明胶软胶囊干燥特性的研究

在对流干燥实验台上进行了明胶软胶囊干燥特性的实验,研究了加热空气温度、风速、湿度对干燥过程的影响规律。实验结果表明,提高加热空气的温度,虽然提高了传热速率,但在第2降速阶段干燥速率下降,导致最终含水质量分数反而偏高;随着加热空气风速的提高,传热速率增加,干燥速率在第1降速阶段呈现加快趋势,软胶囊的最终含水质量分数稍有降低;而加热空气湿度的变化,对传热过程影响很小,但随着加热空气湿度的降低,干燥速率提高,使得最终含水质量分数明显降低。通过研究软胶囊的干燥特性,为制药工业中软胶囊的生产提供合理指导,对优化干燥过程、降低能耗、提高产品质量和经济效益具有重要意义。     

活性炭负载醋酸锌催化剂真空干燥的特性

通过真空干燥实验研究了供热温度、真空度、料层厚度等因素对醋酸锌-活性炭催化剂干燥规律的影响。实验结果表明:醋酸锌-活性炭催化剂采用真空干燥可以实现快速低温干燥;催化剂的干燥只有降速干燥阶段,而没有常速干燥阶段;供热温度的提高有助于提高干燥速率,但温度超过80℃时催化剂出现轻微粉化;真空度越高,干燥速率特别是初始干燥速率越快;料层厚度的增加,使干燥时间延长,但设备的干燥强度有所提高。正交实验得出,在多因素条件下,温度对干燥强度的影响最大,其次是真空度和料层厚度。     

粘胶短纤维的热风干燥特性研究

利用自行研制的热风干燥实验装置研究了热风温度、纤维层厚度、热风速度、纤维层含水率等对粘胶短纤维干燥特性的影响规律。结果表明:粘胶短纤维的热风干燥过程可依次分为4个阶段,即蒸发预热段、表面自由水分干燥段、纤维内部自由水分干燥段和纤维内部结合水分干燥段;热风温度对纤维第2阶段干燥速率的影响很大,100~140℃的含水率相差37.3%,对后面阶段的干燥速率影响较小,最佳热风温度为120℃;纤维层厚度对粘胶短纤维的第3阶段干燥速率略有影响,纤维层厚度以12 cm为宜;热风速度对短纤维干燥速率的影响很大,热风速度以2.0 m/s为宜,纤维层含水率对第2和第3阶段的干燥速率影响较大,应尽量减少纤维层的表面含水率。     

精对苯二甲酸干燥动力学模型

分析了精对苯二甲酸(PTA)干燥过程中干燥温度,物料初始含湿量,空气流速对干燥速率的影响。结果表明:PTA干燥过程由预热阶段、恒速阶段和降速阶段组成,临界含湿量为5%。随着干燥温度或初始含湿量的升高,干燥速率升高,随着载气流量的升高,干燥速率变化不明显。干燥温度对干燥速率的影响最为显著。通过模型比较得出合适的PTA干燥模型为Page模型,模型计算值与实验值吻合较好。     

湿污泥颗粒的流化床干燥实验及模型

在鼓泡流化床内以河砂为干燥介质,对单颗粒湿污泥的流态化干燥特性进行实验研究,得到了流化床温度、污泥初始水分、污泥粒径及流化速度对干燥速率的影响规律：流化床温度及污泥粒径对干燥速率的影响都呈指数规律;污泥的水分越大,干燥速率越大;在鼓泡流化床流化速度达到2倍临界流化速度以上时,充分流化,流化速度再增大(2~5倍临界流化速度)对干燥速率没有明显影响. 在基本的扩散传质理论的基础上,利用实验数据回归得到湿污泥在鼓泡流化床内干燥的半经验模型,为流化床污泥干燥器的设计提供了基础数据和依据.     

小颗粒“胶乳法”氯化天然橡胶穿透干燥试验

通过氯化天然橡胶(CNR)的穿透干燥试验,探讨风温、风速以及粒径对“胶乳法”CNR干燥速率的影响规律,结果表明,温度和风速对含水量的下降速率影响较大,而粒度对其影响较小。建立了穿透干燥方程,对实验数据进行了拟合,结果显示其吻合性较好。红外光谱分析以及物理性能测试结果表明,“胶乳法”CNR物料的干燥温度应控制在100℃以下。     

粉煤灰干燥特性的试验研究

对所用的粉煤灰进行了粒度分析并测得其物理性质;在不同的干燥工况下对粉煤灰做了大量试验,对实验数据进行了拟合,建立干燥特性方程,针对影响干燥速率的主要因素及热质传递规律进行了分析。结果表明,粉煤灰所含水分大部分为非结合水,温度、风速对粉煤灰的干燥速率影响明显;堆积的粉煤灰穿流干燥时不具有典型的3个干燥阶段。试验结果可为粉煤灰干燥器的设计提供依据。     

通过改进干燥条件提高重质纯碱的白度

主要研究一水碱干燥条件对重质纯碱白度的影响规律。通过实验探讨了温度和通入干燥器的空气的速率对重质纯碱白度的影响 ,最后归纳得出了干燥过程中水汽分压占总压的百分比与重质纯碱产品的白度值之间的关系     

污泥干燥特性及其模型

对污泥进行了干燥试验研究,得出含水率、干燥速率等基本特性曲线。采用多元线性回归对试验数据进行分析,建立了污泥干燥的数学模型,干燥模型与试验结果的比较表明了模型的准确性。通过试验以及模型结果的分析,探讨了干燥温度及颗粒粒径对污泥干燥特性的影响。结果表明:在干燥介质温度小于100℃时,污泥颗粒的粒径是干燥速率的主要影响因素,温度的影响效果较小,只有当干燥介质温度大于100℃时,温度对干燥速率才有较大的影响。对污泥低温干燥技术的开发具有一定的指导意义。     

"胶乳法"氯化天然橡胶薄层干燥影响因素的研究

采用二次回归正交设计方法,对“胶乳法“氯化天然橡胶(CNR)进行薄层干燥试验.分析了热风温度、风速和物料的粒径等因素对干燥速率、干燥后物料性能的影响规律,确定了影响物料薄层干燥速率各因素的主次,提出了较佳的干燥工艺和合理的性能参数.     

颗粒状氯化天然橡胶穿透式干燥动力学模型

本试验通过氯化天然橡胶的薄层干燥试验,探讨风温、风速以及粒径对CNR含水量的影响规律,建立薄层干燥方程。试验结果表明,预测值与实测值一致性较好,所建数学模型可用于描述氯化天然橡胶的薄层干燥。     

Comparison of the Retention of 6-Gingerol in Drying of Ginger Under Modified Atmosphere Heat Pump Drying and other Drying Methods

A heat pump dryer using normal air, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide was selected to dry sliced West Indian ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome (3 mm in thickness). The drying characteristics were compared with each other and inert gas heat pump drying showed an improved effective diffusivity. Quantities of the main pungent principle (6-gingerol) of ginger, extracted from these dried samples, were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The evaluation included dried samples obtained by heat pump, modified atmosphere heat pump, freeze drying, and vacuum drying. Retention of 6-gingerol increased in the order of normal air drying, freeze drying, nitrogen drying, carbon dioxide drying, and vacuum drying. From this point of view, inert gas also showed a better retention of flavor compared to most other types of drying.     

Through Drying of Paper

Through drying of paper of basis weight 25 to 50 g/m² was studied through 89 experiments with 22 to 90°C air at mass flow rates from 0.125 to 1.45 kg/m²s. The complete drying rate curves are represented with five quantitative parameters:moisture contents at the end of the increasing and constant rate periods, the constant drying rate, and exponents for the increasing and falling rate period relations. The constant drying rate period disappears at higher drying intensities leaving the increasing rate period accounting for as much as 37% of the drying. The constant drying rate may be controlled by thermodynamics or by transport phenomena. The critical moisture content depends on effects from the intrinsic local nonuniformity of through drying as well as on sheet average conditions. A universal set of relations was obtained for representation of the complete drying rate curve and was verified for prediction of drying rate and drying time. Through drying rates cannot be increased significantly by providing the drying air as an impingement flow.     

Drying Kinetics and Antioxidant Phytochemicals Retention of Salak Fruit under Different Drying and Pretreatment Conditions

Kinetics of hot air drying and heat pump drying were studied by performing various drying trials on salak slices. Isothermal drying trials were conducted in hot air drying and heat pump drying at a temperature range of 40–90°C and 26–37°C, respectively. Intermittent drying trials were carried out in heat pump drying with two different modes: periodic heat air flow supply and step-up air temperature. It was observed that the effects of relative humidity and air velocity on drying rate were significant when moisture content in salak slices was high, whereas the effects of temperature prevailed when the moisture content was low. As such, it was proposed that drying conditions should be manipulated according to the moisture transport mechanisms at different stages of drying in order to optimize the intermittent drying and improve the product quality. Generally, loss of ascorbic acid during drying was attributed to thermal degradation and enzymatic oxidation, whereas the loss of phenolic compounds was mainly due to thermal degradation. Experimental results showed that heat pump drying with low-temperature dehumidified air not only enhanced the drying kinetics but produced a stable final product. Heat pump–dried samples retained a high concentration of ascorbic acid and total phenolic compounds when an appropriate drying mode was selected.     

Heat Pump Drying of Green Sweet Pepper

Thin-layer drying experiments under controlled conditions were conducted for green sweet pepper in heat pump dryer at 30, 35, and 40°C and hot air dryer at 45°C with relative humidities ranging from 19 to 55%. The moisture content of sweet pepper slices reduced exponentially with drying time. As the temperature increased, the drying curve exhibited a steeper slope, thus exhibiting an increase in drying rate. Drying of green sweet pepper took place mainly under the falling-rate period. The Page equation was found to be better than the Lewis equation to describe the thin-layer drying of green sweet pepper with higher coefficient of determination and lower root mean square error. Drying in heat pump dryer at 40°C took less time with higher drying rate and specific moisture extraction rate as compared to hot air drying at 45°C due to lower relative humidity of the drying air in a heat pump dryer though the drying air temperature was less. The retention of total chlorophyll content and ascorbic acid content was observed to be more in heat pump–dried samples with higher rehydration ratios and sensory scores. The quality parameters showed a declining trend with increase in drying air temperature from 30 to 45°C. Keeping in view the energy consumption and quality attributes of dehydrated products, it is proposed to dry green sweet pepper at 35°C in heat pump dryer.     

A Model for Through Drying of Tissue Paper at Constant Pressure Drop and High Drying Intensity

A mathematical model for through drying of paper at constant pressure drop was developed. The model is based on physical properties; hence, basis weight, pressure drop, drying air temperature, pore size distribution, initial gas fraction, and tortuosity are important input parameters to the model. The model was solved for different combinations of the variables basis weight, drying air temperature, and pressure drop corresponding to industrial conditions and the results were compared with data from bench-scale experiments. The simulations show that the drying rate curve is very sensitive to the air flow rate and that correctly modeling the correlation between pressure drop and air flow rate is the most important factor for a successful model for through drying. The model was tuned by adjusting the parameters initial gas fraction and tortuosity in order to give the best possible fit to experimental data. For a given basis weight and pressure drop, different drying air temperatures resulted in relatively constant values of the fitted parameters. This means that the model can well predict the effects of changes in drying air temperature based on a tuning of the model performed at the same basis weight and pressure drop. However, for a given basis weight, an increase in pressure drop yielded fitted parameters that were somewhat different; i.e., a lower initial gas fraction and a higher tortuosity, a change that increases the resistance to air flow. This implies that the correlation between pressure drop and air flow rate in the model does not quite capture the nonlinear relationship shown by the experiments.     

A Model for Through Drying of Tissue Paper at Constant Pressure Drop and High Drying Intensity

A mathematical model for through drying of paper at constant pressure drop was developed. The model is based on physical properties; hence, basis weight, pressure drop, drying air temperature, pore size distribution, initial gas fraction, and tortuosity are important input parameters to the model. The model was solved for different combinations of the variables basis weight, drying air temperature, and pressure drop corresponding to industrial conditions and the results were compared with data from bench-scale experiments. The simulations show that the drying rate curve is very sensitive to the air flow rate and that correctly modeling the correlation between pressure drop and air flow rate is the most important factor for a successful model for through drying. The model was tuned by adjusting the parameters initial gas fraction and tortuosity in order to give the best possible fit to experimental data. For a given basis weight and pressure drop, different drying air temperatures resulted in relatively constant values of the fitted parameters. This means that the model can well predict the effects of changes in drying air temperature based on a tuning of the model performed at the same basis weight and pressure drop. However, for a given basis weight, an increase in pressure drop yielded fitted parameters that were somewhat different; i.e., a lower initial gas fraction and a higher tortuosity, a change that increases the resistance to air flow. This implies that the correlation between pressure drop and air flow rate in the model does not quite capture the nonlinear relationship shown by the experiments.     

Combined Microwave/Fluidized Bed Drying of Fresh Peppercorns

A fluidized bed dryer (FBD) and a combined microwave/fluidized bed dryer (CMFD) are used to dry the fresh ripe peppercorns. The average moisture content vs. elapsed drying time, and drying rate vs. average moisture content are experimentally investigated. It is found that the microwave field from the CMFD can increase the potential of the conventional fluidized bed drying. The drying rates of both dryers are dependent on the inlet air temperature and velocity. For the CMFD, the effects of the air velocity on the drying rate are found to be opposite to our previous results tested with white pepper seeds i.e., the drying rates of the fresh ripe peppercorns decreased with increasing air velocity. By using a CMFD, the drying time required to reach the desired moisture content can be reduced to 80-90% of the drying time required for a FBD at the same drying air temperature and velocity. The color of the product dried by a CMFD is also attractive: it becomes flaming yellow, instead of black as obtained from a FBD. The physical structure of the peppercorn, before and after the drying process is also investigated by a metallurgical macroscope and an image analyzer. Different from drying by a FBD, the external form and matter of the white pepper seed are still maintained, even after passing through the drying process.     

Experimental Study of Cassava Sun Drying

ABSTRACT

Sun drying experiments were performed to compare drying of cassava chips in sheet-metal trays with drying on mesh wire trays: In the sheet-metal trays, there was air flow across the top of the bed chips, while the mesh wire trays permitted air to flow through the bed. Drying rate was faster and more uniform in the trays with through-flow air circulation. Higher temperatures were reached by chips in the sheet-metal trays than those in the mesh wire trays because of contact heating, but the drying rate was lower because of the reduced air flow.