基于反对称二进小波的SAR图像海洋表面油膜检测方法

海洋表面油膜检测是合成孔径雷达(SAR)很重要的应用领域之一。小波方法是近年来研究较多的图像边缘检测方法。通常的SAR图像油膜检测采用高斯函数一阶导和二阶导作为小波基函数,运算速度慢;该文采用反对称二进小波,利用小波变换多分辨率分析(MRA)思想,经多尺度综合得到油膜边缘图像。实验证明这是一种有效、有前途的SAR图像海洋表面油膜检测方法。     

复杂杂波背景下海洋SAR图像中舰船目标的检测

针对卫星SAR图像海洋背景和舰船目标特点,文献[1]提出了基于小波多分辨率分析的卫星SAR海洋图像舰船目标检测的新方法。在此基础上,本文针对不同海情杂波服从不同概率密度分布的特点,讨论了复杂杂波背景下基于小波变换检测海洋SAR图像中舰船目标的性能,给出了不同海情下的检测性能,并与传统门限检测方法比较,给出了不同信杂比下虚警概率曲线。仿真结果表明,该方法实用、有效。     

一种基于小波SAR图像斑噪声抑制的改进算法

基于小波变换的合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像斑噪声抑制算法,能很好的减小相干斑噪声对SAR图像的影响.但该算法在平滑噪声的同时,往往也会使图像的边缘变得模糊,降低了SAR图像的分辨率.比例边缘检测算法能较完整和准确的检测出SAR图像的边缘.我们试图提出一种改进算法,结合小波方法和比例边缘检测两种算法的优点.利用比例边缘检测提取出SAR图像的边缘图,用小波的方法对去边缘的图像进行去斑噪声处理,再把边缘图叠加到去噪后的图像上.试验证明这种算法能够在去除SAR斑噪声的同时,较好的保持SAR图像边缘.     

基于小波变换的高分辨率SAR图像相干斑噪声抑制研究

论述了基于小波变换对高分辨率合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像的相干斑噪声进行抑制.首先从SAR图像相干斑噪声的产生机理出发,论述了在SAR图像中采用小波变换对相干斑噪声滤波的优越性和必要性;然后详细论述了在小波变换域中如何对相干斑噪声进行有效的滤波,同时利用小波细节子图像提供的信息来检测边缘和纹理细节;最后通过实验结果说明了此方法不但对高分辨率SAR图像相干斑噪声有良好的抑制作用,而且还尽可能多地保留了目标特性和纹理细节,使图像的视觉特性良好.     

SAR图像目标综合检测方法

基于SAR(合成孔径雷达)图像杂波结构,结合小波变换和自适应维纳滤波提出了一种新的抑制SAR图像相干斑噪声方法,该方法能够较好保留杂波边缘和点目标.分析了抑制SAR图像相干斑噪声后的多分布特性,研究了相应的SAR目标检测,提出了一种新的SAR图像目标检测方法及其实现.实际SAR图像测试结果表明了本文方法的有效性.     

一种基于小波变换的SAR图像船舰检测的新算法

根据小波变换和Teager能量算子(TEO)的局部特性,该文提出一种基于SAR图像的船舰检测算法.该算法对SAR图像进行小波变换,计算小波系数的Teager能量.根据小波域的Teager能量对船舰信号的增强特性,使用双参数CFAR检测SAR图像船舰.仿真结果表明,新算法与传统的双参数CFAR检测算法和基于K-分布的单元平均检测算法相比,在船舰检测数和虚警数性能指标上均优于传统检测算法.     

遥感、遥测、遥控

TP75 20030116185 AR图像中内波参数提取方法研究/赵炳爱,苏辉(海军装备论证研究中心)“系统工程与电子技术.一2002,24(2)一10一1121海洋内波在星载SAR图像上表现为明显的亮.暗带,通过SAR图像分析可以提取其波长和传播方向参数.小波分析在频域和空域具有局部细化特性,在内波信号分析有很大的优势.在预处理阶段,二维小波分析软闽值方法可对图像进行噪声滤除.小波变换能量分布法与小波变换极大模值法估计内波波长各有特点,小波变换极大模值法估计波长精度较高.选用小波变换极大模值法对SAR图像剖视图进行分析,估计内波波长,并利用Radon…     

一种基于斑点抑制的SAR图像舰船航迹检测算法

该文分析了合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像中舰船航迹的特性和斑点噪声模型及其局部统计特性。在此基础上,提出了一种先基于小波变换进行斑点噪声抑制,再基于Radon变换进行航迹检测的方法。对数据处理的结果表明,该方法较直接对SAR图像应用Radon变换能更有效、准确地检测到SAR图像中的舰船航迹。     

基于双密度双树复数小波变换的合成 孔径雷达图像降噪研究

 针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像相干斑噪声抑制问题,本文将双密度双树复数小波变换(DD-DT CWT)结合具有局部方差估计的双变量收缩阈值函数(BSF)构成一种新的SAR图像降噪算法实现合成孔径雷达图像降噪.首先将SAR图像用双密度双树复数小波变换进行多尺度分解,考虑小波系数间的相关性,用双变量概率密度函数作为小波系数及其父代系数的统计关性的模型,并通过Bayesian估计理论导出相应的非线性双变量收缩函数对图像不同方向的小波系数进行非线性自适应的处理,最后重建降噪后的图像.分别用仿真SAR图像和实际图像对算法进行验证,并与其它方法的性能进行比较,对不同算法处理后图像进行了主客观评价,分析结果表明,新算法的去噪效果明显优于传统的小波变换方法,不仅有效实现了图像降噪,而且较好保留了图像细节.含噪SAR图像经该算法处理后,图像性能指标均有提高.     

SAR图像舰船尾迹检测及其真假判别方法

针对常规Radon变换域中尾迹峰值检测的不确定性问题,提出了一种基于特征空间决策的尾迹检测算法.该算法首先门限化图像的Radon变换系数,提取出所有可能的峰值点;然后对这些相应的局部峰值的"截面"进行连续小波变换峰值匹配,再根据提取到的参数形成决策矢量在特征空间中进行决策.对仿真和实际数据处理的结果表明,该方法能有效、准确地检测到SAR图像中的舰船尾迹.     

Simulation of ocean waves imaging by an along-track interferometricsynthetic aperture radar

A two-dimensional (2D) model for describing the imaging of ocean waves by an along-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar (AT-INSAR) is derived. It includes the modulation of the normalized radar cross section by the long waves, velocity bunching, and azimuthal image smear due to orbital acceleration associated with long waves and due to the orbital velocity spread within the AT-INSAR resolution cell (parameterized by the scene coherence time). By applying the Monte-Carlo method, AT-INSAR amplitude and phase image spectra are calculated for different sea states and radar configurations. The Monte-Carlo simulations show that velocity bunching affects the AT-INSAR imaging mechanism of ocean waves, and that a unimodal ocean wave spectrum may be mapped into a bimodal AT-INSAR phase image spectrum due to an interference between the velocity term and the velocity bunching term in the AT-INSAR imaging model. It is shown that the AT-INSAR imaging mechanism of ocean waves depends on the ratio of the scene coherence time and the time separation between the observations by the two antennas. If this ratio is larger than one, the AT-INSAR phase image spectra are distorted. Furthermore, the simulations show that the AT-INSAR phase image spectrum is quite insensitive to the ocean wave-radar modulation transfer function. Comparing AT-INSAR with conventional SAR imaging of ocean waves, the authors find that the azimuthal cut-off in AT-INSAR phase image spectra is shifted toward higher wavenumbers than in conventional SAR image spectra. This implies that AT-INSAR can resolve shorter azimuthal wavenumbers than conventional SAR. Thus the authors conclude that AT-INSAR phase images are better suited for measuring ocean waves spectra than conventional SAR images     

On shape, orientation, and structure of atmospheric cells inside wind rolls in two SAR images

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the sea surface often show roll-vortex structures and other features which, in general, are spread out over several length scales and may present spatial periodicity as well as intermittence. Standard techniques, such as two-dimensional (2-D) Fourier analysis, are unsuitable both when it is of interest to detect intermittent phenomena and to analyze the spatial disposition of the backscatter structures inside the SAR images. For the above reasons, the 2-D continuous wavelet transform analysis has been applied to two European Remote Sensing mission SAR images over the Mediterranean Sea, showing wind rolls and atmospheric gravity waves. Through the evaluation of the wavelet variance map, which ideally corresponds to the 2-D Fourier spectrum, it has been possible to assess the presence of two main energy areas at large (from 7-28 km) and small (from 0.5-2 km) spatial scales. While the large-scale fluctuations may be ascribed to atmospheric gravity waves and other features induced by the surroundings, the small-scale fluctuations reveal the inner structure of the atmospheric wind rolls. The SAR-like maps, obtained by adding the wavelet coefficient maps pertaining to the small scales, have permitted us to highlight the high- and low-intensity backscatter cells associated with the wind rolls. These cells have been statistically characterized by means of the frequency distributions of the size of the cells maximum and minimum axes, of the orientation of the maximum axis, and of their area. The results indicate that high- and low-intensity backscatter cells have similar characteristics in both cases studied: they appear of elliptic shape, with the major axis along the wind roll direction; the average axes ratio is 2.5:1. The frequency distributions of the cell area indicate a continuous distribution of sizes, without significant gaps.     

Simulation of ship generated turbulent and vortical wake imaging by SAR

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging of ocean surface features is studied.The simulation of the turbulent and vortical features generated by a moving ship and SAR imaging of these wakes is carried out.The turbulent wake damping the ocean surface capillary waves may be partially responsible for the suppression of surface waves near the ship track.The vortex pair generating a change in the lateral flow field behind the ship may be partially responsible for an enhancement of the waves near the edges of the smooth area.These hydrodynamic phenomena as well as the changes of radar backscatter generated by turbulence and vortex are simulated.An SAR imaging model is then used on such ocean surface features to provide SAR images.Comparison of two ships‘simulated SAR images shows that the wake features are different for various ship parameters.     

基于Gabor小波变换的机载SAR海面风向反演方法

给出了一种基于Gabor小波变换的机载合成孔径雷达（SAR）海面风向反演的新方法。该方法利用Gabor小波对SAR图像进行二次小波分解,并对小波系数作FFT变换来获取图像谱,其低波数谱连线的垂线方向就是海面风场的风向。利用该方法获得了SAR图像海面风向信息,并与àtrous算法反演结果、浮标测得的海面风向（真值）进行了比较。实验结果表明,采用该方法获得的机载SAR海面风向反演结果与海面浮标实测数据吻合,比àtrous算法有较大改进。     

Sea surface imaging with an across-track interferometric syntheticaperture radar: the SINEWAVE experiment

An across track interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is used to image ocean waves. Across track InSAR data were acquired during the SAR INnterferometry Experiment for validation of ocean Wave imaging models (SINEWAVE) in the North Sea using an airborne X-band radar with horizontal polarization. A wind sea system was imaged at different flight levels and with different flight directions with respect to the ocean wave propagation direction. Simultaneously, ocean wave spectra were measured by a directional wave rider buoy. Thus, the experiment data comprises synthetic aperture radar (SAR) intensity, coherence, and phase images together with in situ measurements. As shown in a recent theoretical study by Schulz-Stellenfleth and Lehner (2001), across track InSAR provides distorted (bunched) digital elevation models (DEMs) of the sea surface. Using SINEWAVE data the DEM bunching mechanism is verified with in situ ocean wave measurements available for the first time. It is shown that significant waveheight as well as one-dimensional (1D) wavenumber spectra derived from bunched DEMs and buoy data are in good agreement for small nonlinearities. Peak wave directions and peak wavelength detected in bunched DEMs and SAR intensity images are compared with the buoy spectrum. Peak rotations of up to 30° with respect to the buoy spectrum are found depending on flight direction and flight level. Two-dimensional (2D) spectra of bunched DEMs, corresponding coherency maps, and SAR intensity images are intercompared. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of bunched DEM spectra is shown to be about 5 to 10 dB higher than the SNR of SAR intensity image spectra     

SAR 的海洋动力探测研究及应用浅析

该文在深入研究海面微波散射特性及其SAR 海面成像机理的基础上,阐述了基于 SAR 图像的海洋动力探测的探索工作。主要是从内波、水下地形波和船只尾迹产生机理的统计和水动力分析出发、研究了它们的SAR成像特征和相应的物理参数反演,以此拓展SAR 的海洋观察应用。      

Modulation of waveheight spectrum and radar cross section byvarying surface currents

This paper investigates the validity of the relaxation model which is generally used to describe the modulation of wind-generated ocean waves by slowly varying surface currents, and the applicability of the model to illustrating features observed in the radar images of internal wave wakes. The amplitude and phase modulations in the waveheight spectrum are examined for sinusoidal current variations; these changes are then translated into the radar cross section (RCS) modulation using the Kirchoff scattering theory. The present study concludes that: 1) the relaxation model is valid under intermediate to strong wind conditions and/or weak current signatures, and the conditions for the validity are given; 2) the relaxation model combined with the Kirchoff model could, under certain conditions, explain the differences in amplitude and phase between the P-band and L (C- and X-) band SAR images of ship-generated internal wave wakes observed during the 1989 Loch Linnhe experiment; and 3) the directional dependence of the relaxation rate enhances these differences     

基于Goldstein滤波器的SAR海洋图像增强方法

增强具有风浪纹理的SAR海洋图像并保持其他海洋特征可以推动其在海洋学中的应用。该文引入干涉图Goldstein滤波器,通过图像谱中风浪成分与噪声比率自适应地确定增强系数,实现高频风浪纹理增强;通过SAR成像参数及海面风速,确定图像谱中分离波数,实现低频中/大尺度海洋特征保持。原理分析和实验表明,该方法具有显著的风浪纹理增强效果,同时保持了中/大尺度海洋纹理,实现效率高且适用性较强。     

海岛环境SAR图像仿真

弹载SAR岛屿海岸线景象匹配成功概率与实时图中海岸线形状密切相关,海岛环境下海浪和地形起伏等因素对海岸线在SAR图像中的特征具有不可忽略的影响,造成海岸线的模糊和变形。首先分析了海岛环境弹载SAR图像的特点,然后基于海浪频谱和方向谱相关经验公式,利用线性叠加方法给出了详细的海浪仿真的实现过程;建立了海岛高程起伏的二维指数函数模型;利用波数域方法给出了典型场景下的海岛SAR图像仿真结果,并在此基础上分析了海浪和山峰对弹载SAR图像海岸线检测的影响和基于SAR图像的海岸线检测方法局限性。研究结果表明基于SAR回波数据的海岸线检测方法是一种适于弹载SAR应用的有效方法。     

ERS-1 SAR images of atmospheric gravity waves

ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of atmospheric gravity waves over the ocean are discussed. Several case studies are presented in detail. It is shown that the well-organized long wavelength (1 to 10 km) wave phenomena which often are seen in SAR images over the ocean may be atmospheric gravity waves. The waves appear in the SAR images because they modulate the surface wind speed which in turn modulates the surface roughness and the radar cross section. The wavelength may be measured directly from the SAR image, and the mean wind speed and wind speed modulation near the ocean surface may be estimated from the observed radar cross section modulation using a wind retrieval model. The atmospheric gravity waves usually were generated by the approach or passing of a meteorological front. Atmospheric soundings and a two-layer model for the lower troposphere indicate that, in general, the observed atmospheric wave phenomena could have been supported by accompanying temperature inversion layers and wind shears