Automatic extraction of face contours in images and videos

The paper proposed an automatic and accurate extraction of the human face contour algorithm. Because a human face contour includes very important facial features to identifying or verifying a person, the accuracy of face contour extraction influences performance of face recognition. The automatic extraction human face contour algorithm includes a novel flowchart for improving accuracy of face contours extraction. To obtain the edge map of a face contour, the divided-and-conquer technique and Canny edge detector were used to avoid the features in the central part of face. The genetic algorithm is implemented to automatically find the parameters of Canny edge detector. Finally, the Poisson gradient vector flow (PGVF) active contour model used the edge map to extract face contours. Three datasets with temporal sequence images were tested for evaluation of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results demonstrated that the algorithm obtained accurate face contours.     

融合显著性特征的自适应主动轮廓模型

主动轮廓模型存在演化速度慢、对初始轮廓和噪声敏感、弱边缘泄漏及目标过分割等问题。对以上问题进行了研究,提出了融合显著性特征的自适应主动轮廓模型。提出基于去雾算法的显著性映射作为正则项提升模型对初始轮廓位置的鲁棒性,防止轮廓演化过程过早陷入局部最优解,同时缩短轮廓演化时间。为了防止模型在演化过程中出现弱边界泄漏,模型中引入边缘检测函数作为能量泛函的权重。该模型利用最大面积稀疏约束,提出自适应目标提取方法来消除目标过分割影响。与多种主动轮廓模型在数据集MRSA500(500张)上进行实验对比,表明了提出的模型对初始轮廓和噪声的鲁棒性,而且提出模型的平均分割效率提升约5.6倍,平均Jaccard相似度系数提升约22%。     

Edge and line feature extraction based on covariance models

Image segmentation based on contour extraction usually involves three stages of image operations: feature extraction, edge detection and edge linking. This paper is devoted to the first stage: a method to design feature extractors used to detect edges from noisy and/or blurred images. The method relies on a model that describes the existence of image discontinuities (e.g. edges) in terms of covariance functions. The feature extractor transforms the input image into a “log-likelihood ratio” image. Such an image is a good starting point of the edge detection stage since it represents a balanced trade-off between signal-to-noise ratio and the ability to resolve detailed structures. For 1-D signals, the performance of the edge detector based on this feature extractor is quantitatively assessed by the so called “average risk measure”. The results are compared with the performances of 1-D edge detectors known from literature. Generalizations to 2-D operators are given. Applications on real world images are presented showing the capability of the covariance model to build edge and line feature extractors. Finally it is shown that the covariance model can be coupled to a MRF-model of edge configurations so as to arrive at a maximum a posteriori estimate of the edges or lines in the image     

基于GVF-Snake人体轮廓提取的优化算法

通过分析基于边缘、区域分割和形变模型等3类轮廓提取算法,提出一种分别对三者进行优化综合的基于梯度矢量流-主动轮廓模型(GVF-Snake)的人体轮廓提取优化算法。利用内嵌置信度边缘检测得到理想边缘图,通过形态学方法提取物体粗略轮廓作为GVF-Snake模型的初始轮廓。采用优化GVF-Snake模型提取精确轮廓。将上述方法应用于人体图像轮廓提取,实验结果表明,该方法达到了预期目的且具有较好的实用性。     

The integration of image segmentation maps using region and edgeinformation

We present an algorithm that integrates multiple region segmentation maps and edge maps. It operates independently of image sources and specific region-segmentation or edge-detection techniques. User-specified weights and the arbitrary mixing of region/edge maps are allowed. The integration algorithm enables multiple edge detection/region segmentation modules to work in parallel as front ends. The solution procedure consists of three steps. A maximum likelihood estimator provides initial solutions to the positions of edge pixels from various inputs. An iterative procedure using only local information (without edge tracing) then minimizes the contour curvature. Finally, regions are merged to guarantee that each region is large and compact. The channel-resolution width controls the spatial scope of the initial estimation and contour smoothing to facilitate multiscale processing. Experimental results are demonstrated using data from different types of sensors and processing techniques. The results show an improvement over individual inputs and a strong resemblance to human-generated segmentation     

新颖的物体轮廓提取：基于双边滤波的多级边缘检测*

提出了一种新颖的物体轮廓提取方法,即通过多级边缘检测来提取物体的主要边界。双边滤波器用来建立多级,同时Canny边缘算子相应地产生边缘图,组合边缘图构造出一幅多级图。次段被定义为边缘像素的连接结构,提取并连接这些次段可以构成闭合轮廓。最终图像中最相关的闭合轮廓被判定为真实的物体轮廓。实验结果表明,该物体轮廓提取方法具有较高的可靠性并且受噪声影响较小。     

一种血管内超声图像边缘提取的新方法

血管内超声图像的血管壁内外膜边缘检测是IVUS图像处理中必不可少的步骤与重要环节, 基于主动轮廓模型的血管壁边缘提取的效果好坏很大程度上依赖于初始轮廓能否较为精确的选取. 提出了一种提取血管壁边缘的新方法, 以自适应阈值分割的方式降低目标图像的复杂度, 结合marr边缘检测算子找到血管壁内外膜边缘的初始轮廓, 在此基础之上, 采用改进的GVF-snake算法使初始轮廓线精确收敛于真实的血管壁边缘, 实验结果验证了此方法的有效性.     

融合凹点检测与仿射变换的活动轮廓模型

目的 针对基于矢量场的活动轮廓模型,如经典的梯度矢量流（GVF）模型、矢量场卷积（VFC）模型等,在提取凹形物体时矢量场常出现平衡点,不能较好地收敛到凹陷区域、尤其是深而窄的凹形及复杂凹陷区域的问题。提出一种融合凹点检测与仿射变换的活动轮廓模型。方法 首先利用活动轮廓模型进行曲线演化,得到演化后轮廓曲线上各点的坐标并求出各点的法线方向;然后基于凹点检测的方法,判断各点的凹凸性,利用梯度判断法,检测出未收敛到目标边界的凹点;其次对各凹点进行法向方向的仿射变换。在接近且不越过目标边界的情况下求出可变换的最大距离,变换后的点穿越了平衡点区域,让变换后的点代替原来的点形成新的轮廓曲线;最后为保证提取边界的精确性,将变换后的轮廓曲线再次演化并最终收敛到目标边界。结果 通过对具有凹陷区域的合成图像进行分割,计算提出模型分割结果的平均Jaccard相似系数（JS）值为95.51%,相比目前先进的GVF模型,VFC模型和自适应扩散流（ADF）模型分别提高了15.08%,12.09%和10.70%,整体效果上优于几种先进的模型。然后又对单/多目标真实图像及含噪的图像进行分割,证实提出模型分割性能的鲁棒性。结论 提出的模型有效地避免了凹形区域内的平衡点问题,可以对深凹形及复杂凹形图像进行有效分割,并且提高了分割精度。此外,该模型能融合到任何基于矢量场的活动轮廓模型中,具有广泛的普适性。     

人脸边缘自适应搜索算法及仿真研究

人脸轮廓线提取是人脸识别中极为重要的内容,一种可靠、精确的人脸边缘提取算法对于身份鉴定技术等方面具有重要的应用价值。该文基于传统的边缘提取算法提出了一种自适应搜索轮廓线算法,首先基于人脸检测结果确定内外轮廓及搜索路径,然后对于每一条搜索路径提取出真正的轮廓点,最后利用人脸轮廓的平滑性通过曲线拟合完成轮廓线提取。该文以彩色人脸图像库数据为例,快速、准确地得到人脸轮廓线。仿真试验结果表明,该算法能在保持边缘检测精度的情况下,克服了噪声对轮廓特征提取的影响,并且对于姿势变化有一定的鲁棒性,具有一定的应用价值。     

一种随机角点检测算法

角点特征没有参数化的描述方式,无法应用传统的Hough变换转换到参数空间进行检测。文中提出一种MonteCarlo框架下的随机角点检测方法,不是在参数空间中求解,而是将角点检测转换为交点累积空间中寻找局部极值的问题。交点累积空间是根据角点实质是直线交点的特征提出的一种概念。文中证明了算法的思想,推导了算法的具体步骤。本算法具有各向同性,对图像的旋转是鲁棒的,且对噪声不敏感,并可有效地避免斜边上伪角点的影响。大量实验表明,与Harris算法、ShenWang算法、SIFT特征等算法相比较,该算法具有一定的优越性。     

第二小方向导数信息熵的兴趣点检测

目的 为了提高兴趣点检测的定位准确性和对噪声的鲁棒性,提出利用图像轮廓线及其邻域内像素点方向导数信息熵检测兴趣点的方法.方法 首先利用多方向Gabor虚部滤波器提取图像灰度变化信息得到第二小方向导数.然后利用Canny边缘检测器提取边缘映射,并填补断裂边缘映射提取边缘轮廓线.最后求解图像边缘轮廓线及其邻域内像素点对应的第二小方向导数所对应的信息熵归一化值并作为新的兴趣点测度.和直接由灰度变化信息及分析边缘轮廓形状或曲率提取兴趣点的方法相比,本文算法结合了两种算法的思想,利用轮廓线上及其邻域内的像素点梯度方向信息熵值作为兴趣点测度.同时不同于同质及边缘区域的梯度方向变化,兴趣点处的梯度方向变化信息呈现各向异性的特性,利用兴趣点第二小方向导数(第一小方向导数可能为零)对应的信息熵值作为新的兴趣点测度可提高算法的定位准确性.结果 通过对检测图像进行仿射变换和加入高斯噪声处理后,分别利用Harris算子、CSS算子、He&Yung算子和本文算法提取图像兴趣点,并比较各算法在仿射变换和高斯噪声情况下检测到的兴趣点的平均重复率和定位误差两个性能指标的平均值.其中本文算法的性能指标平均值为1.625,远高于Harris(3.25)、He&Yung(2.625)和CSS(2.5)三大兴趣点检测算子.结论 通过与典型的3种算法相对比,本文算法具有较好的平均重复率及噪声鲁棒性,尤其是图像在外界干扰的旋转变换和尺度变换下对兴趣点的定位性有着更好的检测性能.     

分水岭算法应用于主动轮廓模型能量分割算法的研究

主动轮廓模型(snake模型)被广泛应用于边缘提取、图像分割等领域。该模型能对目标适当初始化,并进行自主收敛,使得能量处于极小值状态,以达到目标分离的效果。当目标初始位置敏感时,需要依赖其他机制对内部能量进行合理初始化,由于模型的非凸性,它有可能收敛到局部极值点甚至发散。将分水岭算法应用于主动轮廓模型的能量分割算法,通过改进的分水岭算法确定主动轮廓模型的初始轮廓,利用迭代完成对轮廓点周围的局部近邻点的检索,以选取更小的轮廓模型,当获得最小值时完成目标轮廓的提取。     

Contour detection improved by frequency domain filtering of gradient image

We propose an intermediate computational step,frequency domain filtering of gradient image,to improve contour detection performance of gradient-based edge detectors.This step is inspired by analyzing the spectrum distribution of object contours and texture edges in the frequency domain of gradient image.We illustrate the principle and efect of this step by adding it to the Canny edge detector.The resulting operator can selectively retain object contours and region boundaries,and meanwhile can dramatically reduce non-meaningful elements caused by textured background.We use several types of images to compare the proposed method and other related methods qualitatively and quantitatively.Experimental results show that the proposed method can efectively enhance the contour detection of Canny edge detector and achieves similar detection performance to two other related methods but runs faster.     

区域填充极点判别算法

在深入分析现有的边标志算法的基础上，提出一种适用于图像处理的区域填充算法．在图像处理中，经轮廓跟踪得到的轮廓点是目标区域内的像素，这与边标志算法的边界像素的约定不一致．文中算法利用轮廓点与其前后邻点的相对位置关系将轮廓点分为极点和非极点，再对扫描线上的非极点进行两两配对和填充．在具有较高运算效率的同时，该算法适用于任意复杂形状的区域．     

基于扫描点云数据的零部件边缘轮廓提取技术

针对目前大型零部件边缘轮廓线提取效率低的问题,提出一种基于扫描点云数据的零部件边缘轮廓提取技术.该技术从边缘轮廓线的形成方式出发,通过分析边缘轮廓线垂直截面线的分布特征,定义了模式向量表征屋脊型和折线直线-直线相交型截面线.提取过程主要包含截面线数据的获取、截面线类型的识别和边缘轮廓线数据的提取这3个步骤.为获取边缘轮...     

Simultaneous unidirectional and bidirectional chaos-based optical communication using hybrid coupling semiconductor lasers

A simultaneous unidirectional and bidirectional chaos-based optical communication scheme based on a hybrid coupling semiconductor laser system that consists of one center semiconductor laser(CSL)and multiple side semiconductor lasers(SSLs)is proposed numerically.In this scheme,the SSLs oriented in a linear chain mutually couple with the adjacent SSLs and they are subjected to identical unidirectional injections from the CSL which is a chaotic external cavity semiconductor laser.We theoretically analyze the conditions for diferent types of chaos synchronization based on the symmetry operation mechanism and injection-locking mechanism,and numerically investigate the influences of operation parameters,parameter mismatch robustness,chaos pass filtering efects and communication performance of the hybrid coupling semiconductor laser system.The simulation results demonstrate that with proper selection of the unidirectional and mutual coupling conditions,the SSLs can synchronize with each other isochronally and simultaneously synchronize to the CSL completely or laggardly,which enables the proposed system to achieve a unidirectional broadcasting communication from the CSL to the SSLs and a bidirectional communication among the SSLs simultaneously.The proposed scheme is beneficial to the implementation of optical chaos communication networks.     

基于改进的GVF Snake模型CT图像轮廓提取技术

CT图像轮廓提取是逆向工程中的关键技术之一,由于基于边界检测算法很难提供一条连续的无间断的边界轮廓。采用一种改进的GVF Snake算法,首先通过人工取点,B样条拟合的方法,提取其初始轮廓,再利用改进的GVF Snake方法进行边界轮廓逼近,以获得比较精确的叶片边界轮廓,克服了传统活动轮廓模型梯度势能场捕捉范围小的缺点,并通过实验证明了该方法的有效性。     

融合分区与Canny泛函的水平集对猴脑提取的研究

The traditional level set has randomness in the location selection of the initial contour, and lacks the processing of edge information. Therefore, accurate extraction of brain tissue edges cannot be achieved. Therefore, firstly, the level set algorithm of fusion partition and Canny functional fuses the idea of partition and combines the morphological information of each region to complete the initial contour position selection, so that the initial contour contains more brain tissue, and improve the efficiency of brain tissue extraction. Secondly, the Canny operator is integrated into the energy functional, which improves the accuracy of detecting the edge of the macaque brain tissue while retaining the superiority of the traditional level set on the uneven grayscale image. Results show that the algorithm achieves accurate extraction of macaque brain tissue with an accuracy of up to 86%.     

基于三维场景和图像边缘特征的浅浮雕建模

针对数字浅浮雕设计,通过对已有的浅浮雕建模方法进行分析,提出一种结合深度场边缘特征自动生成浅浮雕的方法。从三维场景中获取深度图,再将深度图分割成块,利用局部图像结构的优点,用随机结构化森林来学习精确且计算有效的边缘检测器,得到的边缘图再进行处理得到平滑且细节增强的浅浮雕轮廓;视边缘连续图为概率场,提出根据概率场对深度场的梯度域进行自适应的非线性压缩;通过求解泊松方程来恢复浅浮雕的高度场。实验结果表明,该方法对于大部分三维场景能在合理时间内自动生成效果良好的浅浮雕模型。     

超声图象的自适应线边界检测方法

针对超声图象存在一种特殊的斑点噪声 ,使图象边界与细节变得模糊 ,而严重影响图象质量的问题 ,提出了一种自适应线边界检测方法 ,即以不同方向与不同大小的“窄条”来近似组织边界 ,这种“窄条”是指具有不同长度、方向各异的线段 .该方法首先将经过每一像素点的“窄条”的最大投影作为该点的灰度值 ;然后应用假设试验优化方法确定“窄条”方向 ,而“窄条”的长度由基于区域增长的局部统计特性决定 .通过引入噪声抑制与边缘保留量化参数 ,进行了仿真斑点图与组织超声图的处理实验 ,并与自适应斑点抑制滤波、直接线边界检测方法进行了比较 ,结果证明 ,该方法不但能有效地抑制斑点噪声、而且能很好地保留与增强图中的组织边界与局部细节 .