率和断面收缩率显著提高.     

Effect of Plasma Spraying Process on Microstructure and Microhardness of Titanium Alloy Substrate

High-temperature titanium alloys are considered as good candidate materials for many aerospace applications. In order to increase the usable temperatures and oxidation resistance of titanium alloys, plasma spraying thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on the titanium alloys is considered as an effective method. The effect of plasma spraying process on microstructure and microhardness of the titanium alloy (Ti-6.6Al-3.61Mo-1.69Zr-0.28Si in wt.%) was investigated by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersion analytical X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and microhardness test. The results show that the microstructure of the titanium alloy inside the substrate keeps unchanged after plasma spraying, and no interaction and atomic diffusion happen evidently at the bond coat/substrate interface. However there exists a thin layer of plastic deformation zone in the substrate beneath the bond coat/substrate interface after plasma spraying. The residual stresses are induced inside the titanium alloy due to the thermal expansion mismatch and the temperature gradient inside the substrate during plasma spraying, and lead to generating microcracks in the surface beneath the bond coat/substrate interface and the increase of microhardness in the substrate.     

Improving the properties of titanium alloys by ion implantation

Recent advances in the ion implantation process have shed light on the underlying mechanisms for improved surface properties of titanium alloys. Ion implantation of reactive species such as carbon or nitrogen creates hard-phase carbide or nitride precipitates which impart surface hardness to titanium alloys. Concurrently, the ion implantation process creates disorder in the surface of titanium and destroys the grain boundaries, and is responsible for lower friction of the surface. The ion implantation process duplicates shot peening on a microscopic scale and imparts compressive stress to the surface of the titanium, thereby improving high-cycle fatigue life of titanium components. Ion implantation also improves the resistance to corrosion and chemical etching of titanium surfaces.     

铝热自蔓延法制备低氧高钛铁合金及表征

以金红石、钛精矿、Al为原料采用铝热自蔓延法制备出低氧高钛铁。研究相关反应体系的热力学及动力学问题,考察配料比、熔渣类型、发热剂等对铝热自蔓延过程的影响,采用XRD,SEM以及化学分析等技术对高钛铁合金进行表征。结果表明:反应体系的绝热温度大于1800K,反应能自我维持进行;Al还原TiO2反应的表观活化能为93.676kJ.mol-1,反应级数为0.01,Al还原TiO2和Fe2O3的表观活化能为300.740kJ.mol-1,反应级数为1.20;合金主要由TiFe2、TiFe以及Fe2TiO0.13等钛铁低氧固溶体相组成,夹杂相存在是导致合金中氧含量高及微观缺陷存在的直接原因;合金中钛、铝、铁、硅含量分别为:60.0%～62%、7.0%～11.0%、21.0%～25.0%以及3.0%左右;合金中的氧被有效去除,最低为1.85%。     

小波包-AR谱在钛合金材料声发射监测技术中的应用

鉴于钛合金材料的声各向异性和高声波衰减系数使疲劳试验过程中的声发射监测十分困难。提出了小波包与AR谱相结合对钛合金材料声发射信号进行分析的方法。即对输出信号进行小波包分解,然后分频段对信号进行重构得到包含不同频率成分的时域信号,再进行AR谱分析,从而提取出频谱特征。分析表明,该方法对利用声发射信号分析钛合金材料部件的损伤和裂纹扩展是有效的。可为钛合金部件损伤和裂纹扩展的识别提供可靠的依据。     

油气开采用钛合金石油管材料耐腐蚀性能研究

选取5种油气开发常用钛合金材料(Ti-6Al-4V、Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru、Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo、Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo和Ti-5.5Al-4.5V-2Zr-1Mo)为研究对象,使用高温高压釜模拟国内典型严酷服役工况环境,研究了不同钛合金材料耐均匀腐蚀、局部腐蚀、点蚀、应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)及缝隙腐蚀的性能,通过使用扫描电镜和能谱分析等手段对腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物进行了分析,并使用电化学方法对不同合金的耐腐蚀机理进行了研究。结果显示,在所测试工况条件下,所有钛合金材料腐蚀反应均为阳极控制过程,均匀腐蚀速率均低于0.001mm/a,并且对应力腐蚀开裂均有良好的抗力。Ti-6Al-4V和Ti-5.5Al-4.5V-2Zr-1Mo合金出现明显的点蚀和缝隙腐蚀问题。对腐蚀机理研究表明,在工况条件温度下,随着pH值的降低,所有钛合金均发生自腐蚀电位降低,极化电阻减小,腐蚀电流增大,耐腐蚀性能下降,其中Ti-6Al-4V耐腐蚀性能下降的最为明显,研究结果为油气开发工况下钛合金石油管的选材和缝隙腐蚀问题防治提供理论基础。     

亚稳态β钛合金的成分设计、变形机制与力学性能研究进展

本文介绍了当前孪晶塑性/相变塑性(TWIP/TRIP)钛合金的研究现状和设计方法,统计了TWIP/TRIP钛合金中发生{332}<113>、{112}<111>双孪晶钛合金β相的晶粒尺寸、屈服强度和加工硬化率。讨论了Bo-Md图在多组元钛合金设计上的应用和局限性,特别是析出不同二次相(α相与ω相)对基体β相稳定性的影响。从基体β相稳定性、析出相、β相晶粒尺寸和晶体学取向三方面归纳了亚稳态β钛合金TWIP/TRIP变形机制的影响因素,并对其中存在的一些问题和不足进行了分析,简要总结了双孪晶机制对钛合金力学性能的影响。通过综述最新的研究进展及相关问题,对未来高强韧钛合金的发展提出新见解。     

原位钛合金化A356合金的组织与性能研究

研究了不同含钛量(分别为0.07%Ti、0.13%Ti、0.19%Ti)的原位钛合金化A356合金的微观组织和力学性能,并与相应含钛量熔配加钛A356合金进行了对比,发现原位钛合金化A356合金的二次枝晶臂间距小于熔配加钛合金,随着钛含量增加二次枝晶臂减小且趋势相同.较低钛含量原位钛合金化合金综合力学性能优于熔配加钛合金,但钛含量较高时两种合金的性能差别变小,甚至低于熔配加钛合金,原因在于较高钛含量的原位钛合金化合金中较高的铁含量严重降低了合金的塑性.     

Beta titanium alloys and their role in the titanium industry

The class of titanium alloys generically referred to as the beta alloys is arguably the most versatile in the titanium family. Since these alloys offer the highest strength-to-weight ratios and deepest hardenability of all titanium alloys, one might expect them to compete favorably for a variety of aerospace applications. To the contrary, however, except for one very successful application (Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al on the SR-71), the beta alloys have remained a very small segment of the industry. As a perspective on this situation, this article reviews some past and present applications of titanium alloys. It also descibes some unique new alloys and applications that promise to reverse historical trends.     

Post-Processing Effect on the Fatigue Behavior of Three Titanium Alloys under Simulated SPF Conditions

This experimental study investigates a post-Superplastic Forming (SPF) processing method with reduced material removal requirements and its effect on high-cycle fatigue behavior. Comprehensive high-cycle fatigue experiments were conducted on three titanium alloys in part to validate the proposed post process and in part to provide baseline properties for evaluating additional materials. High-Cycle Fatigue results indicated that lower temperature superplastic forming conditions allow more efficient use of titanium material. Manufacturing process designers needing to predict the best SPF conditions and establish design allowables for titanium alloys may find the results of this research useful. This article was presented at the AeroMat Conference, International Symposium on Superplasticity and Superplastic Forming (SPF) held in Seattle, WA, June 6-9, 2005     

钛合金激光表面处理的进展及应用

钛及其合金由于质轻、耐腐蚀性能好、强度高、弹性模量低、生物相容性佳和骨整合性优异,已成为应用最广泛的航空航天与生物医学金属材料之一。然而,较低的塑性、低硬度、和耐磨损性能限制了其发展和应用。激光表面处理（LST）技术在不改变材料体积的情况下增强表面性能,成为钛合金表面改性的一种有利手段。综述了利用LST技术对钛及其合金材料进行表面改性的研究进展和应用现状。分析了激光相变硬化、激光表面重熔、激光冲击喷丸、激光表面合金化、激光熔覆和复合LST的机理、工艺参数、表面特性和微观结构。总结了LST在航空航天、医学等领域的应用,介绍了现有的局限性,提出了未来的研究方向,并对LST在钛及其合金材料上的发展趋势进行了展望,以推进LST创新,为钛合金在多领域中的应用开辟新途径。     

基于ANN的TA15钛合金TIG焊接头拉伸性能模型建立

近α型钛合金TAI5具有较好的综合力学性能,在飞机结构中有广阔的应用前景。针对TAI5钛合金进行了系统的TIG焊试验,并进行了焊接接头拉伸性能测试。在此基础上,基于人工神经网络（ANN）原理对影响TAI5钛合金TIG焊接头拉伸性能的主要参数进行了选取,确定ANN的输入和输出参数,建立了TAI5钛合金TIG焊接头拉伸性能ANN模型并对模型进行了优化及误差分析。结果表明,最终建立的拉伸性能模型能很好地适用于TAI5钛合金TIG焊接头拉伸性能的模拟,优于传统回归方法。     

Recent advances in the deformation processing of titanium alloys

Titanium (Ti) alloys are special-purpose materials used for several critical applications in aerospace as well as non-aerospace industries, and extensive deformation processing is necessary to shape-form these materials, which poses many challenges due to the microstructural complexities. Some of the recent developments in the deformation processing of Ti alloys and usefulness of integrating the material behavior information with simulation schemes while designing and optimizing manufacturing process schedules are discussed in this paper. Discussions are primarily focused on the most important alloy, Ti-6Al-4V and on developing a clear understanding on the influence of key parameters (e.g., oxygen content, starting microstructure, temperature, and strain rate) on the deformation behavior during hot working. These studies are very useful not only for obtaining controlled microstructures but also to design complex multi-step processing sequences to produce defect-free components. Strain-induced porosity (SIP) has been a serious problem during titanium alloy processing, and improved scientific understanding helps in seeking elegant solutions to avoid SIP. A novel high-speed processing technique for microstructural conversion in titanium has been described, which provides several benefits over the conventional slow-speed practices. The hot working behavior of some of the affordable α+β and β titanium alloys being developed recently—namely, Ti-5.5Al-1Fe, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, Ti-6.8Mo-4.5Fe-1.5Al, and Ti-10V-4.5Fe-1.5Al—has been analyzed, and the usefulness of the processing maps in optimizing the process parameters and design of hot working schedules in these alloys is demonstrated. Titanium alloys modified with small additions of boron are emerging as potential candidates for replacing structural components requiring high specific strength and stiffness. Efforts to understand the microstructural mechanisms during deformation processing of Ti-B alloys and the issues associated with their processing are discussed.     

Relation Between the Microstructure and Properties of Commercial Titanium Alloys and the Parameters of Gas Nitriding

Titanium alloys are unique materials with an excellent combination of properties. However, their applications are limited due to low surface hardness. In the present work gas nitriding is performed with the aim of improving the surface properties of commercial titanium alloys. Four widely used titanium alloys, namely, Ti – 6% Al – 4% V, Ti – 6% Al – 2% Sn – 4% Zr – 2% Mo, Ti – 8% Al – 1% Mo – 1% V, and Ti – 10% V – 3% Fe – 3% Al, are studied. The process is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 950 and 1050°C for 1, 3, and 5 h. The resulting surface hardness exceeds the normal value for titanium alloys by a factor of 3 – 5 due to the change in the phase composition of the surface layer, yielding a solid solution of nitrogen in an α-Ti phase, a TiN nitride, and TiO₂ dioxide. The influence of the parameters of the treatment process and the chemical composition of the alloys on the phase composition, microstructure, microhardness, and thickness of the surface layer is analyzed. It is shown that nitriding of alloys with α- and (α + β)-structures at 1050°C yields surface layers with inhomogeneous composition and irregular thickness, whereas after nitriding at 950°C the surface layers are homogeneous and have high properties. Practical recommendations are given for choosing nitriding parameters for different alloys and variants of application are discussed.     

Comparison analysis of formation and some characteristics of microplasma coatings on aluminum and titanium alloys

The electrolyte and parameters of high-voltage anodic-cathodic process, which enable one to apply rather thick (to 340 μm) oxide coatings to titanium alloys, are selected. Characteristics of the coating formation on aluminum and titanium alloys are compared. It is found that, on the titanium alloys, the stage of microarc discharges occurs only at relatively high anodic and cathodic components of the current density. The voltage chronograms and oscillograms also have pronounced specific features. Original Russian Text ? O.P. Terleeva, V.I. Belevantsev, A.I. Slonova, D.L. Boguta, V.S. Rudnev, 2006, published in Zashchita Metallov, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 292–299.     

Corrosion performance of titanium and titanium stabilised stainless steels

Abstract

Titanium and its alloys provide industry with a number of materials which are strong, light, and very corrosion resistant. In addition, titanium is added as an alloying constituent to some stainless steels to act as a stabiliser during welding. Over the past 30 years titanium alloys have been increasingly used in process industries, and wherever ‘nil corrosion’ is considered to be an essential design feature. The main drawback to titanium usage has been relatively high cost, but freedom from plant corrosion failures, reduced downtime for maintenance, and the increasing availability of titanium have made this metal and its alloys an attractive choice in recent years. Applications include process vessels, heat exchangers, marine fittings, offshore components, pump castings, and other applications where materials encounter a hostile service environment. Nevertheless, titanium and its alloys are still subject to some forms of corrosiveattack, such as galvanic corrosion, hydrogen absorption, erosion corrosion, and crevicecorrosion. Special welding procedures are also required, which, if ignored, can lead toserious problems. This paper outlines a number of recent investigations into some problems encountered in industrial and marine environments, where both titanium metal and titanium stabilised stainless steels have suffered unexpected corrosion attack. The case histories described illustrate that titanium may show unexpected corrosion problems if certain aspects of its corrosion behaviour are overlooked.     

3D打印钛及钛合金的发展现状及挑战

3D打印技术正在挑战传统制造工艺的主导地位,尤其是在以钛合金为代表的金属领域凸显出巨大潜力.本文重点介绍了当前用于钛及钛合金制造的主流打印技术的研究现状,详细分析了每种技术的基本成形机理和存在问题,指出了工艺应用挑战和如何解决这些问题的可能措施.同时,对这些技术的主要优缺点进行了比较,以便于根据实际应用需求选择最佳的3...