可实现运行模式灵活切换的小型微网实验系统

为了能够对微网的运行特性进行深入的理论和实验研究,建立了一个小型实验室微网系统。该系统中的分布式电源采用光伏模拟单元和风机模拟单元,通过电力电子变换装置并入微网;系统以蓄电池为储能装置,并通过双向逆变器并入微网,用以维持微网的暂态功率平衡。当微网联网运行时,以外电网电压和频率为参考,蓄电池双向逆变器、光伏并网逆变器和风机并网逆变器采用恒功率控制;孤岛运行时,双向逆变器的控制策略切换为恒电压、恒频率控制,用以提供微网电压和频率参考。实验结果表明,该系统可以稳定地工作在联网模式和孤岛模式,并可实现二者之间的平滑切换,提高了能量供给的可靠性。     

无差拍控制提高变速异步风力发电系统的故障承受能力

变速风力发电机对于电网扰动、故障以及电网电压跌落非常敏感，当上述情况发生时风力发电机将从电网切除，直到电网恢复正常才能重新投入运行。如何在电网发生扰动时保持风力发电机的正常运行是一个有挑战性的课题。未来的电网规范甚至要求在电网发生故障时风力机组仍能保持运行，这就要求必须安装保证风电机组低电压运行的控制装置。文中针对采用全载换流器与电网进行连接的异步风力发电机组提出了相应的风电机组低电压控制器及控制策略，无须进行硬件改造即可实现电网故障情况下风电机组不退出运行。其中，风电机组电气子系统控制器基于无差拍控制策略进行设计。算例给出了300 kW的风电机组在30%电压跌落情况下的暂态过程，没有加入控制器之前风电机组将停机，加入之后则可以保持运行，验证了所提方法的正确性。     

电网短路时交流励磁风电机组网侧变换器控制策略

电网短路故障时交流励磁用双脉宽调制（PWM）变换器应提供足够的励磁电压实现交流励磁发电机的不间断运行，要求双PWM变换器直流链电压在故障时波动较小。分析并提出一种电网短路故障时交流励磁风电机组电网侧变换器的控制策略，该方案在电压跌落时仅利用电流内环控制电网侧变换器，并于电压正常时采用带前馈的双闭环电压控制策略控制电网侧变换器。通过仿真验证了所提出的方案在电网短路故障发生和切除时稳定控制直流链电压的有效性，为故障过程发电机不脱网励磁控制奠定了基础，同时该方案也能有效保护直流侧电容及提高系统的稳定性。     

永磁直驱风电机组的双PWM变换器协调控制策略

永磁直驱风力发电系统中可采用全功率双脉宽调制（PWM）变换器作为永磁同步发电机（PMSG）的并网电路，当风速变化时，双PWM变换器的直流链电压会随着PMSG输出功率的改变而出现大幅度波动，这将不利于变换器功率器件的安全运行及整个发电系统的稳定运行。结合永磁直驱同步风力发电系统的运行特点，提出一种适用于永磁直驱风电机组的双PWM变换器协调控制策略。系统仿真和实验结果验证了所提出的控制策略的正确性，该方案可显著提高风速变化时双PWM变换器的直流链电压的稳定性，有助于提高发电系统的安全稳定运行能力。     

交直流混合微电网互联逆变器改进控制策略

针对传统控制的电压、频率存在的有差调节问题,提出了交直流混合微电网互联逆变器改进控制策略.该控制策略是将电压补偿值与频率补偿值输送到PI控制器,得到的补偿电流再与参考电流进行叠加,最终使交流频率和直流电压进一步接近额定值.通过对比仿真实验的结果,验证了该文所提出的方法的有效性和优越性.     

电网电压骤降故障下双馈风力发电机建模与控制

双馈感应发电机（DFIG）在变速恒频风力发电中得到广泛应用，对DFIG采用矢量控制可使风电系统实现最大风能追踪和有功、无功解耦调节，从而获得优良的发电运行性能。但在传统的矢量控制方式中，通常认为是无穷大理想电网，忽略了定子励磁电流变化的动态过程，从而得到简化的DFIG数学模型，并以此作为电流内环控制器的设计依据。这种控制器在电网正常的情况下可使系统获得优良的动静态特性，但当电网出现故障时，其控制性能将恶化。为了提高电网电压故障情况下DFIG不间断运行能力，文中以DFIG的精确数学模型为依据，针对传统的2种矢量控制方式的不足，提出了改进的控制方案，并对改进前后电网电压骤降情况下DFIG的动态过程进行了仿真对比，结果表明改进方案可以有效控制转子电流，保护转子励磁变频器，提高DFIG变速恒频风电系统在电网故障下的不间断运行能力，是并网DFIG风力发电机的一种有效、实用的控制策略。     

电网故障时永磁直驱风电机组的低电压穿越控制策略

为提高永磁直驱风电机组所并电网的运行稳定性,研究电网故障下永磁直驱风电机组的运行特性以及提高其低电压穿越运行能力,文中提出一种适用于采用双脉宽调制变换器并网的永磁直驱风电机组的低电压穿越运行控制方案。通过在电网故障时限制发电机的电磁功率来限制输入至直流侧电容和电网侧变换器的功率,通过在电网故障时采用考虑发电机功率信息的网侧变换器电流闭环控制来实现直流链电压稳定控制,从而有效实现发电系统的低电压穿越运行。系统仿真结果表明,所提出的控制方案无需增加硬件保护装置,在电网对称及非对称故障下均可有效实现永磁直驱风电机组的低电压穿越运行。     

省级电网分层分区有功实时调度模型与方法

现代电网规模大、功率流动性强,保证有功频率的可控性和控制策略的可解释性是实时调度系统的关键特征。文中提出了一种分层分区的有功实时调度方法,并在现场得到了实际应用。该方法通过控制断面和500 kV联络变压器的功率,实现分区分层平衡。针对实际运行的复杂性,提出了正常情况下和系统不可行时的2种优化模型。在正常情况下,该模型可以充分跟踪各断面的计划;而当系统出现无可行解等异常情况时,则可以给出风险最小的替代控制策略。     

双馈感应风力发电机网侧变换器低压运行与控制

电压型双PWM变换器用作双馈风力发电机的交流励磁电源在风力发电系统中得到广泛应用,但在电网故障时会引起电网侧变换器直流链电压波动,影响双馈感应风力发电机的不间断运行。分析了引起交流励磁发电机电网侧变换器直流链电压波动的因素,提出了在电压跌落时采用基于小波模型方法,通过引入恰当的前馈项,使流入母线电容的电流为零。与传统的前馈控制策略进行仿真比较分析,验证了改进的前馈控制策略能在负载突变和电网电压骤降的情况下,有效地控制变换器直流母线电压,提高了直流电压调节速度,减小了振荡幅值,同时也起到保护直流链电容的作用,提高了电力系统的稳定性。     

基于PMSG风力发电系统的最大功率追踪控制

建立了以永磁同步发电机(PMSG)为对象的变速恒频风力发电系统,推导了d-q坐标系下PMSG的数学模型,提出了风力发电系统中的功率控制、转速控制与最大功率追踪(MPPT)算法以及双PWM电能变换器的控制策略.同时,搭建了该系统的仿真模型,对风速阶跃变化时机组运行情况,进行了仿真,结果验证了最大功率追踪控制的有效性.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.